TABLES RELATIVE TO THE MONEY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND OTHER COUNTRIES.

NO. I. ENGLISH MONEY.—Account of the English silver and gold coins; shewing their value; the seignorage or profit upon the coinage, and the price paid to the public by the mint, for the pound troy of standard gold and silver, from the Conquest to the year 1816. (This and the next table, No. II., are taken from Part II. of Essays on Money, Exchanges, and Political Economy, by Henry James.)adAnno Regni.SILVER.GOLD.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Fineness of the silver in the coins.Pound weight of such silver coined intoProfit or seignorage on the coinage.Prices paid to the public for the pound-wt. of silver.Equal to the mint-price for standard silver of 11 oz. 2 dts. fine troy-weight.Fineness of the gold in the coins.Pound-weight of such gold coined intoProfit or seignorage on the coinage.Price paid to the public for the pound-weight of gold.Equal to the mint-price for standard gold of 22 carats fine troy-wt.oz.dts.£S.D.£S.D.£S.D.£S.D.crts.gns.£S.D.£S.D.£S.D.£S.D.11527, Henry VIII.] The Saxon or Tower-pound was used at the mint up to this time, when the pound troy was substituted in its stead. The Tower-pound was but 11 oz, 5 dwts. troy; so that, from the Conquest to the 28th of Edward I., twenty shillings in tale were exactly a pound in weight.21666, 18 Charles II.] The seignorage on the coinage was at this time given up, and the gold bullion brought to the mint has ever since been coined free of expence. A seignorage of 61/24/1 per cent. was imposed on the coinage of silver by 56th Geo. III.1066Conquest11210012808Edward I——1000100190103⅕130028—————1030121/201901/2134418Edward III——1030130190103⅕2331/213340841215012108134923—————126013113128——1400011813841339135630—————15000101421591/3——1500068141341484139418Richard II——15000101421591/3——1500050141501491114013Henry IV——15000101421591/3——1500050161501491114219Henry V——110001019011011⅕——161340501684162914254Henry VI——110001019011011⅕——16134051016761611114644Edward IV——117604611301152⅕——2016821001868180514655—————117604611301152⅕——221001010219221110147049Henry VI——11760201156117102/5——221000130211702197148222Edward IV——1176016116011844/5——2210007622262115014831Rich. III——1176016116011844/5——2210007622262115014851Henry VII——1176016116011844/5——2210007622262115015091Henry VIII——11760101166118111/3——22100026227622001152718—————2000104/511811⅕11811⅕——2400028231742200————————250010240240—— {270002926173220 {25260302419624196154334———1002800802802444/523028160140271202680154536———60280200216021193/5220300021002710027100154637———4028044030021562003000500271002710015471Edward VI4028044030021562003000110028100317015493———60312040034021922/522034001003300330015515———303120——————1103002331/2 {3600——————220 {330015526———11130001021902193⅕2331/2 {360002935173——————220 {3300030321703217015531Mary110300010219021962/52331/2360003035170330815602Elizabeth112300016218621862331/2 {360005035150——————220 {33000403216032160160043—————3200203003002331/2 {3610001003600——————220 {3310001003300330016042James I——3200262196219622037401100351403514016262Charles I——320020300300——410011539187391872166618Charles II——320000320320——44100000441004410017173George I——320000320320——461460004614646146181656George III——360040——461460004614646146

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NO. II. ENGLISH MONEY.—Account of the quantity of fine silver coined into 20s. or the pound sterling; the quantity of standard silver, of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine, and 18 dwts. alloy, contained in 20s. or the pound sterling, and the quantity of standard silver which was delivered to the mint, by the public, for 20s. of silver money, in the different reigns, from the time of Edward I. to the reign of George III. A similar account with respect to gold. And an account of the proportionate value of fine gold to fine silver, according to the number of grains contained in the coins; and the proportionate value of fine gold to fine silver, according to the price paid by the mint to the public. Calculated in grains and 1000 parts troy-weight.adAnno Regni.SILVER.GOLD.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Number of grains of fine silver in 20 shillings, or the pound sterling, as coined by the mint indentures.Number of grains of standard silver, 14 oz. 2 dwts. fine in 20s. or the pound sterling, as coined by the mint indentures.Number of grains of standard silver which 20s. were worth, according to the price paid by the mint to the public.Number of grains of fine gold in 20s. or the pound sterling as coined by the mint indentures.Number of grains of standard gold, 22 carats fine in 20s. or the pound sterling as coined by the mint indentures.Number of grains of standard gold which 20s. were worth, according to the price paid by the mint to the public.Proportionate value of fine gold to fine silver, according to the quantity of each metal contained in the coins.Proportionate value of fine gold to fine silver, according to the mint price, or the presumed market-value of gold and silver.Grains.Grains.Grains.Grains.Grains.Grains.Gold to silver.Gold to silver.11551, 5 Edward VI.] The coinage of debased silver money in the 5th year of Edward VI. of 3 oz. fine, ought more properly to be considered as tokens. The sum of £120,000 only was so coined. (See James’s Essays, chap. iv.)21816, 56 George III.] The government having taken the coinage of silver into its own hands, there is at present no fixed price paid to the public, by the mint for standard silver. And supposing the government to continue the present mint regulations, and to keep gold at 77s. 101/2d. an ounce, as the price of silver varies, the relative value of gold to silver will vary in like proportion.1066Conquest4995·0005400·00012808Edward I4995·0005400·0005684·210134418Edward III4933·3335333·3335684·210407·990445·080459·6251to12·0911to12·479134923———4440·0004800·0005082·352383·705418·588436·7771—11·5711—11·741135630———3996·0004320·0004468·965358·125390·682399·5611—11·5581—11·28614013Henry IV3996·0004320·0004468·965358·125390·682397·3031—11·1581—11·35014219Henry V3330·0003600·0003724·137322·312351·613356·9631—10·3311—10·52714644Edward IV2664·0002880·0003272·727257·850281·291319·6481—10·3311—10·33114655———2664·0002880·0003272·727238·750260·454273·1091—11·1581—11·983147049Henry VI2664·0002880·0003042·253238·750260·454268·2021—11·1581—11·446148222Edward IV2664·0002880·0003000·000238·750260·454264·8691—11·1581—11·42915091Henry VIII2664·0002880·0002958·904238·750260·454261·9091—11·1581—11·400152718———2368·0002560·0002618·181210·149229·253230·6301—11·2681—11·455154334———2000·0002162·1622594·594191·666209·090218·1811—10·4341—12·000154536———1200·0001297·2972223·938176·000192·000209·4541—6·8181—10·714154637———800·000864·8642075·675160·000174·545209·4541—5·0001—10·00015471Edward VI800·000864·8642075·675160·000174·545183·7321—5·0001—11·40015493———800·000864·8641945·945155·294169·412174·5451—5·1511—11·250115515———400·000——-———1760·0001902·702160·000174·5451—11·00015526———1768·0001911·3511943·757160·000174·545175·3421—11·0501—11·18615531Mary1760·0001902·7021935·050159·166173·636174·3691—11·0571—11·19815602Elizabeth1776·0001920·0001969·230160·000174·545175·6091—11·1001—11·315160043———1718·7091858·0641920·000157·612171·940174·5451—10·9041—11·10016042James I1718·7091858·0641936·134141·935154·838161·3441—12·1091—12·10916262Charles I1718·7091858·0641920·000128·780140·487144·2551—13·3461—13·431166618Charles II1718·7091858·0641858·064118·651129·438129·4381—14·4851—14·48517173George I1718·7091858·0641858·064113·001123·274123·2741—15·2091—15·2092181656George III1614·5451745·454113·001123·274123·2741—14·287

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NO. III.—SCOTS MONEY.—Account of the Number of Pounds, Shillings, and Pennies Scots, which have been coined out of One Pound Weight of Silver, at different times; with the degree of Purity of such Silver, or its Fineness, from the year 1107 to the year 1601. (From Cardonnell’s Numismata Scotiæ, p. 24.)adAnno Regni.Purity.Alloy.Value of money coined out of a lb. of silver.Oz.Pw.Oz.Pw.L.S.D.From 1107 to 1296Alexander I }112018100David I }William }Alexander II }Alexander III }John Baliol }From 1306 to 1329} Robert I1120181101366David II38112018150137739112018194From 1371 to 1390} Robert II1120181941393Robert III411201811201424James I1911201811761451James II1511201834014562011201841601475James III161120187401484241120187001488James IV{1}1120187001489{2}1529James V161101091201544Mary31101091201556141101013001565231101018001567James VI111010180015715903016140157610804016140157913110102200158115110102400159731110103000160135110103600

NO. IV.—SCOTS MONEY.—Account of the Number of Pounds, Shillings, and Pennies Scots, which have been coined out of One Pound Weight of Gold; with the degree of their Purity, and the proportion that the Goldbore to the Silver. (Ib.p.25.)adAnno Regni.Fineness.Alloy.Value of the coin coined out of one pound of gold.Pound of pure gold weighed of pure silver.oz.pw.gr.oz.pw.gr.L.S.D.lb.oz.pw.gr.1371, &c.Robert II1118180161712011117221390, &c.Robert III111818016194011117221424James I191118180162210011117221451James II151118180163360984141456201118180165000984141475James III161118180167815010202014842411181801678150105791488James IV111181801678150105791529James V1611181801610800105791556Mary14110010014400105861577James VI10110010024000105861579131010011002400011522015973111001003600012000160135110010043200120001633Charles I9110010049200132711

NO. V.—ENGLISH PAPER MONEY—Account of the Average Market Price of Bullion in every year, from 1800 to 1821, (taken from papers laid before the House of Commons), of the average value per cent. of the Paper Currency, estimated from the market price of Gold for the same period, and of the average depreciation of the Paper Currency.Years.Average price of Gold per ounce.Average per cent. of the value of the currency.Average depreciation per cent.L.S.D.L.S.D.L.S.D.1800317101/210000Nil.18014509112487818024409214275101803400976102132180440097610213218054009761021321806400976102132180740097610213218084009761021321809450911248781810410086106139618114469232716101812415679532014918135107720221801814540741762526181541368359161431816413683591614318174009761021321818400976102132181941695110490182031911978021201821317101/210000Nil.

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No. VI. Table specifying the Value of the Monies of Account of the principal Places with which this Country has Exchange Transactions, taking Silver at 5s. an oz., and specifying also the Par of Exchange with such Places on this Hypothesis.—(Abstracted from Tate’s Modern Cambist, to which the reader is referred for further explanations.)Par of Exchange.Petersburg100copecks= 1 rouble= 3s. 11/2d.giving6roub. 40 cop.= 1l.Berlin30sil. groschen= 1 Pruss. doll.= 2s. 10¾d.—6doll. 27 s. g.= 1l.Copenhagen96skillings= 1 Rig. doll.= 2s. 21/3d.—9doll. 10 sk.= 1l.Hamburg16schillings= 1 mark= 1s. 51/2d.—13mks. 101/2 sch.= 1l.Amsterdam100centimes= 1 florin= 1s. 8d.—11fl. 97 cents= 1l.Antwerp100centimes= 1 florin= 1s. 8d.—11fl. 97 cents= 1l.Paris100centimes= 1 franc= 91/2d.—25fr. 57 cents= 1l.Frankfort241/2guld. or flor.= 1 mark= 1s. 7⅞d.—123/40guldens= 1l.Vienna60kreusers= 1 florin= 2s. 04/10d.—9fl. 50 kr.= 1l.Venice100centisimi= 1 lira Austriaca= 8·13d.—29li. 52 cent.= 1l.Genoa100centisimi= 1 lira Nuova= 91/2d.—25li. 57 cent.= 1l.Leghorn100centisimi= 1 lira Toscana= 7·82d.—30li. 69 cent.= 1l.Madrid8reals= 1 dollar of Plate= 3s. 1¾d.—6doll. 2¾ reals= 1l.Lisbon1000reis= 1 milreis= 4s. 8d.—4mil. 285 reis= 1l.New York100cents= 1 dollar= 4s. 2d.—4doll. 80 cents= 1l.Rio Janeiro1000reis= 1 milreis= 2s. 7d.—7mil. 777 reis= 1l.Havannah100cents= 1 dollar= 4s. 613/222d.—4doll. 44 cents.= 1l.

It is easy from this table to calculate the value of any of the above coins, taking silver at 5s. 2d., 5s. 6d. an oz., or at any other price, and thence to deduce the par of exchange at such rates. The values of the coins in the Table of Coins are estimated on the hypothesis that silver is worth 5s. 2d. an ounce.

NO. VII. GOLD COINS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.—A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and Values of the principal Gold Coins of all Countries, computed according to the Mint Price of Gold in England, and from Assays made both at London and Paris, which have been found to verify each other.1COINS.Assay.Weight.Standard Weight.Contents in Pure Gold.Value in Sterling.Car.gr.Dwt.gr.Dwt.gr.m.Grains.s.d.1The London Assays in this Table were made by Robert Bingley, Esq., F.R.S., the King’s Assay Master of the Mint, and those at Paris by Pierre Frédéric Bonneville, Essayer du Commerce, as published in his elaborate work on the coins of all nations.Specimens of all the foreign coins brought to London for commercial purposes have been supplied for this Table from the Bullion-office, Bank of England, by order of the Bank Directors, and have been selected by John Humble, Esq., the chief clerk of that office, who also examined the Tables in their progress. It may likewise be added, that the Mint Reports of these commercial coins are chiefly from average assays; and that all the computations have been carefully verified by different calculators.—(Note by Dr. Kelly, to second edition of the Cambist published in 1821.)1Much variation is found in the fineness of the Sicilian gold coins.2This value of the American eagle is taken from average assays of the coins of twelve years.AUSTRIAN DOMINIONS, SouverainW.001/43143131578·61310·92Double DucatB.123/44124205106·4189·97Ducat Kremnitz, or HungarianB.13253/4210353·395·91BAVARIACarolinW.32651/45510115·204·23Max d’or, or MaximilianW.321/444314077·137·44DucatB.121/4253/42191152·894·12BERNDucat (double, &c. in proportion)B.113/412322145·981·48PistoleW.011/24214190105·5187·86BRUNSWICKPistole (double in proportion)W.011/24211/44195105·7188·48DucatB.101/2253/428951·892·DENMARKDucat currentW.033/4201211942·275·62Ducat specieB.12253/429852·693·70Christian d’orW.0147451693·3166·14ENGLANDGuineaStand.591/25910118·7210·Half-guineaStand.2163/42161559·3106·Seven shilling pieceStand.119119039·670·SovereignStand.531/4535113·1200·FRANCEDouble Louis (coined before 1786)W.0210111056224·9399·64LouisW.02551/25212112·41010·71Double Louis (coined since 1786)W.011/292091519212·6377·53LouisW.011/242241919106·3189·75Double Napoleon, or piece of 40 francsW.013/487830179·318·36Napoleon, or piece of 20 francsW.013/4431/2411089·71510·5FRANCKFORT ON THE MAINE, DucatB.121/2253/4291452·994·34GENEVAPistole, oldW.02471/4441892·5164·45Pistole, newW.001/23153/4315480·141·9GENOASequinB.131/2253/4210653·495·41HAMBURGHDucat (double in proportion)B.121/2253/4291452·994·35HANOVERGeorge d’orW.011/4461/245392·6164·66DucatB.131/4253/4210353·395·19Gold florin (double in proportion)W.301/222118639·610·83HOLLANDDouble ryderStand.122112210283·2501·46RyderStand.69690140·2249·75DucatB.121/4253/4291252·894·13MILANSequinB.13253/4210053·294·98Doppia or pistoleW.01411/240888·4157·74Forty lire piece of 1808W.013/488840179·7319·64NAPLESSix ducat piece of 1783W.021/451651218121·9216·89Two ducat piece, or sequin, of 1762W.123/41201/4116637·467·42Three ducat piece, or oncetta, of 1818B.131/22101/4215158·1103·40NETHERLANDS,Gold lion, or 14 florin pieceStand.573/45716117·1208·69Ten florin piece (1820)W.013/4473/4451593·2165·93PIEDMONTPistole coined since 1785 (1/2, &c. in proportion)W.011/45205170125·6222·75Sequin (1/2 in proportion)B.121/2253/4291252·994·34Carlino, coined since 1785 (1/2, &c. in proportion)W.011/429628200634·41123·33Piece of 20 francsW.20431/4318482·7147·63POLANDDucatB.121/2253/4291252·994·34PORTUGALDobraon of 24,000 reesStand.341234120759·1343·96Dobra of 12,800 reesStand.1861860401·5710·70Moidore or Lisbonnine (1/2, &c. in proportion)Stand.6226220152·22611·24Piece of 16 testoons, or 1600 reesW.00⅜26251449·388·70Old crusado of 400 reesW.001/20150141813·624·88New crusado of 480 reesW.00⅝0161/4016214·827·43Milree (coined for the African colonies 1755)Stand.0193/40191518·132·44PRUSSIAFrederick (double) of 1800W.02814896184·5327·84Frederick (single) of 1800W.0247441392·2163·42ROMESequin (coined since 1760)B.131/2241/229052·292·86Scudo of the RepublicW.013/41701/416166367·6411·43RUSSIADucat of 1796B.121/226210053·294·98Ducat of 1763B.12253/429852·693·71Gold poltin of 1777Stand.090908·215·41Imperial of 1801B.121/47171/4868181·9322·31Half Imperial of 1801B.121/43201/243490·9161·05Half Imperial of 1818B.001/8431/2431291·3161·98SARDINIACarlino (1/2 in proportion)W.023/41071/292316219·8308·10SAXONYDucat of 1784B.12253/429852·693·71Ducat of 1797B.121/2253/4291452·994·34Augustus of 1754W.02⅝461/243891·2161·69Augustus of 1784W.013/4461/2441292·2163·81SICILY1Ounce of 1751W.121/22201/2215858·2103·60Double ounce of 1758W.125175714117·208·48SPAINDoubloon of 1772 (double and single in proportion)W.021/41781/2612116372·6510·05Quadruple pistole of 1801W.111791696360·5639·62Pistole of 1801W.11481/442690·11511·35Coronilla, gold dollar, or vintem of 1801W.121/213101822·840·42SWEDENDucatB.1225281251·992·22SWITZERLANDPistole of the Helvetic Republic, 1800W.011/24211/24199105·9188·91TREVESDucatB.12253/429852·693·71TURKEYSequin fonducli of Constantinople, 1773W.221/2253/4123643·377·94Sequin fonducli of 1789W.231/4253/41221642·977·11Half missier (1818)W.531/20181/4013512·1621·82Sequin fonducliW.2325122742·576·26YermeebeshlekB.031/2213/4341370·3125·30TUSCANYZecchino or sequinB.133/4353/42101453·695·83Ruspone of the kingdom of EtruriaB.13⅞6171/47713161·285·93UNITED STATES2Eagle (1/2 and 1/4 in proportion)W.001/21161148246·1436·66VENICEZecchino or sequin (1/2 and 1/4 in proportion)B.131/4262101053·695·83WIRTEMBERGDucatB.1225281251·992·22Ducat (double and 1/2 ducat in proportion)B.12253/429852·693·71EAST INDIES.Mohur of 1770B.121/47221/481115186·8330·72Mohur, Half (1787), (1/4 in proportion)B.121/23231/24161094·167·64Mohur Sicca of BengalB.13⅜7238150189·8301·04Mohur of the Dutch East India Company (1783)W.331/4102880183·4325·50Mohur, Half Dutch East India Company (1801)W.311/4531/24181896·2170·30Rupee, Bombay (1818)B.001/271171113164·7291·78Rupee of Madras (1818)Stand.7127120165·292·42Pagoda, starW.30243/41211141·874·77

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NO. VIII. SILVER COINS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.—A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and Values of the principal Silver Coins of all Countries, computed at the rate of 5s. 2d. per Ounce Standard, from Assays made both at the London and Paris Mints.1COINS.Assay.Weight.Standard Weight.Contents in Pure Silver.Value in Sterling.Oz.dwt.Dwt.gr.Dwt.gr.m.Greins.s.d.1“By one of the articles of the Zollverein, or Customs-union of Germany, it was stipulated that the settlements for the duties should be made either in Prussian dollars or in florins, at the rate of seven florins for four Prussian dollars. There were, however, no florins in existence exactly of this value; but as the nearest approach to it was a valuation called the 24 guldenfuss, or florin-foot, these Zollverein florins were nominally reckoned to be in this rate, though the difference amounts to more than 2 per cent.The term 24 guldenfuss implies that the mark weight of fine silver is rated at 24 gulden or florins. It was formed by giving to the coins minted or valued in 20 guldenfuss an increased value of one-fifth, as rating the 20 kreutzer piece at 24 kreutzers. At 60d. per ounce standard, the value of this mark of fine silver is worth 40s. 71/2d. sterling, from which the value of the different German monetary integers is readily obtained; as reckoning 273/4 marks banco or 34 marks current of Hamburg, 14 dollars of Prussia, 241/2 florins of South Germany, 20 florins of Austria, and also 60 lire Austriache of Lombardy, to be of this amount.In order, therefore, to prevent the loss or inconvenience which would attend their adhering to this mode of valuation, a money convention was entered into on the 25th of August 1837, among the states forming the union, by which it was agreed upon that a new basis of valuation should be adopted for their coins, under the term of Süddeutscher Währung, or South German valuation, at the rate of 241/2 gulden or florins from the mark’s weight of fine silver.Bavaria, Wirtemberg, Baden, and Saxony have since issued their coins at this rate, and the other states of the confederation are doing or preparing to do the same. Among them Frankfort, in 1840, began the mintage of coins of this value; and by a regulation of the Chamber of Commerce of this free city, all the rates of exchange, as well as the values of bullion and foreign coins, were ordered to be expressed in this Süddeutscher Währung from the beginning of this present year (1843). One of these new and very exactly minted florins was assayed by Messrs. Johnson and Cock, of Hatton Garden, who reported it to be, full weight, 6 dwts. 191/2 grains, worse 6 dwts., gold under 2 grains; from which the value, at 60d. per ounce standard, is very exactly 19⅞d. sterling, making the par of exchange with London 1203/4 florins in S. D. W. for £10 sterling.I have been thus particular in these explanations, partly because several persons imagine that the late alteration in the rate of exchange with Frankfort was made in compliance with the wishes, or to suit the convenience, of one or more of our leading houses in exchange negotiations, but more particularly because it is maintained by many that the valuation of this rate is not merely nominally, but really, in 24 guldenfuss. This is a point of no small importance to the commercial world, for had it been so, the par of exchange with London would have been only 118 florins for £10 sterling, and the difference between this and the present price of sight bills on Frankfort would have exceeded 23/4 per cent.; a variation which every practical cambist well knows could not exist, except under very extraordinary circumstances, and with nearly corresponding differences in the other rates of exchange: neither of which causes is now in operation.”—(Letter of William Tate, Esq., cambist to the Times.)1The Prussian coins, having been debased at different periods, vary in their reports.The sterling value of the foreign coins in the foregoing tables has been computed from the assays as follows:—Let it be required to assign the value, in sterling, of a French double Louis d’or coined since 1786, the assay master’s report being as follows: “Weight, 9 dwts. 20 grs.; assay W. 11/2 grs.,” that is, 0 car. 11/2 grs. worse than the English standard. We proceed as under:— From 22 car. 0 gr. the fineness of English standard gold, }There remains 21 car. 21/2 gr.Take 0 car. 11/2 gr. }Then, as 22 car.: 21 car. 21/2 grs.:: 9 dwts. 20 grs.: 9 dwts. 16 grs., the standard gold contained in the Louis d’or; and hence, as 1 oz.: £3, 17s. 101/2d.:: 9 dwts. 16 grs.: £1, 17s. 71/2d., the value of the Louis in sterling money, and so for any of the other coins.1This is the coin which is universally circulated under the name of the Spanish dollar.AUSTRIAHalf rixdollar, or florin, ConventionW.13901/2821179·621·07Copftsuck, or 20 creutzer pieceW.43461/2216359·408·2917 Creutzer pieceW.4840291853·507·47Halbe copf, or 10 creutzer pieceW.5521117128·804·01BADENRixdollarW.141821631358·142·BAVARIARixdollar of 1800 (1/2 in proportion)W.141/21712151313345·640·25CopftsuckW.43461/2216359·408·29BERNPatagon or crown (1/2 in proportion)W.07182218714406·748·79Piece of 10 batzenW.125341417102·512·31BREMENPiece of 48 grotesW.221108221198·23·64BRUNSWICKRixdollar, ConventionW.131811644359·242·15Half rixdollarW.13901/2822179·621·07DENMARKRyksdaler, specie of 1798W.0131814171117388·446·23New piece of 4 marksW.012129111614259·830·27Half ryksdalerW.013978178194·223·11Mark, specie, or 1/6 ryksdalerW.31402211264·407·59Rixdollar, specie of Sleswig and Holstein (pieces of ⅔ and 1/3 in proportion)W.012181317126389·446·37Piece of 24 skillingsW.47521/2321068·903·62ENGLANDCrown (old)Stand.1981/219810429·750·Half-crownStand.9161/49165214·826·ShillingStand.321321085·910·SixpenceStand.1221/21221042·906·Crown (new)Stand.1841/41847403·648·36Half-crownStand.92924201·824·18ShillingStand.3151/4315680·7011·27SixpenceStand.1193/41191440·305·63FRANCEPiece of 5 francsW.0716115124344·940·16Piece of 2 francsW.07611662138·817·38FrancW.07351/233169·409·69Demi francW.081/2115413634·704·84FRANKFORT GENOAScudo, of 8 lire, of 1796 (1/2, 1/4, &c. in proportion)W.08219201410457·453·87Scudo of the Ligurian RepublicW.091/221920112454·353·43HAMBURGRixdollar specieW.0101818172112397·547·49Double mark, or 32 schilling piece (single in proportion)W.2311189118210·325·36Piece of 8 schillingsW.312381/426450·106·99Piece of 4 schillingsW.4622161228·303·95HANOVERRixdollar, ConstitutionW.09181918014400·347·89Florin, or piece of ⅔, fineB.0168109010200·323·96Half florin, or piece of 1/3, fineB.01644411499·211·85HESSE CASSELRixdollar, ConventionW.1618115226353·41·39Florin, or piece of ⅔ (1/2 in proportion)W.16901/27233176·820·68Ecu, Convention (1815)W.1617233/415212349·340·77Bon grosW.61414011510·301·43HOLLANDFlorin, or guilder (1/2 in proportion)W.041/261861414146·818.4912 Stiver pieceW.0161/2412431892·410·90Accounts used to be kept in Holland by the pound Flemish = 6 florins = 20 schillings = 120 stivers = 240 groats = 1920 pennings. But in 1820 the decimal system was introduced. In order, however, to cause as little inconvenience as possible, the florin = 1s. 83/4d. sterling, was made the unit of the new system. The florin is supposed to be divided into 100 equal parts or cents; and the other silver coins are equal multiples or sub-multiples of it. The new gold coin is called the florin piece, and is worth 16s. 61/2d. very nearly. But accounts are still sometimes kept in the old way, or by the pound Flemish. Par of exchange between Amsterdam and London is 11 flor. 58 cents per pound sterling.LUBECRixdollar, specieW.013188171512391·946·72Double markW.2311189118210·325·36MarkW.2352141714105·112·67MILANLira, newW.4104029052·807·37Lira, oldW.0321029452·907·38NAPLESDucat, new (1/2 in proportion)W.1014151378295·435·24Piece of 12 Carlini of 1791W.10171516018356·41·71Piece of 12 Carlini of 1796W.1217163/4152212353·941·41Piece of 12 Carlini of 1805 (1/2 in proportion)W.1217181/4152318355·241·60Piece of 10 Carlini (1818)W.1214181370295·135·20NETHERLANDSCrown (1/2, &c. in proportion)W.01419017194395·247·185 Stiver pieceW.6334191831·304·37Florin of 1816W.071/26226166148·418·72Half florin (with divisions in proportion)W.451/251139275·010·46PIEDMONTSince 1827 the coins of Piedmont and Sardinia have been identical with those of France, their names, lire, centesimi, &c., only being different.POLANDRixdollar, oldW.121811660360·842·38Rixdollar, new (1794)W.21715101/211116254·3211·51Florin, or guldenW.42603181684·011·72PORTUGALNew crusado (1690)W.0411010190239·229·40New crusado (1718)W.061/298910200·223·95New crusado (1795)W.07998118201·624·15Doze vintems, or piece of 240 reesW.0741641210100·412·01New crusado (1809)W.04938230198·224·67Seis vintems, or piece of 120 reesW.09241/222846·606·50Testoon (1802)W.0920122042·505·93Tres vintems, or piece of 60 rees (1802)W.09121/411423·303·25Half testoon (1802)W.09023022020·402·84PORTUGUESE COLONIESPiece of 8 macutes, of Portuguese AfricaW.097127414159·8110·31Piece of 6 macutes, of Portuguese AfricaW.095135712118·04·47Piece of 4 macutes, of Portuguese AfricaW.09316312878·1110·90PRUSSIA1 Rixdollar, Prussian currency, (1/2 in proportion)W.251461/21190252·6211·27Rixdollar, ConventionW.131811642359·42·13Florin, or piece of ⅔W.231128228198·423·70Florin of SilesiaW.229117160170·3111·78Drittel or piece of 8 good groschenW.33583/4320485·3011·91Piece of 6 groschenW.28314219662·308·69ROMEScudo, or crown (coined since 1753)W.04171161713371·543·87Mezzo scudo, or half-crownW.048121/28816185·721·93Testone (1785)W.05524234110·313·40Paolo (1785)W.04117116437·205·19Grosso or half paolo (1785)W.050201/2020018·502·58Scudo of the Roman Republic (1799)W.06171161318368·143·40RUSSIARouble of Catherine II. (1780)W.24151212106275·932·52Rouble of AlexanderW.0161312121212278·132·83N.B.—It was ordered by a ukase, dated the 1st of July 1889, that this coin should be the standard of value in Russia. It is divided into 100 copecks; and the other silver coins are of the value of 75, 50, 25, and 10 copecks each. This same ukase enacts, that 1 silver rouble shall henceforth be equal to 31/2 old paper roubles.SARDINIASee PIEDMONT.SAXONYRixdollar, Convention (1/2 and 1/4 in proportion)W.131801634358·242·01Piece of 16 groschen of LeipsicW.22991/271416169·1111·61Rixdollar current of Saxe GothaW.441/21811142248·1210·641/2 Thaler of 1804W.411311201945·306·321/2 Thaler of 1808W.4111/2351/2121842·105·871/2 Thaler of Jerome Bonaparte of 1809W.54317123643·706·10SICILYScudo (1/2 in proportion)W.14171415166348·240·62Piece of 40 grainsW.12521572117·514·40SPAIN1Dollar, of late coinageW.0817816170370·943·79Half Dollar, of late coinageW.088168810185·421·88Mexican peceta (1774)W.08471/2431692·310·88Real of Mexican plate (1775)W.08233/4212046·106·43Peceta provincial of 2 reals of new plate (1775)W.191/231836072·2010·08Real of new plate (1795)W.191/2121115036·105·04SWEDENRixdollar (1762)W.0121820171910395·547·22Rixdollar of late coinageW.0141/3181717120388·546·28SWITZERLANDEcu of 40 batzen of Lucerne (1796)W.05190181314412·349·57Half of 40 batzen of Lucerne (1796)W.1292082012196·723·46Florin, or piece of 40 schillings of Lucerne (1793)W.15422481496·811·51Ecu of 40 batzen of the Helvetic Republic, 1798 (1/2 in proportion)W.061823181014409·549·18Ecu of 4 frankenW.07182318812407·649·18TURKEYPiastre of Selim of 1801W.568647895·711·36Piastre of Crim Tartary (1778)W.61310542490·910·69Piastre of Tunis (1787)W.651/210048696·511·47Piastre (1818)W.514661/231467·709·45TUSCANYPiece of 10 PaoliW.0417131/217518382·945·46Piece of 10 lireB.0725626112578·768·80LiraB.0728291653·407·45UN. STATESDollar, at an averageW.081/217816160370·143·68Dime, or one-tenth dollarW.041191/21181439·505·71Half dimeW.070213/4021019·502·72VENICEPiece of 2 lire, or 24 creutzers (1800)W.841/25191/2112233·404·66Piece of 2 lire, called monetz provinciale (1808)W.835131/2111832·804·58Piece of 2 lire, 1802 (1/2 and 1/4 in proportion)W.84561/4181930·504·25WIRTEMBERGRixdollar, specieW.1318116142359·142·14CopfstuckW.424161/22161259·808·35EAST INDIES.Rupee Sicca, coined by the East India Company at CalcuttaB.0137111/27220175·820·54Company’s or StandardStand.165·111·11Calcutta (1818)Stand.80800175·920·56Bombay, new, or Surat (1818)W.001/47117104164·7111·01Fanam, CananoreW.011/41113/41111032·904·5Bombay, oldB.0131113/41131635·04·88PondicherryB.051/2101/211222·803·18Pondicherry, doubleW.031183/4118289·05·44Gulden of the Dutch E. I. Co. (1820)W.071/26226166148·418·72

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