Index

Abstinence, 339 et seq.

Accumulation, the law of, Ch. XX.

Altruism, 39.

Arbitration, 469, Ch. XXVI; as affected by monopoly, 483 et seq.; compulsory, 489–490, 497–498, 502; voluntary, 493 et seq.

Birth rate, as affected by economic conditions, 328 et seq.

Böhm-Bawerk, 17 note, 33.

Boycott, Ch. XXVII.

Ca'-canny, 509 et seq.

Capital, 19, 24–26, 31–33; as affected by improvements in method, Ch. XVIII; as originating in profits, 230, 301; contrasted with capital goods, 28–34; exportation of, 230–235; ground and auxiliary, 166; mobility of, 37–38, 127–128, 151–152; primitive, 1–2; rent of, 170–171; sources of, 353 et seq.; waste of, 307 et seq.

Capital, accumulation of, Ch. XX; as affected by monopoly, 355–357; as affected by standards of living, 342 et seq.

Capital, effects of increase of, 203–204; on economic structure of society, 246–248; on interest, 319–320; on wages, 316 et seq.

Capital goods, 16, 17, 19 note; active, 20 et seq.; active and passive, 186–187; contrasted with capital, 28–34; passive, 20 et seq.

Capitalist, 84–85, 117.

Capitalization of railways, proper basis of, 445–449.

Caste, effect on increase of population, 332; effect on values, 268.

Centralization of production, 200–201, 289.

Collective bargaining, 467 et seq.

Combination, railway, 419 et seq., 433 et seq.

Commerce, effect on diffusion of methods, 229; effect on emigration and immigration, 229–230.

Competition, 67, 75–77, note; 143–150, 198 et seq.; effect on inventions, 362 et seq.; effect on labor organizations, 488–490; in transportation, 406, 419–420, 428 et seq.; relation to progress, 533–534.

Competition of markets, effect on railway charges, 403 et seq.

Competition, potential, as a regulator of monopolies, 380 et seq.

Conciliation, 490 et seq.

Consolidation, 382–383, 390 et seq., 534 et seq., 558–559; effect on strikes, 464 et seq.; of railways, 396–397, 419 et seq.

Consumers’ goods, 25–26, 34.

Consumers’ rent, 172 note, 173.

Consumers’ surplus, 105.

Consumption, 24–25, note; as affected by improvements in methods, 273–274; by increased productive power, 305–306; by increase of individual incomes, 292; diversification of, 62–63, 206–207.

Corporations, 376 et seq.

Cost, 130; contrasted with utility, 43–44; elements of, 115–116; fixed and variable, 412 et seq.; in static state, 132–133; law of increasing, 44–47; lowest, as determinant of standard price, 263–264; measurement of, 47–49, 209; relation to final utility, 53–54; relation to incomes, 126; relation to price, 114–115; specific, 45.

Demand and supply, 93–94, 96.

Demand, reciprocal, 292.

Demand, relation to final utility, 97.

Diminishing productivity, 148–149; of labor, 134 et seq.

Diminishing returns, 56; in agriculture, 165–166, 398 et seq.; in manufactures, 398–399.

Diminishing utility, law of, 98.

Distribution, 60; contrasted with production, Ch. V; functional and personal, 89–91; group, 92–93.

Division of labor, 61 et seq.

“Dumping,” 526.

Dynamic influences, 130–132, 195 et seq.

Dynamics, Ch. XII.

Economics, 1 et seq., 61.

Education, effect on increase of population, 330–331.

Effective utility, 8 note, 54 note.

Eight-hour movement, 514–516.

Entrepreneur, 83 et seq.; 117 et seq.; 153 et seq.; in dynamic state, 123–124; in static state, 121–122.

Exchange, 63–64.

Factory legislation, effect on increase of population, 331–332.

Final productivity, 139 et seq., 156–157.

Final utility, 8 note, 51 note, 54 note, 98–99; relation to cost, 53–54; relation to demand, 97.

Free coinage, 538–539.

Free trade, arguments for, 231, 518–519.

Friction, economic, 373.

Future, undervaluation of, 345 et seq.

Giddings, F. H., 381.

Government ownership, 378, 383–385.

Groups, economic, 64 et seq.

Immigrants, disadvantages of, 245 et seq.

Improvements in methods, 204, 212; as source of new capital, 230; effect on capital, Ch. XVIII; effect on labor, 312 et seq.; effect on quality of goods, 273–274; in backward regions, 235–236.

Increasing returns, 398–401.

Inflation, effects of, 539 et seq.

Interest, 85, Ch. IX; as affected by changes in the value of money, 543 et seq.; as affected by increase of capital, 319–320; rate of, effect on the accumulation of. capital, 339 et seq.; real and loan, 547 et seq.; relation to rent, 182–184; static, 224–225.

Inventions, 204, Chs. XVI, XVII; as affected by competition, 362 et seq.; as affected by monopoly, 362 et seq.; conditions giving rise to, Ch. XXI; effect on capital, Ch. XVIII; on economic structure of society, 249 et seq.; on labor, 254–255; effects of a series of, 290 et seq.

Kartel, 392.

Labor, 35; as a measure of cost, 209; as affected by improvements in method, 312 et seq.; classification of, 13–15; definition of, 9–10, 82–85; diminishing productivity of, 134 et seq.; division of, 61 et seq.; managerial, 116–117; mobility of, 127–128, 133–134; monopoly, 471 et seq., 504; productivity of, 17–18, 133 et seq.; protective, 10–11; rent of, 171–172.

Labor organization, Ch. XXV.

Labor-saving devices, Chs. XVI, XVII; effect on economic structure of society, 249 et seq.; effect on labor, 254–255.

Laissez-faire, 384–385, 390.

Land, 9, 36–37, Ch. XI; contrasted with artificial capital goods, 178–179, 188–190.

Machinery, 72–73.

Malthus, 321 et seq.

Margin of cultivation, 165 et seq.

Marginal utility, 51 note.

Market, 95 note.

Market price, 93–94.

Mill, J. S., 220 note, 257.

Money, 29–30; Ch. XXIX.

Monopoly, 201, 559–560; as affected by patents, 367–368; as limiting employment, 297–298; effect on accumulation, 355–357; on inventions, 362–363; on progress, Ch. XXII; on standard of living, 323; government ownership of, 378, 383–385; in transportation, 435 et seq.; inventor’s, 360 et seq.; labor, 456, 462, 467, 471 et seq., 504; nature of, 380; public character of, 389; relation to arbitration, 483 et seq.; relation to protection, 525 et seq.; relation to railway discrimination, 396–397; restricted by potential competition, 380 et seq.

Monopoly price, as affected by increase of wages, 479–480.

Organization of industry, 205, 318–319, 368 et seq.

Organization of labor, Ch. XXV.

Paper Money, 552–554.

Patents, 265–266; abuse of, 361; as a means of curbing monopolies, 367–368; justification, 360–361.

Patten, S. N., 207 note.

Political Economy, 3 note, 61.

Pool, 392.

Population, as affected by factory legislation, 331; as affected by increase of wealth, 333; as affected by rise of wages, 335 et seq.; distribution of, 215 etseq.; effect of increase of, 203, 244 et seq., 315 et seq.; law of, Ch. XIX.

Population, density of, 215–216; effect on industry, 237 et seq.; effect on wages, 241–243.

Population, increase of, as affected by caste, 332; by education, 330–331; by standard of living, 324 et seq.

Price, 97; as affected by inflation, 539 et seq.; determination of, 93–96; equalization of, 98–100; market, 93–94; monopoly, 479–480; normal, 114, 120–121; of complex goods, 100 et seq.; relation to cost, 114; standard, determined by lowest cost, 263–264, 285–288; static, 202–203, 224.

Production, contrasted with distribution, Ch. V; requisites of, 15–16.

Productivity, 42–43; as basis for arbitration awards, 475 et seq.; final, 139 et seq., 148–149, 157; measurement of, 55–60.

Profit, 77 note, 85 et seq., 119–122 note, 129 note, 373; as affected by inflation, 539 et seq.; as source of capital, 301, 354–355; in static state, 87.

Protection, Ch. XXVIII, 560; argument for, 520 et seq.; relation to monopoly, 525 et seq.

Rae, John, 17 note.

Railway capitalization, proper basis of, 446–450.

Railway charges, Ch. XXIV; as affected by competition of markets, 403 et seq.; limits of, 403 et seq.; state regulation of, 439 et seq.

Railway consolidation, 396–397, 419 et seq.

Railway discriminations, as creating monopolies, 393–394, 396, 420 et seq.

Rent, Ch. X; as differential product, 163–165; as product of land, 162–163; consumers’, 172–173 note; gross and net, 180–183; of capital, 170–171; of concrete instruments, 174–177; of labor, 171–172; relation to interest, 182–184; relation to price, 191–194; traditional formula, 160–162; universality of principle, 177–178.

Ricardo, 121, 160, 179.

Risk, 122, 123 note, 214.

Social Economics, 3 note, 61.

Socialism, 378, 384–386, 395, 397.

Socialistic state, group organization in, 71.

Specific utility, 8 note.

Standard of living, 322 et seq., 342 et seq.

Static state, 132–133.

Strike, sympathetic, 505.

Strikes, effectiveness under varying conditions, 462 et seq.

Substitution, 267 et seq.

Supply and demand, 93–97.

Supply, normal, 114.

Surplus, consumers 105.

Tariff, relation to trusts, 528 et seq.

Trade union, power of, under varying conditions, 462 et seq.; restriction of membership, 503–504; restriction of output, 509 et seq.

Transportation, Chs. XXIII, XXIV; as affected by diminishing returns in agriculture, 398 et seq.; monopoly in, 435 et seq.

Trusts, 201, 369–371, 391–392; as affected by railway discriminations, 393–394; methods of stifling competition, 394–395, 527–528; relation to tariff, 528 et seq.

Tuttle, C. A., 34 note.

Union label, 506 et seq.

Utility, absolute, 54 note; contrasted with cost, 43–44; diminishing, 98; effective, 54 note; elementary, 11–12; final, 51 note, 54 note, 97–98; form, 12; marginal, 51 note; measurement of, 40 et seq.; of producers’ goods, 42–43; place, 12–13; varieties of, 7–8.

Value, 40–42, 99–101; affected by caste, 268; in primitive conditions, 50–51; natural, 94–95; normal, Ch. VII; of complex goods, 100 et seq.; static, 124–125, 202–203.

Value of service principle, 405 et seq.

Violence in labor disputes, 457 et seq.

Wages, Ch. VIII, 85, 86; as affected by improved methods, 299–300; as affected by improved organization of industry, 318–319; as affected by increase of capital, 316 et seq.; as affected by inferior bargaining power of labor, 452; as affected by organization of labor, Ch. XXV; increase of, effect on monopoly price, 479–480; law of, 143 et seq.; rise of, effect on monopoly, 335 et seq.; static, 224–225.

“Waiting,” 187–188.

Wants, changes in, 206; elasticity of, relation to improvements in methods, 267 et seq.

Wealth, 5–9; increase of, effect on population, 333.

Webb, Sidney & Beatrice, 357.

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