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Chapter 36 of 46 · Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School by Francis W. Hirst

INDEX

2,088 words · All 46 chapters

  • ABORIGINES, treatment of, 96,97 ″.
  • Absenteeism in Ireland, 58
  • Admirals, idle, 294
  • Admiralty, mismanagement and waste of, 351 sqq.
  • Advertisement duty, 267–271
  • Advertisements, 95, 96, 268–271
  • Agriculture, Irish, 65, 66 ; burdens on, 124, 125
  • Agricultural labourers, 144, 169, 178, 215–217
  • Alderney, fortification of, 313
  • Alsace, 43
  • America (South), 19
  • America (United States of), 5, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 71–112; Free Trade in, 225 ; civil war in, 360–379. See United States
  • American tariff, 9
  • American war, 320, 321
  • Anti-Corn-Law Association, 139
  • Anti-Com-Law Circular, 447
  • Anti-Com-Law League, 108, 161 sgy., 173 sff., 221 sgg., 231–238, 240; Council of, 231, 232; expenditure of, 233
  • Arbitration, 307
  • Arfwedson's Travels (quoted), 86
  • Aristocracy, endemic- in England, 97, 98
  • Armaments, 229, 289 ; increase of, 57 j reduction of, 309–319
  • Armies, American and British, 79–82
  • Armstrong, Sir W., 354
  • Army in Ireland, cost of, 51
  • Ashburton, Lord, 306
  • Ashworth, Henry, 139
  • Auckland, Lord, 315
  • Australia, 253, 421, 422, 429–432, 457, 458, 463, 464
  • Austria, 10, 17, 30, 102, 257, 301, 403
  • Authors and paper duty, 265, 266
  • Baines, E., 239
  • Balance of power, wars to preserve, 3, 81
  • Ballot, 509
  • Baltic, trade with, 19
  • Bathurst, Lord, 431
  • Battleships, French and English, 353. 354- See Navy
  • Beer, 501–503
  • Belfast, 224
  • Benett, 215
  • Berlin Decrees, 9 ; effect on British trade, 10
  • Bermudas, 406
  • Bible in schools, 480–484
  • Bishoprics, Colonial, 403
  • Borneo, 413
  • Bosphorus, 8, 17, 18
  • Boston, 83
  • Bourrienne, II
  • Bowring, Dr. (1792–1872), 449, 450
  • Bramston, 210
  • Brazil, trade with, 19
  • Bread, want of, 159 ; too cheap, 242; price of, under free trade and protection, 506, 509, 510 See Com
  • Brick duty, 393
  • Bright, John, 206, 207, 283, 289, 290,320; quoted, 91″., 208–220, Edition: current; Page: [514] 321–341, 360–368, 383–385. 505–512; and see Introduction
  • Brighton railway, 89
  • British Guiana, 425–427
  • Brooke, Rajah, 413
  • Brougham, Lord, 56
  • Buckinghamshire and paper manufacture, 260, 262
  • Burke, 320, 321, 491
  • Burns, Robert, 178, 190
  • Butter in bond, 187, 188 ; duty on, 390
  • Byron (quoted), 15
  • Calcutta, 18
  • Canada, 20,383, 403, 417–419, 424–426, 457–465, 469–474; Corn Bill, 164; and the Lakes, 314, 315
  • Cape Colony, 253, 403, 407–411, 457, 463, 464
  • Capital, 66, 67
  • Cassell's publications, 264, 265
  • Caste in England and India, 97
  • Castlereagh, 243
  • Cervantes, 44
  • Ceylon, 412, 423
  • Chamberlain, Right Hon. J,, 453 sqq., 468–474
  • Chandos, Marquis of, 89, 108
  • Chartist riots, 296
  • Chateaubriand (quoted), 15
  • Cheese, duty on, 389
  • Cherbourg, 313
  • Christianity, benefits of, 25
  • Christians in Turkey, 339, 340
  • Church of England, 67–69, 95
  • Clarendon, Lord (1800–1870), 323–335 fassim
  • Clothing, French, 344
  • Cobden, Richard (1804–1865), I passim, 206, 207, 239, 258, 289, 290, 383, 456; extracts from his writings and speeches, 1–113, 161, 221–230, 231–238, 239–257, 291–308, 309–319, 342–359. 369–379, 386–398, 447–452, 479–487, 497–504; and see Introduction
  • Cobden club, 453 sqq.
  • Coffee, differential duties on, 393
  • Coleridge on National Debt, 77 ″.
  • Colonels as tailors, 294
  • Colonial expansion, cost of, 18, 19
  • Colonial governors, 437, 438
  • Colonial Office, 399i 413, 422, 425–429, 453, 440
  • Colonial preference and monopoly, 157, 158, 393, 396, 397.415–417, 453 sqq
  • Colonial secretaries, 436
  • Colonies, British, 80, 252, 253, 303, 304, 384–446, 453–475; population of, 400, 456; military and naval expenditure on, 400–402; civil and ecclesiastical expenditure on, 402, 403; exports to, 404; their commercial and fiscal relations with England, 22, 23, 158; the American, 320, 321; protective policy of, 383–385
  • Commerce, benefits of, 33; spirit of, 201–203
  • Commercial treaties, 458
  • Commercial treaty with France, 342–348, 356, 357
  • Commons, House of, 31
  • Communication improved, 318
  • Competition, 140–143
  • Compromise, 179 sqq.
  • Constantinople, 6, 16, 18
  • Corn duties, scale in 1833... 122 sqq.
  • Corn Laws, 104–113, 122–251 passim, 448, 450, 451, 509, 510; repeal of, 233; revival of, 241–250
  • Corn markets, 131 sqq.
  • Corn prices, crime and mortality, 188, 189, 211 sqq.; in Crimean war, 340n.
  • Corn rents, 183
  • Cotton, 21, 74; competitions, of, 361–363; famine, 369–371, 374–377
  • Cowan, 260n
  • Crime and dear bread, 144, 145, 169, 188, 189
  • Crimean war, 289, 290, 320–341; losses in, 364, 365
  • Croley, Dr., 224
  • Edition: current; Page: [515] Crown Colonies, 423, 424, 428, 429
  • Customs duties, 157, 389, 390
  • Daily News, 269; circulation of, 278
  • Dalton, Dr., 369
  • Dantzig, 133
  • Danube, 17, 26, 28
  • Dardanelles, 25, 30
  • Dean, saying of a, 217
  • Death-rate and corn prices, 189
  • Debt. See National Debt
  • Decker, Sir Matthew (quoted on Free Trade), 9
  • Dependencies, 80
  • Despotism, 493–495
  • Dickens, Charles, 279–281
  • Disraeli, 258, 260n.
  • Dissenters, 224
  • Dnieper, 17
  • Drogheda, 224
  • Dubergier, M., 237
  • Dunkirk, 314
  • D'Urban, Sir B., 408
  • East Indies, trade with, 21
  • Economy, need for, 99–103 ; and see Retrenchment
  • Education a birthright, 489
  • Education in United States and England, 89–91; secular, in England, 479–487
  • Egmont, Lord, 250
  • Elliott, Ebenezer (1781–1849), on Free Trade, 494
  • Emergency Fund, 219, 220
  • Emigration, 60, 441–445
  • Empires and small States, 373
  • England, 1–34, etc., see Great Britain; safety of, 81, 82; Church of, 224, 225
  • Entails, 511
  • Established Churches, 69
  • Estates, large, 511
  • Ewart, 272
  • Excise duties, 386, 390–393
  • Excise Duties Commission (1834), 259
  • Excise regulations, evils of, 259–263
  • Expenditure, on Army and Navy, 22 and note, 394–397 ; reproductive, 77n., 291 sff. ; wasteful, 355i 386 sff.; and see Retrenchment
  • Exports, British (1804–1809), 10; (1828–1833), II
  • Fair Tiade, 505
  • Falkland Islands, 413
  • Famine, 211 sqq.
  • Famine in Ireland, 191 sqq., 213
  • Fanners, 145–147
  • Farmers' Friends,' 151–156
  • Farrer, Lord, on British Zollverein, 453–475
  • Financial Reform Association, 386, 399
  • Flax in Ireland, 66
  • Flour, price of, 242. See Bread
  • Food and manufactures, in, 112, 136
  • Food in time of war, 378
  • Foreign Office, useless work of, 81
  • Foreign trade, theory of, 128 sqq.
  • Fox, W. J. (1786–1864), speeches of, 161–172, l73–190, 194–207, 479, 481–484, 488–496; and see Introduction, xiv., xxiii.
  • France, England's relations with, 4, 8, 309 sqq.; and England in Turkey, 8, 30, 42; wealth of, 105, 107, 255. See French
  • Franklin, 98
  • French bogey, 296–299, 304, 305, 348, 349–356–359
  • French manufactures, 343, 344
  • French Navy, 309–317, 353–358
  • French Revolution, wars of, 33
  • French treaty (1860), 342–348, 356, 357
  • Free trade, 117–255 passim; 453–475passim; 493,494
  • Free trade and goodwill among nations, 229, 238; completed by French treaty, 345
  • Edition: current; Page: [516] Game laws, 511, 512
  • Ganges, 18
  • George III., 321
  • Germany, 42, 447–452
  • Gibraltar, 404–406
  • Gladstone, John, 149
  • Gladstone, Robertson, 386
  • Gladstone, W. E., 155, 258, 289, 290, 345, 364, 365, 370, 373
  • Government enterprise, 384
  • Graham, Sir James, 79n,
  • Gray (quoted), 204
  • Great Britain, 1–34; compared with United States, 73–114
  • Great Western Railway, 89
  • Greece, colonies of, 444
  • Greek Church, 23; in Turkey, 330, 331n.
  • Grey, Governor, 433
  • Grey, Lord, 410, 436, 471
  • Grote, 139
  • Hamburg, 133
  • Hindustan. See India
  • Holland, 10, 18, 43, 74, 84; merchants of, quoted, 67,.
  • Hong Kong, 412
  • Hop duty, 390, 391, 500
  • ' Hot water and a pinch of curry powder,' 217
  • Hours of labour, 132
  • House of Lords, 88, 89
  • Household Narrative, 279–281
  • Hume, Deacon, 235
  • Hume, Joseph, 139, 258, 308; speech on Corn Laws, 124 sgg.
  • Hume quoted, 4 n.
  • Hunt, Henry (quoted), 278
  • Illustrated London Nous, 261 sqq.
  • Imperial federation, 383, .453–475
  • Imports free, policy of, 345
  • Income tax, 393
  • I Inglis, H. D. (1795–1835), quoted, 54. 55
  • ‘Independence’ of foreigner, 184, 185
  • India, supposed danger of Russian aggression, 17
  • Indigo, 21
  • Ingram, II, 261 sqq.
  • Inland Revenue Board of, 279–28?
  • International Arbitration. See Arbitration
  • Intervention, 99–102, 395, 396
  • Ionian Islands, 405
  • Ireland, 5, 18, 35–70 passim, 244, 245, 263
  • Irish manufacturer, restrictions on, 39, 40
  • Italy, 43. 300, 301
  • Jackson, General, 98, 305
  • Jefferson, 98
  • Jews, persecution of, 48
  • Jones, Ernest (1819–1869), 276, 277
  • Kaffir war, 403, 407–411
  • Kaffirs, 253
  • Keyham, 313
  • King Street (Manchester), meeting in, 222
  • Knatchbull, Sir E. (1781–1849), 149, 152
  • Knight, Charles (1791–1873), 266
  • Knowledge, taxes on, 258–285
  • Labouchere, 205
  • Labuan, 412
  • Lancashire and cotton supply, 362 sqq., 369–371, 374–377
  • Land laws, 95n., 511
  • Land tax, 124
  • Land values, 136,137
  • Landlords, policy of, 108–112,145–157,182, 244–252; Irish, 244,245
  • Edition: current; Page: [517] Lattimore, 499, 500
  • Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, 502
  • Leader, John Temple, 139
  • Leases, 153, 154, 183,
  • Legacy duty, 388, 389
  • Liberal party, services of, to labour, 508–512
  • Literature and the paper duty, 263–266
  • Liverpool, 19
  • London and the Corn Laws, 170–171
  • Louts Philippe, 256, 297
  • M'Culloch's dictionary (quoted), 12, 27n., 264
  • Macgregor, John (1797–1857), 158, 235
  • Macfarlane (quoted), 15
  • inery and employment, 168; exportation of, 164
  • Machau, Admiral, 306
  • Mahomedanism, evil influence of, 15, 16
  • Maine dispute, 305
  • Maitland, Sir P (1777–1854), 408, 409
  • Malt tax, 390, 497–504
  • Malta, 404, 405
  • Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 139
  • Manners, Lord John, 490
  • Manufacturer of United States, 83–85
  • Maritime law, 377, 378
  • Marmora (sea ol), 17, 25
  • Marshall, John, 139, 252
  • Massachusetts, education in, 482–483
  • Mauritius, 411, 412
  • Meat, price of, 506
  • Melbourne, Lord, 450
  • Merry Wans of Windsor, 186, 187
  • Milner Gibson, T, (1806–1884), xvi, 197 n.; speech of, 258–285
  • Mineral wealth of Great Britain, 106,
  • Minister of Marine (French), 353
  • Mississippi, 376
  • Molesworth, Sir W. (1810–1855), 139. 3.04. 385, 399; speech, of on colonies, 399–446
  • Monopolies, 20, 158
  • Moore, on America, 72
  • Morning Advertiser, 278
  • Morning Ckronick, 278
  • Morning Herald, 278
  • Morris Mowbray, 279
  • Naples, 102
  • Napoleon, Berlin decrees of, 9, 28, 102
  • Napoleon III., 296–298, 343, 349, 355–357
  • National debts, 76–77, 101, 104–108 ; effects of repudiation, 108–110, 113
  • Natural right, 142, 174
  • Navies, American and British, 76–79 ; French and English, reduction of, 309–319; proportions of, 357–391
  • Navy, British, m colonies, 401–402, 414; mismanagement of, 351, sqq. ; French, 309–317, 353–358
  • Negro Emancipation Act, 19
  • Neutral markets, 130, 131
  • New England States, 83, 84
  • New South Wales, 429
  • New York pauperism, 213
  • New Zealand, 253, 401, 403, 421, 422, 432, 433
  • News monopoly, 278–279
  • Newspaper press, 91–93, 258–285 passim, 510
  • Newspaper proprietors, 258, 261
  • Newspaper Stamp Act, 272 sqq.
  • ‘No compromise,’ 175–179
  • Non-intervention, policy of, 31, 99–102, 339
  • Norfolk, Duke of, 217
  • North American Colonies, 417–419
  • Oastler, Richard (1789–1861), 283Odessa, 36, 27
  • Odessa, 36, 27
  • Edition: current; Page: [518] Oligarchy, 490
  • Ontario Lake, 314, 315
  • Oregon boundary dispute, 290
  • Ottoman Empire. See Turkey
  • Ottawa Congress, 453
  • Paget, Lord Clarence (1811–1895), 352
  • Palmerston, Lord (1784–1865), xviii., 309–311, 319, 338n.
  • Paper duty, 258–266, 391
  • Paper manufacture, 260–263
  • Parnell, Sir H. (1776–1842),387–395
  • Paulton, A. W. (1812–1876), 183
  • Pauperism, 124, 144, 211, sqq.
  • Peace, advantages of, 32–34, 289–379 passim, 495–496. See War, Armaments, Arbitration, etc.
  • Peel, Sir R. (1788–1850), xv., 157, 194, 205,209, 210, 221, 226, 227, 231, 252, 253,498,499
  • Petition of merchants, 117–121; of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 139, 222
  • Place, Francis (1771–1854), 139
  • Poland, 5–7, 18
  • Politics aim of, 489 sqq.
  • Polk, President, 296
  • Poor rate, 58, 124, 127, 246, 247
  • Population of United States and United Kindora, 75; increase of, 187
  • Porter, G. R. (1792–1852), 235
  • Portugal, 74
  • Post Office and newspapers, 275, 276
  • Potato famine, 191 sqg.
  • Pottinger, Sir H. (1789–1856), 409, 410
  • Preferential duties, 453 sqq. Sec Newspapers
  • Primogeniture, 249
  • Protection and revenue, 157>
  • Protection of agriculture, 107, III
  • Protection, revival of, 233, 240–244, 248, 453–475. 505–507
  • Protectionist arguments, 493,494
  • Protestant religion favourable to commerce, 40–43
  • Providence and its dispensations, 199–201
  • Prussia and Zollverein, 447 sqq.
  • Railways, Irish, 64, 65; American and English, 85–89; effect of, 203
  • Rates, 246–248
  • Reduction of armaments, 294, 303, 304, 309–319. See Retrenchment
  • Reform Act, 220
  • Religion and education, 479–487
  • Religion and morality, 72
  • Rents, increase of, 151–155, 169, 177
  • Repeal of the Union, 60
  • Representative government, 492, 493
  • Republicanism, 96–98, 276,277
  • Restrictive system, 117–121. See Protection
  • Retrenchment, 99–103, 386–398, 399; colonial, 414, 503, 504. See Expenditure
  • Revenue, 178, 179. See Taxation
  • Revolution, the French, 376, 377
  • Revolutions of 1848...299–301
  • Richmond, Duke of, 145, 149, 197, 198
  • Rights of property and labour, 175, 176
  • Roebuck, John Arthur (1801–1879), 360
  • Roman Catholic religion, influence on commerce, 41–44
  • Roman Catholics and education, 480–484
  • Romans, civilizing influence of, 38
  • Rowland Hill, 275
  • Russell, Lord J. (1792–1878), 160, 205,209, 210, 219, 231, 234, 271, 295; (quoted), 323, 337, 373; his Edinburgh letter, 191–194
  • Russia, England's hostility to, 4; aggression b Turkey, 6; trade compared with Turkey, 13; Edition: current; Page: [519] danger to India from, 17, 109n. ; advance in Turkey beneficial, 245; attitude to commerce, 25–28, 30; and Turkey, 320–341. See Crimean war
  • Russian invasion, 295, 339 n.; politics, 34n.; tariff, 9
  • Salaries, colonial, 425–427
  • St Petersburg, 5, 6, 13, 26
  • Self-interest, policy of, 34
  • Shannon, 37
  • Shakespeare, 44, 489
  • Shipbuilding in France and England, 350
  • Shipping, British and Russia compared, 27
  • Shipping, British, profits of, 465
  • Sierra Leone, 407
  • Shopkeeper, old and new, 93–96
  • Slave labour, 361–363
  • Slave trade, 78n., 406, 407
  • Slavery, morality of, 364–368
  • Sliding-scale, 160
  • Smith, Adam, xii. ; on colonial policy, 23, 416; on temperance, 502
  • Smith, Sir Harry, 407
  • Smith, J. B., 139
  • Smith, Sydney, on taxation, 117; on politics, 491
  • Soap duty, 391
  • South America. See America
  • South Australia, 431
  • Spain, 19, 74, 302
  • Spenser on Ireland (quoted), 36 n., 44, 68 n.,
  • Sporting advertisements, 270, 282
  • St. Helena, 406, 407
  • St. John, 272
  • Stratford de Redclifie, Lord (1786–1880),322–336 (quoted) passim
  • Suffrage, popular, 508, 509
  • Sugar, 19, 21, 420
  • Sugar bounties, 19
  • Sugar duty, 497, 498, 510
  • ‘Swede turnips and mangel wurrel,’ 217
  • Swift (quoted), 273, 274
  • Switzerland, Cathohcand Protestant cantons compared, 41
  • Syria, 296
  • Tallow, 26
  • Tariff, Russian, 9; American, 9
  • Tasmania, 430
  • Taxation, burden cf, 8, 18, 22, 293. See Expenditure and Retrenchment
  • Tea duty, 389, 498, 510
  • Temperance, 501–503
  • Teniers, 44
  • Thompson, Colonel Peronet (1783–1869), xtv., 139, 224, 235
  • Thiers, 310
  • Timber, Canadian, 20
  • Times, the, 271 ; circulation of, 278, 279; on Crimean war, 328 n., 340 n.
  • Tithes, 124, 125
  • Tobacco duty, 393
  • Toleration, religious, 67–69
  • Tooke on corn pi ices, 133
  • Tournefort (quoted), 55 n.
  • Tories, 228, 284, 285
  • Towns and civilization, 165 sqq.
  • Trade, British, in Napoleonic war, 9; in time of peace, II ; with Russia and Turkey, 12
  • Trade, science of, neglected, 23, 24
  • Transatlantic service, 62
  • Transportation, 445
  • Turkey, England and, 4, 29; Russian aggression in, 6; France and England in, 9; trade of, 13; natural wealth of, 14; wretched state of, 15; dangers of interference in, 30; war with Russia, 320–341
  • Tupper, Sir Charles, 453, 454
  • Tyrrell, Sir J., 210
  • United States (see America), population of, 74, 75; trade of, 75, 76, 303; navy and army, 76–82, Edition: current; Page: [520] 255, 256; competition of, 83–85 ; railways of, 85–88; education in, 89–91, 482, 483; power of, 100, 101; as customers, 418, 419; civil war in, 289, 360–379; salaries in, 425, 426; trade with, 462, 469–474
  • Unity, national, 374
  • Urquhart, David (1805–1877), pamphlet by, 5; quoted, 6, 7, 8, 17, 25, 29
  • Vattel, 321–324, 341
  • Victoria, protection policy of, 383, 384
  • Victoria, Queen, 234
  • Vienna note, 322–333
  • Villiers, 227
  • Volney (quoted), 14
  • Vourla, 28
  • Wages of agricultural labourers, 134; under free trade and protection, 505, 506, 510
  • War, for and against trade, 9; horrors of, 339–341; war policy and peace policy compared, 495, 496
  • Washington, George, I, 98
  • Wastrels, 113
  • Watkin, Absalom, 320 tgg.
  • Welby, Lord, 290
  • Wellington, Duke of, 198, 205
  • Wesleyan schools, 4871
  • West Indies, trade with, 20, 21,23;
  • cost of, 417,419, 421
  • West Riding of Yorkshire, 241 sqq.
  • Whigs, 30 n., 228, 284, 285
  • Whitmore, W., 122, 123
  • Whitworth, 354
  • William IV., coronation oath of King, 50
  • Wilson, George (1808–1870), 173, 94. 221
  • Window tax, 392
  • Wine duties, 393
  • Wines, light, 346, 347
  • Wool, 27
  • Wools, foreign, need of, 106 n;.
  • Zollverein, British, 385, 453–475 ; German, 385, 447–452
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Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School

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