Index

Index Prepared by Vemelia A. Crawford Note: This index to Freedom and the Law includes the titles of parts, chapters, and sections, each listed under appropriate subject classifications. With the exception of these specific page references, which are hyphenated, the numbers in each instance refer to to the first page of a discussion. A page number followed by a figure in paren theses indicates the number of a footnote reference. Acton, John, 25, 103 Adamson Act of 1916, 39 Allen, Carleton Kemp courts, 101 creative power, 196(10) law administrative, 64 common, 87 medieval, 30 rule of, 60, 196(6) Ambrose (Saint), 52 Analytical philosophers, 2, 26, 44 Anglo-Saxon conscri ption, 37 legislation, 11 Aprioristic science, 166 Arbitrariness, 100, 152 Aristotle, 48, 73, 76, 77 Ashton, T. S., 56 Athens, 77, 79, 80 Austin, John, 29, 117 Bacon, Francis, 1, 131 Bastiat, Frederic, 140 Behaviorism, 88, 100, 139, 162, 173 Belgian constitution, 71 Billiard players, 62 Black, Duncan, 108 Bondage, 52, 79 Bosanquet, Bernard, 41 Bowles, Chester, 35 Bracton, Henry, 189 Bru tzkus, B., 18 Buchanan, James, 193(4) Buckland, W. W., 83, 192(4) Bureaucrats, 97 Burke, Edmund, 89, 115, 193(1) Burnham, James, 8, 60, lID, 193(1), 194(15), 195(5) Business calculations, 165 Caesar, Julius, 25 Capitalism, 178 Carew-Hunt, R. N., 191(2) Carroll, Lewis, 44, 192(1) Cato, Marcus Porcius, 89, 90 Centralized economy, 21 Certainty of law Continental, 75 freedom and, 77-96 197 198 Hale's view of, 93 Hayek's view of, 63, 71 long-run, 94 Checks and balances, 24, 186 China, 88 Chisholm, Hugh, 194(11, 13) Christian Fathers, 53 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 74, 76, 86, 89, 193(7) Citizenship, Roman, 86 Civil law, 5, 83 Clausewi tz, Karl, 140 Codes, 11, 144; see also Law Coercion, 110, 124, 172; see also Government Coke, Edward, 87, 92 Comitia,85 Common law, 69, 86, 141 146, 182 Communism, 53, 159 Competition, 129; see also Market economy Concilia plebis, 85 Confucian principle, 14 Conscription, 37 Conseil d'etat, 64 Constant, Benjamin, 61, 195(4) Constitutions Athenian, 78, 79 Belgian, 71 British, 60, 71 Continental, 91 differences in, 71 French, 71 interpretation of, 60 Italian, 57, 128 rights suspended in, 91 Roman, 85 United States, 128, 185 written, 10, 146 Constraint absence of, 104 freedom and, 3,40, 43-58 Italian, 57, 128 law and, 69 rnajori ty and, 136 market economy, 49 minori ty and, 140 use of, 13 Continental Europe Index codes of, 144 conscription in, 37 constitutions of, 91 jurists of, 92, 142 Justinian Corpus Juris, 10, 74, 83, 141, 143, 179 law, 10, 75 legislative process of, 88 scholars, 60, 61 theorists of, 67 see also Names of countries Coulanges, Fustel de, 78 Courts administrative, 71 British, 62, 87, 102, 146, 185 creative power in, 196(10) French, 65 functions of, 66 inferior, 185 judicature, 86, 87, 101 kinds of, ·64 legal, 128 supreme, 184, 191(5) unions and, 39 Cranston, Maurice, 41, 47, 191(1), 192(2) Crawley, 78 Creative power, 196(10) Crichel Down, 100 Crimes, 36, 139 Cromwell, Oliver, 118 Decision economic, 109 election, 124 enforcement of, 189 freedom and, 7, 59 groups, 156; see also Group decisions individual, 132, 135 legal, 21 making, 127 poli tical, 109 Decretum Gratiani, 53 Definitions, 43; see also Semantic confusions Democracy Athenian, 78, 80 classical concept of, 114, 126 Index fate of, 126 interpretation of, 32 representative, 18 Democritus, 79 Demosthenes, 80 Denning, Alfred, 102 Devlin, Patrick, 195(4) Dicey, Albert Venn equality, 63, 66, 68 individual rights, 146 legal theory, 60, 117 representation, 118 rule of law, 62, 91, 95, 192(2) Dickinson, H. D., 18 Digesta~ 141 Diritto amministrativo, 61 Disraeli, Benjamin, 122 Dodgson, Charles L., See Carroll, Lewis Droit administratif, 64 Economics decisions in, 109 law and, 50 reasoning in, 159 research in, 160 Edward I, 119 Ehrlich, Eugene, 18, 23, 74, 145, 148, 195(1) Elections, 124; see also Voting Electorate, 117, 127 Emden, Cecil S., 116, 194(3) Eminentia jura, 67 Empirical science, 60 England. See Great Britain

En trepreneurs, 56 Equality, 63, 66, 68, 104 Equilibrium, III Etat de droit, 61, 147 Europe. See Continental Europe Executive power, 101, 189 Fox, Charles, 116, 194(4) France, 64, 65, 71 Franchise, extension of, 122 Frazier, Lindley, 50 Free choice, 136, 167 Free market. See Market economy Free trade, 105, 153 199 Freedom analyzed,2 basis of, 173 behaviorism and, 88, 100, 139, 162, 173 British, 26 certainty of law and, 77-96 common will and, 103, 121, 135-55 concept of, 1, 67 constraint and, 3, 40, 43-58 decision about, 7, 59 definitions, 2, 25, 41 fate of, 126 Great Britain and, 26 Greek idea of, 78 individual, 9, 126, 154, 159, 177 law and, 59-76, 77-96, 101 legal systems and, 95, 104 legislation and, 9, 97-113 linguistic analysis of, 27 political, 94, 104 psychological experiences and, 3, 47 .reduced, 101 religious, 26 representation and, 114-34 rule of law and, 59-76 semantic confusion in, 34 trend against, 187 Friedman, Milton, 160, 194(16), 195(3) Friedmann, W., 191(2) Frola, Eugenio, 163 Gellhorn, Walter, 192(8) Generality, 63, 70, 75 Germany, 120, 145 Gierke, Otto, 61, 120, 194(14) Gladden, E. N., 97 Gogol, Nikolai, 41 Golden Rule, 14, 176, 182 Government arbitrary, 100, 152 bureaucrats, 97 capitalistic, 178 cen tra lized, 21 checks and balances, 24, 186 coercion, 110, 124, 172 communistic, 53, 159 200 constraint. See Constraint function of, 51 inflation, 31, 161 interference of, 156 majority rule in. See Majority rule monopolies, 69 nationalized, 168, 178 planning, 90 power of, 8 representative. See Representation socialistic. See Socialism sovereign, 117 ' tax, 119, 180 see also Market economy Great Britain arbitrary behavior in, 100 constitution of, 60, 71 courts in, 62, 87, 102, 146, 185 criminal cases in, 86 equality in, 68 freedom in, 26 House of Commons, 115 Industrial Revolution of, 57 law of, 9, 62, 64, 92, 146 political systems, 36 representation in, 117 socialism in, 178 trade unions in, 56 Greek law, 73, 75, 77, 179 Group decisions danger in, 132 decision groups and, 156 economic and political, 108 individual versus, 132, 135 majority and minority, 11, 103, 124 market economy and, 108 objections to, 156 representatives in, 117, 120, 124 voting, 124 Gubernaculum, 189 Guizot, Fran~ois P. G., 61 Habeas corpus, 84, 36 Hale, Matthew, 92, 94, 193(10) Happiness, 79, 94 Hauriou, M., 67 Havelock, Eric A., 79 Hayek, F. A.

certainty of law, 63, 71 Index equality, 64, 66 executive power, 101 legislative powers, 8 rule of law, 59, 62, 68, 192(1) semantic confusions, 33 wri tten, general and certain rules, 158 Hegel, Georg W., 31 Hegemonic bond, 49 Henry III, 119 Hildebrand, Karl, 23 Hobbes, Thomas, 92, 160, 193(9) Homogeneity, 17 Honoratiores, 20, 176, 183 House of Commons, 115 Humbert II, 128 Hypotheses, 161 Ideology, 150 Imperium, 134 Individual. See Freedom Industrial Revolution, 57 Industries nationalized, 169 Infant Relief Act of 1874, 146 Inflation, 31, 161 Injunctions, 39 Intellectuals, 157 Italy constitution of, 57, 128 judiciary system of, 36 law in, 70, 98, 193(2) see also Rome Jellinek, W., 67 Jhering, Rudolph, 55 Judges appointment of, 183 common law, 87 creative power of, 196(10) decisions of, 21 functions of, 179, 187 Judiciary system, 23, 36, 87, 101, 146# 184 Jura eminentia, 70 Jurisdictio, 134, 189 ]uristenrecht, 144, 147 Jurists, 92, 142 Jus civile, 83, 85 Jus civitatis, 34# 85 Index Jus subjectionis}70 Justinian's Corpus Juris} 10, 74, 83, 141, 143, 179 Keeton, G. W., 8, 193(1) Kelf-Cohen, R., 17, 195(1) Kelsen, Hans, 29, 148 Keynes, John Maynard, 81, 82 Labor exploitation of, 55 legal acts, 39, 40, 140, 146 productive and nonproductive, 50 unions, 38, 39, 56 Landsgemeinde} 105, 114 Lange,Oskar, 18 Language analyzed, 27 descriptive and nondescriptive, 43 nontechnical or half-technical, 31 philosophy,43 see also Semantic confusions Law administrative, 64, 73, 101 arbitrary, 100, 152 British, 9, 62, 64, 92, 146 certainty. See Certainty of law civil, 5, 83 common or unwritten, 69, 86, 141, 146, 182 constraint and, 69 criticism of, 5 defined, 29 economics and, 50 failure o£, 180 finding, 143 freedom and, 59-76, 77-96, 101 French, 65, 71 generality of, 63, 70, 75 German, 120, 145 Greek, 73, 75, 77, 179 interpretation of, 30, 185 Italian, 70, 98, 193(2) judiciary, 23, 184 kinds of, 83 lawyers', 10, 23, 183 limits of, 131 making, 79, 88, 90, 134, 189 moral, 181 new, 94 non1egislative, 145 obeying, 61 private, 84, 94 procedural, 109 public, 66 reformation of, 70, 145 revolution in, 147 Roman, 9, 23, 83, 89, 179 rule of, 59-76, 196(6) science of, 93 short-run vs. long-run, 81 South African, 142 statutory, 101 supremacy of, 62 trade union, 38, 39, 56 traffic, 98, 193(2) will of the people and, 6, 102 written, 73, 83, 131, 141, 148 Lawson, F. H., 192(4) Lawyers appointment of, 183 decision of, 20 knowledge of, 1 law, 10, 23, 183 Legal systems concept of, I, 95 freedom and, 95, 104 individual within, 9 market economy and, 22, 90 unions and, 38, 39, 56 Leges} 83 Legislation aggressive concept of, 150 Anglo-Saxon, 11, 37 characteristics of, 6 coercion in, 110 development of, 11 enforcement of, 107 freedom and, 9, 97-113 function of, 179 Golden Rule and, 14, 176, 182 inflated, 5, 9, 12 limits of, 181 power of, 85, 129, 189 process of, 88 ra tional, 17 reducing scope of, 195(5) rejected, 13, 182 201 202 representation and, 20 significance of, 4 socialism and, 106 trade unions and, 38, 39, 56 Legislators, functions of, 6, 7, 187 Leibniz, Gottfried W., 33, 57 Levi, .F. H., 196(8) Lexicographic definitions, 43 Liberal doctrines and equality, 104 Liberty. See Freedom Libertas, 34 Lincoln, Abraham, 25 Log-rolling, 12 Long-run certainty of law, 94 Lowell, Lawrence, 103, 135 MacDermott (Lord), 38 Machiavelli, Nicolo, 9 McIlwain, Charles Howard, 196(11) McKechnie, W. S., 119 McKenzie, R. T., 126, 127, 129, 194(5, 17) Majority rule acceptance of, 6, 7, 103 characteristics of, 119, 135 group decisions and, 11, 103, 124 minorities and, 11, 102,140,195(5) representation, 194(15) written law and, 148 Management, function of, 178 Manumissio, 34 Marius, Gaius, 85 Market economy choice in, 12 constraint in, 49 group decisions in, 108 legal systems and, 22, 90 need for, 18, 50, 129 supply and demand, 106, 107 voting in, 129 see also Freedom Marshall, Al£red, 51 Marshall, John, 87 Marxianism, 53, 158 Masses, 157 Material things, 27 Michels, Roberto, 126 Middle Ages, 194(12)

Index Mill, John Stuart, 15, 121, 123, 125, 194(17) Minority rule, 11, 102, 140, 195(5); see also Majority rule Mises, Ludwig economic planning, 90, 195(1) freedom, 41, 51, 192(3) inflation, 31 market society, 18, 49 masses and intellectuals, 157 semantic confusions, 33 Mohl, Robert, 61 Monocratization, 126 Monopolies, 169 Montesquieu, Charles, 60 Moral law, 181 Mosca, Gaetano, 102 Municipia, 144 Napoleonic code, 5, 144 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 35 Nationalization, 168, 178 Neratius, 94 Nonma terial things, 28 Norris-LaGuardia Act, 39, 140 Ownership, 52, 169 Pandectae, 14~, 144 Pareto, Vil£redo, 102 Parliament, 115 Pericles, 77, 78 Physical theory, hypotheses in, 161 Planned economy and law-making, 90 Plato, 42, 152 Plebiscita, 83 Political science, Political systems American, 36 Athenian, 77 British, 36 conscription and, 37 freedom and, 94, 104 French, 64, 65, 71 German, 120, 145 Greek, 73, 75, 77, 179 Italian. See Italy Index Pollock, Frederick, 56 Pomponius, 194(12) Pound, Roscoe, 66, 191(3) Poverty, 79 Power creative, Ig6(10) executive, 101, 189 legislative, 85, 129, 189 political, 131 see also Government; Law; Legislation Predictions, 161 Preferences, 108 Pressure groups, 149 Prices, 161 Production, 50 Progress, scientific, 5, 151 Propaganda, 149 Property, 52, 169 Proudhon, P. J., 40 Psychological experiences and free dom, 3, 47 Public opinion, 15, 116, 156, 176, 179 Rationes decidendi~ 87, 91 Read, Herbert, 192(2) Realistic school, 87 Reasoning, 22, 74, 158, 159 Rechtsfindung, 143 Rechtsstaat, 61, 62, 68, 72, 147 Religion, 26, 82, 181 Represen tation British, 117 democratic, 18 freedom. and, 114-34 group decisions and, 117, 120, 124 legislation and, 6, 20 majority rule and, 194(15) meaning of, 118 Middle Ages, 194(12) political, 123 proportional, 125 purpose of, 114 reduced, 19 taxation and, 119 toleration in, 174 view of, 6, 194(15) Res publica~ 34 203 Revolution, 57, 79 Ripet,60 Robbins, Lionel, 50, 51 Romano, 67 Rome citizenship in, 96 constitution of, 85 law in, 9, 23, 83, 89, 179 long-run certainty concept in, 94 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 26 Rotteck, Karl, 61 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 103, 138 Row, Ernest F., 65, 192(8) Rule of law, 59-76, 196(6) Runes, Dagobert D., 82, 192(2) Savage, 162 Savigny, Friedrick Karl, 17, 94 Schulz, Fritz, 84, 193(6) Schumpeter, Joseph, 18, 114, 121 Science aprioristic, 166 development of, 6 economic, 160 law and, 93 progress in, 4, 151, 171, 191(1) research in, 6, 150 social, 2 Semantic confusions, 25, 34, 60, 96, 191(2) Senatus Consulta~ 83 Senatus Consultum Velleianum~ 142 Shylock, 55 Social opinion, 15 Socialism Bri tish, 178 equali ty and, 104 labor and, 55 legislation and, 106 policies of, 157, 177 South Africa, Justinian Corpus in, 142 Sovereignty, 117 State, definition of, 140 Status subjectionis, 67 Stephen, Leslie, 129, 194(21) Stipulative definitions, 43 Stoics, 52 204 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 85 Supply and demand, 106, 107 Supreme courts, 184, 191(5) Taine, Hippolyte, 157 Taxation, 119, 180 Taylor, Fred M., 18 Technology, 4, 171, 191(1) Thucydides, 77, 78, 192(1) Tocqueville, Alexis de, 103 Tolstoy, Leo, 48 Trade free, 105, 153 international, 51 unions, 38, 39, 56 Traffic laws, 98, 193(2) Translations, 29 Tribunals, administrative, 66 Tysamenes' reformation of Athenian constitution, 79 Uncertainty, 112 Unions, trade, 38, 39, 56 United Kingdom. See Great Britain United States constitution of, 128, 185 Index criminal cases in, 36"

trade unions in, 39 Universal suffrage, 191(1) Values, scale of, 79 Verwaltungsrecht, 61 Victor Emmanuel III, 128 Vienna Circle, 43 Voting, 12, 110, 122, 124, 129 Wagner Labor Relations Act, 40 War, 57, 79 Watts, Orval, 39, 40 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 178 Weber, Max, 17, 18, 126, 159 Welcker, K., 61 Will common, 103, 121, 135-55 electorate, 117, 127 interpretation of, 20 law and, 6, 102 see also Representation Williams, Granville, 29 Wolfenden Report, 195(4) Women, South Africa law for, 143 Zeno of Verona (Saint), 53