Index

Indi ex "Ad Hoc Assembly," 246, 266 Africa granary for Europe and, 81 PanEurope and, 61 Aggression, Russian, 41 Agriculture Belgium, 76 consolidation of, 82 destruction of, 77 distribution and, 129, 133, 186 Dutch, 76 Economic Commission for Europe and, 167 Federal Union and, 50, 52 German, 75 income, 50 pressure groups and, 75 prices, 156 production and, 129, 133, 186 protection and, 50, 52 reform in, 67, 79 U. S. and, 13, 50 Aid, foreign, see, Loans and grants Alliances, rejected, 39 America, see, United States of America Anderson, Benjamin McAlester, 13, 18, 20, 21, 207n, 211n, 212n, 213n, 215n, 294n Anti-Europeans, 83 Armies, see, Conscription; Defense; War Acheson, Dean, 275 Australian government, 10 Austrian spending, 185 Autarky, European, 70, 73 Authority citizens and, 264 Coal and Community and, 239 distribution and, 288 European political, 193 High, 239 individual and, 112 see also, Government Balance of payments, 160 Balogh, T., 188n Bank for International Settlements, 221 Banks and banking Belgium, 230 central, 19 closed, 19 credit expansion and, 221, 227 French, 259, 160, 261 international, 198 money and, 198, 204 U. S. system of, 17 see also, European Payments Union; International Monetary Fund Bargaining, collective, 127 Belgium agricultural production in, 76 bank quota and, 230 Brussels Treaty and, 268 coal prices, 256 Coal and Steel Community and, 238 government-in-exile, 137, 152 liberalism, 164 321 322 INDEX Benefits Coal and Steel Community and, 243, 256 social security, 7, 26 Benelux Economic Union, 152-165 Customs Convention and, 137, 153 failure of, 155, 164 organization, 153 origin and purpose, 152 readjustment and, 159 trade barriers and, 160 Beveridge, William H., 6n, 9 Bevan, Ernest, 105, 268 Bilateralism, 22 Bill of Rights, Federal Union, 39 Black markets, 211 Blum, Leon, 125 Bolshevik party, 102 Bond market, 17, 19 Bonnefous, Edouard, 2n, 115n, 143n Boom, 17, 61 Borrowing Act of 1946, 9 Bourgeois parties, 68 Bretton Woods Agreement and International Monetary Fund, 196215 background of, 201 black markets created, 211 criticism of, 201 currency and, 207, 211 debtor control and lending, 206 devaluation, 211 exchange control, 207, 208, 211 individual freedom, 203 International Fund and, 198 misrepresentation of history, 213 misstatements of, 202 proposals for revision, 216 resources spent, 215 Briand, Aristide, 137-151, 235 Brussels Treaty and Western Union, 139, 191, 268-273 achievements of, 269 defense problems of, 272 European Defense Community, 270 inactivation of, 270 one year operation of, 269 organization, 269 Powers, recommendation to, 191 purpose of, 139 Business cycles, 7, 22, 23, 26 Canada Empire preferences and, 118 employment in, 9 government planning in, 9 Ottawa agreements, 119 Capital American, 99 consumption, 47 control, 199, 212 destroyed, 25 European, 98 finance, 80 investments, 44, 47, 47n migration, 46, 48, 98 world, 99 Capitalism critique of, 62 fear of, 86 Lenin and, 80 19th century, 62 rejected, 96 socialism and, 56, 92 spread of, 81 Wall Street and, 97 war and, 38 see also, Market economy Churchill, Winston, 2, 9, 14, 29, 86, 88, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124 Citizenship common, 42 controls and, 264 Federal Union and, 36, 42 Clark, John M., 6n Coal and Steel Community, 139, 235267 common market and, 239, 245, 259 conflicts, 252 consumption and production, 242 control of, 249, 264 criticism of, 247 currencies, 259 economic and social position of, 241 economics denied, 257 free market and, 255 institutions of, 239 integration, 266 international position of, 244 monopoly and, 254, 255 INDEX 323 operation, 246 political unification of, 245 planning, 260 prices of, 242 quotas, 242 Schuman and, 235 social justice and, 246 socialization, 248 subsidies and, 243 tariffs and, 244 taxation, 262 transportation and, 244 wages and benefits, 243, 256 war and, 250 Collective bargaining, 127 Collectivism consumers and, 149 control and, 150 defense, 140, 276 economic, 148, 149 humanitarianism and, 146, 147

Colonies, British, 117 Common market, 239, 244, 259 Commonwealth competition, 121 cooperation, 117, 120 economic link of, 122 freedom and, 121 machinery of, 116 preference, 120 protectionism and, 121 trade, 122 see also, England Communication control of, 36 German, 187n socialism and, 59 Communism challenge of, 279, 308 dumping commodities and, 305 French, 104 ideology of, 270 Italian, 104 market economy and, 30 military preparedness against, 309 Russian expansion and, 268 socialism and, 101; see also, Socialism Comparative cost, Law of, 304 Competition American, 65 Commonwealth, 121 economic, 65 European, 7, 49, 66, 71, 74, 121 imperialism and, 79 interEuropean struggle for, 66 war and, 81 Comte, August, 109, 112, 148 Conflict Coal and Steel Community, 252 government, 285 ideologies of, 30 industrial federalism and, 110 international, 149, 317 solidarism and, 111 see also, War Congress Hague, 124, 126 legislates depression (U. S.), 18 Wagner Act and, 20 Conscription, 310 Constitution, Federal Union, 39 Consumption capital, 47 collectivism and, 149 production and, 242, 288 Contracyclical policies, 60 Control Australian, 10 British, 9 capital, 199 central, 89 Coal and Steel Community and, 249, 264 collectivism and, 150 communication, 36 currency, 199 debtors, 206 exchange, 9, 161, 207, 224, 294 Federal Union and, 57 gold, 19 government, see, Government individuals and, 264 industrial, 20 intraEuropean payments and, 218 lending, 206 money, 36, 57 national, 226, 264 postal system, 57 324 INDEX Control (cont.) price, 9, 13 production and, 112 profit, 20 progress and, 27 socialist, see, Socialism state, 105 Swedish, 10 wage, 243; see also, Wages see also, Authority; Government; Planning Cooperation appeals for, 143 Commonwealth, 117, 120 European economic, 81, 175-190, 270 European financial policy and, 15, 179 exchange controls and, 171, 207 government, 2, 166 international, 29, 117, 171, 286, 290 monetary, 137, 154, 179, 196-234 organization for, 137, 139, 175-190 Corporativism, 110 Costs, business, 23, 25 CoudenhoveKalergi, R. N., 64-84 Council of Europe, 191-195 aims of, 192 background, 191 constitution of, 236 criticism of, 193 organization of, 125, 138, 192 work of, 193 Credit central bank and, 222 expansion, 16, 61, 204, 221, 226 grant of, 139 opportunity of, 184 policies, 197 principles reversed, 232 Currency common market and, 259 control, 199 convertibility of, 128, 217, 259 devaluation, 211 inflation and, 189 rationed, 207 speculator and, 213n stablization, 296 see also, Money Customs barriers, 66; see also, Trade Customs Convention, 137, 152-165 Customs Union, 126, 131, 158 Czechoslovakia, 103 Debts control, 206 government, 26 unfunded, 224 see also, Loans and grants; Spending Defense aid, 178 collective, 140, 276 European, 270, 272, 280, 311 Federal Union and, 36 ideological and military, 307-311 NATO and, 274, 280 national, 310 provision for, 268 preparedness against communism, 309 provision for, 268 spending, 281 see also, War Deflation, 15; see also, Inflation Democracies Federal Union of, 35, 36 planning and, 7 socialism and, 105 Depression contracyclical policies and, 60 European tariff and, 71, 72 legislated by Congress, 18 planning and, 26 prelude to, 16 taxation and, 24 war and, 21 Deserts, socialist project of, 81 Dictatorship, 101, 103, 104; see also, Government Diebold, William, 153n, I56n, 157n, 182n, 183n, 217n, 219n, 220n, 221n, 230n Disparity, national, 89, 91 Distribution agricultural, 129, 133, 186 authority and, 288 ownership and, 289 production and, 129, 133, 186 INDEX 325 Dollar deficit, 180 mystery, 188 shortage, 189 U. S., 231 see also, Money Dominions, British, 118 Dow-Jones Industrials Index, 16 Drawing rights, 218 Drummond, Eric, 145 Economic Commission for Europe, 137, 166-174 Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, 178 Economic Cooperation Administration, 176 Economies customsfree, 49 separation of, 22 socialist and capitalist, 90, 92 world, 120 Economists, progressive, 11 Education, planners and, 28

Electric power, 168 Employment Act of 1946, 9 choice disregarded, 78 experiment, 6 government and, 7, 9 opportunity, 6 policies of, 131 productive, 127 Swedish, 10 United Nations and, 172 see also, Labor England automobile prices in, 303 Brussels Treaty and, 268 Colonies of, 117 Dominions of, 118 foreign policy of, 117 government planning and, 9 Labor Party of, 104, 106 money in, 14 oil imports and, 82n preference agreements in, 118 production in, 120, 303 quota and, 222, 224 socialism in, 82n, 104, 197 trade and, 121, 171 unemployment in, 7, 15 United Nations and, 172 see also, Commonwealth Entrepreneur, government as, 28 Equalization price wage rates and, 47 Europe agricultural regulation and, 133 aid to, 175; see also, Loans and grants autarky in, 70, 73 capital in, 98 Coal and Steel Community of, 139, 235-267 competition in, 49, 66, 71, 74, 121 Congress of, 124 Council of, see, Council of Europe defense of, 270, 272, 280, 311 economic cooperation and, 81, 175190 Economic Commission for, 137, 166-174 economic independence in, 80 Federalist Union of, 107-113 granary for, 81 immigration laws, 13, 79n imports and exports, 72 institutions of, 141 investments and, 44, 46, 98, 241 labor, 76 migration in, 78 monetary policy and, 15, 179, 196215 Pan, see, PanEurope Parliamentary Union, 84 production in, 94 socialist move for unification, 85106 spending in, 179, 185, 197 standard of living in, 73, 84, 96 tariff and, 71, 72, 74 trade and, 121, 181 unification, see, Unification European Coal and Steel Community, 2, 139, 178, 197, 216-234, see also, Coal and Steel Community European Defense Community, 270 326 INDEX European Economic Cooperation, 81, 175-190, 270 background, 175 organization, 177 program, 81, 179 trade and, 182 European Federalist Union, 107-113, see also, Federalist Union European Monetary Cooperation and Integration, 196-234; see also, Bretton Woods Agreement; European Payments Union European Parliamentary Union, 6484 European Payments Union, 2, 139, 178, 197, 216-234 agreements, 217 criticism of, 224-234 analyzed, 225 controls and, 224, 226 credit and, 228, 232 exchange and trade restrictions, 231 financed by U.S.A., 232 gold standard and, 229 inflation and, 229 monetary depreciation and, 227 disequilibrium, 219 drawing rights, 218 economic background, 216 equilibrium, 223 individuals and, 222 quotas assigned, 221 revised, 219 Sterling Area and, 223 European Political Community, Treaty of, 246 Exchange control, 9, 161, 207, 224, 294 Dutch, 163 French, 14 German, 14 International Fund and, 199, 201 media of, 57 obstacles to, 150, 156 principle of, 190 stabilization, 213 surplus, 221 trade and, 71, 72, 74, 121, 181, 225, 231 transactions, 200 see also, Money; Trade Expansion credit, 16, 61, 204, 221, 226 Russian, 268 Expenditures, see, Spending Exports, see, Imports and exports Fair Deal pressure, 185 Farms, see, Agriculture Fascism, 104 Federal Reserve System, 16 Federal Union of Democracies, 35-63 advantages of, 37 agricultural policies and, 50, 52 Bill of Rights, 39 citizenship, 36, 42 communication and, 59 constitution, 39 control and, 57 experimentation and, 38, 53 industry and, 52 labor relations and, 54 liberty and, 36, 57 scope of, 65 socialism and, 55 standard of living and, 42 Streit's fallacies of, 53 trade and, 53, 57 unemployment and, 58 Federalist Union, 107-113 background, 107 criticism of, 109 ideological foundations of, 108 objectives of, 107 organization of, 108 Federation, European, see, PanEurope Financial policies, see, Capital; Money Flynn, John T., 93n Fordney Tariff Act of 1922, 13 Foreign Assistance Act, 138, 175 Foreign exchange, see, Exchange France Bank of, 259, 260, 261 Brussels Treaty and, 268 Coal and Steel Community and, 238 communism in, 104 Defense Community and, 270 INDEX 327 European Federalist Movement and, 108, 109 European Union and, 137-151 foreign exchange and, 14 German problem and, 235 spending in, 185 turnover tax and, 262 Free market, see, Capitalism; Market economy Free trade, see, Trade, free

Freedom, see, Liberty Freedom and Union, 35 Galin, Alexander, 116n Gasperi, 125 Germany agrarian pressure groups in, 75 Coal and Steel Community and, 238 communication in, 187n Eastern Zone of, 236 foreign exchange and, 14 French problem and, 235 international treaties and, 251 market economy in, 56 nationalism and, 75, 235 nazism in, 38 occupied countries, 137, 152 rearmament of, 270 socialism in, 105 spending in, 186 treaty of conciliation, 143n turnover tax and, 262 Western, American aid limited to, 96 World War II and, 251n Gold exports controlled, 19 flow of, 189 International Fund and, 205 standard decline of, 18 metallic money and, 293 Payments Union and, 229 planners and, 196 U. S., 15 value in, 296 Goormaghtigh, John, 64n, 87n, 115n, 157n, 192n, 270n Government Australian, 10 British, 9, 14 capital and, 47, 48 Canadian, 9 conflicts, see, Conflicts cooperation, 2, 166 creditor, 184 debt, 26; see also, Spending Dutch, 163 Economic Commission for Europe and, 169 effect of aid to, 187 employment, 7 entrepreneur, 28 exile, 137, 152 Federal Union and, 37 foreign exchange and, 224 French, 14, 137-151, 236, 270 functions of, 36, 49 German, 14, 75 intervention, see, Interventionism Japanese, 13 laissez faire, 38 Marxist, 38 ownership, 10, 55 planning, 1, 5, 8, 12, 30; see also, Planning power in economic world, 60 protection of workers, 127 ration currency, 207 reconstruction, 170 regulations, 159 responsibility, 6, 170 spending, see, Spending state, 54 Swedish, 10 trade and, 225 unitary, 115 welfare, 1, 28, 193 world, 21, 36 see also, Collectivism; Communism; Planning; Socialism; Unification Great Britain, see, England Gresham's Law, 15, 161, 189, 208 Groundnut plantations, 82n Hague European Congress, 124, 126, 191 328 INDEX Hansen, Alvin H., 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29 Harding, W. G., 13 Harper, F. A., 286, 287, 288, 290 Harvey, Heather Joan, 117n Hawley-Smoot Tariff Bill, 18 Hayek, F. A., 54n, 112n, 148n Hazlitt, Henry, 281, 282 Henderson, 144 Herriot, Edouard, 143 High Authority, 239 History American, Coudenhove and, 83 economic, 12 misrepresentation of, 212n Hitler, Adolf, 105, 235, 251 Hoare, Samuel, 116 Hoffmann, Heinrich, I5ln Holland agricultural production in, 76 exchange and, 163 government-in-exile, 137, 152 socialism in, 164 Hoover, Herbert, 17, 18 Housing Economic Commission for Europe and, 168 rural and urban, 27 Humanitarianism collectivism and, 146, 147 United Nations, 171, 173 see also, Rights Hungarian socialism, 103 Ideology collectivist, 146, 147 communistic, see, Communism conflict, 30, 308 contemporary, 74 German nazi, 105 humanitarian, 146, 147 military defense and, 307-311 peace and presentday, 5-32 undemocratic, 45 welfare and socialist, 193 Immigration barriers, 45n; see also, Migration European laws, 13, 79n Imperialism American, 87, 96 competition and, 79 socialist doctrine of, 98 Import Duties Act, 119 Imports and exports American, 72, 190 British oil and, 82n coal and steel, 259, 262 gold, 19 European, 72 license, 222 monetary policy and, 218 quota, 181 restrictions, 19, 31, 51, 75 tariff on, 137, 152 value in, 301 see also, Trade Income business cycle and, 7 equalized by migration, 44 farm, 50 spending and, 7 Individualism control over, 264 liberty of, 35, 204, 285, 308 Payments Union and, 222 planning and, 112 rights, 37; see also, Rights society and, 147 violated, 57 see also, Liberty Industry American, 52, 72, 139-209 consolidation of, 67, 82 construction, 23 control of, 20 Economic Commission for Europe and, 168 monopolist, 82 nationalized, 6, 11, 54, 94, 187n organized, 110 protectionism and, 52 socialization of, 128, 133, 248 transportation, 27 Inflation currency, 189 International Fund and, 206 monetary, 61, 297 Payments Union and, 223, 226, 229 reason for, 232 reward for, 205 INDEX 329 social security and, 26 spending and, 24 Integration Coal and Steel Community and, 266 European monetary cooperation and, 196-234 Interest rate of, 206 International Fund and, 199 InterEuropean competitive struggle,

66 InterEuropean tariffs, 74 International Bank, 198 International Monetary Fund, 196215; see also, Bretton Woods Agreement Interventionism age of, 317 case for, 6-12 Customs Union and, 158 farm program and, 50 government, 25, 27, 31 market economy and, 11, 287 objectives of, 94 planning and, 22 policy of, 5, 49, 121 protectionism and, 121 public opinion of, 74 see also, Government; Planning IntraEuropean Payments Agreement, 217 Investments capital, 44, 47, 47n Coal and Steel Community and, 241 European in U.S.A., 98 migration of, 46 public, 7 United States and, 16, 98 Iron Curtain, 102, 280; see also, Russia Italy Coal and Steel Community and, 97 communists in, 104 European Federalist Movement in, 108 Popular front, 104 spending in, 186 Japan, 13 Jaspers, Karl, I5ln Kahn, R. F., 221n Kellogg Pact, 143 Kerensky, M. A., 103 Keynes, John Maynard, 6n Labor automobile production and, 303 conditions, 21, 54, 95, 110, 301 division of, 31 European opposition to, 76 freedom and, 313 legislation, 19 market, 158 Party, 104, 106 policies, 131 pressure groups and, 76, 84 protection of, 127 trade barriers and, 84 unions, see, Unions, labor see also, Employment; Production; Unemployment; Wages Laissez faire, 38, 285 Law of Comparative Costs, 304 League of Nations, 137, 143, 150 Ledebour, Georg, 68, 69n Legislation congressional, 18 labor, 19 tariff, 13 Legislators, 52n Lenin, W. L, 79, 80, 81n, 96, 98, 101, 103 Lerner, Abba P., 6n Liberation of man, 285-291 Liberty absence of, 117 areas of, 286 Belgium, 164 Bretton Woods, 204 Commonwealth and, 121 economic, 287 European unification and, 121, 312315 faith in, 312 Federal Union and, 36, 57 individual, 35, 204, 285, 308 international peace and, 290 330 INDEX Liberty (cont.) migration and, 42, 43n planned society and, 278 unity and, 312-316 violated, 57 see also, Capitalism; Market economy Loans and grants American, 13, 95, 175, 178, 179 division of, 180 intergovernmental, 100, 184 private, 100 see also, Marshall aid Locarno, Treaty of, 143 Ludwig, Emil, 142n Luxembourg Brussels Treaty and, 268 Coal and Steel Community and, 238 government-in-exile, 137, 152 Manion, Clarence, 266 Mark Twain, 45n Market economy Coal and Steel Community and, 255 common, 239, 244, 259 communism and, 30 criticism of, 5, 27 fallacies of, 11 German, 56 interventionism and, 11, 285 monopoly and, 244, 257 operation of, 12 prices and wages in, 51, 57, 257 socialism and, 11, 90, 285 substitute for, 101 value in, 285 see also, Capitalism; Liberty Marshall aid, 138, 175, 185, 186, 236 Marx, Karl, 96, 112 Marxism, 38, 113 McGuire, E. B., 118n Mensheviks, 102 Middle-of-the-road policies, 5 Migration capital, 46, 48, 98 equalizes income, 44 European, 78 freedom of, 42, 43n inquiry into, 42 mass, 43 removal of barriers, 314 . unemployment and, 79n Militarism, 277, 307-311; see also, Conscription; Defense Mises, Ludwig von, 55n, 80n, 98n, 105n, llln, 125n, 198n, 205n, 208n, 210, 226n, 258n, 295n, 296 Molinari, G., I57n Money balance of payments and, 160 banking and, 198, 204 British, 14 cheap, 18, 206 controlled, 36, 57 convertibility of, 128 cooperation and, 137, 154, 179, 196-234 credit expansion and, 16, 61 deficit, 180, 221 depreciation, 227 economic nationalism and, 132 European, 15, 179 German, 14 imports and exports, 222 income, 7, 44, 50 inflation and, 61, 297 International Fund and, 198 monopoly and, 295 planning and, 196 policies, 15, 218, 292 prices, 295 purchasing power of, 189, 295 reconstruction and, 292-299 shortages, 189 sound, 293, 296 stability and, 197, 213, 296 Sterling Area and, 223 stock market, 16, 20 see also, Banks and banking; Capital; Currency; Exchange; Gold; Investments; Savings Monopoly Coal and Steel Community and, 254, 255 free market and, 255, 257 industrial, 82 money and, 295 postal service, 28 production and, 254 INDEX 331 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 201 Mussolini, Benito, 104, 143 Mutual Security Acts, 178 Napoleon, 281 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, 19 NationalSocialist party, 105 Nationalism

areas of, 169 British, 105 Czechoslovakian, 103 economic, 21, 30, 122, 132, 174, 272 European, 282 German, 75, 235 industrial, 54, 94, 187n land, 78 Nazi theory, 48 Netherlands Brussels Treaty and, 268 Coal and Steel Community and, 238 New Deal American, 19, 197 Japanese, 13 New Economic Policy, 102 North Atlantic Pact, 102 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 274-282 background and purpose of, 274 consultation in case of threat, 275 defense and, 276, 280 mind and armed might, 280 military committee of, 277 mutual aid and, 275 organization of, 276 peace and security through, 277 time limit and, 276 Oil imports, British, 82n Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 81, 175-190, 270 Ottawa agreements, 119 Ownership central, 89 distribution and, 289 government, 10, 55 private, 148 rights, 78, 288, 290 PanEurope advantages of, 66 Africa and, 66 America and, 65 economic competition and, 65 federation of, 69 movement for, 64 opposition to, 73, 83 socialistic, 68, 79 stages of unification and, 68 support of, 83 Parity, 51, 225, 297, 298 Parliamentarians, 64-84, 194 Peace international, 286, 290 NATO and, 277 present ideologies and, 5-32 Treaty of Paris (1919), 81 Philip, Oliver, 87n, 88n, 89n, 107n, 108n, H5n Pick, Franz, 47n, 21 In Pi vert, Marceau, 85 Planners educational and welfare, 28 gold standard and, 196 progressive, 20 socialist, 113 Planning American, 8 Australian, 10 British, 9 Canadian, 9 central, 91 Coal and Steel Community, 260 democratic, 7 depression and, 26 Economic Commission for Europe and, 169 European, see, Unification government, see, Government individual versus authoritarian, 112 international, 7, 29 interventionist, 22; see also, Interventionism Japanese, 13 monetary policy and, 196 national, 86, 91 principle of, 318 results of, 18 socialist, 56, 89, 90 successes of, 92 332 INDEX Planning (cont.) Swedish, 10 twenty years of, 12-32 welfare, 1, 28, 193 world, 21 Pleven, Rene, 270n Poincare, 14 Polish Socialist party, 103 Population, see, Migration Portuguese central bank, 230 Postal system, U. S., 28, 36, 57, 59, 94n Postwar emergency activity, 167 Poverty development of, 111 European autarky and, 70 reason for, 45, 62 Power Brussels Treaty, 268 economic, 60 see also, Government Preference agreements, British, 118 Preferential system, 134 Pressure groups farm, 75 labor, 76, 84 opposition to unification, 84 protectionism and, 121 successes and, 91 Prices agricultural, 156 Belgian coal, 256 British control of, 9 business cycles and, 23 Coal and Steel Community and, 242 equalization, 56 European Community and, 246 falling, 26 Federal Union and, 56 Japanese, 13 market, 51, 56, 257 money, 295 steel, 262 stock market and, 16, 20 support, 51 wages and, 56, 258 Production agricultural, 129, 133, 186 American, 42, 188 automobile, 303 Belgium, 76 British, 120 business cycles and, 23 coal and steel, 258 consumption and, 242, 288 control of, 112 domestic, 74 Dutch, 76 employment and, 127 European, 94 German, 75 restraint of, 19, 31, 254 specialization in, 301 state, 90 structure of, 74 United Nations and, 173 Profits business cycles and, 23 controlled, 20 defined, 23 Progress planners and, 20 programs adopted, 8 social and economic, 95 United Nations and, 172 versus controls, 27 Property, 78; see also, Ownership Protectionism agricultural, 50, 52 Commonwealth and, 121 farm, 52 foreign trade and, 53 industrial, 52 interventionism and, 121 labor and, 121, 127 objectives of, 121 policy of, 49 pressure groups and, 121 public opinion and, 74 tariff and, 18, 244 trade and, 50, 302 unification and, 194 Public opinion European autarky and, 73 pressure of, 74 trade barriers and, 50 unification and, 194 Purchasing power, 189, 226, 295 Quota bank, 222, 224, 230 INDEX 333 Coal and Steel Community and, 242 English, 222, 224 imports and exports, 181 International Fund and, 198, 204 Portuguese, 230 Removal Program, 181 reward for inflationary practices, 205 system, 120 Rasquin, M., 87 Raw materials, allocation of, 167 Reconstruction

economic, 96 government, 170 monetary, 292, 299 problem of, 183 Recovery program, European, 176 Reed, Daniel A., 95n Reforms, agrarian and social, 67, 79 Ricardo, David, 304 Richard, Max, 108 Richardson, Henry, 120n Rights drawing, 218 economic, 58 human, UN and, 171, 173 individual, 37 property, 78, 288, 290 states', 37 Robin Hood, 289 Roose, Charles, 20 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 19, 24 Ropke, Wilhelm, 151n, 305n Ross, Irwin, 6n Russia aggression and, 41 armed attack by, 280 communism in, 101, 103 European unification and, 96 expansion in, 268 Iron Curtain of, 102, 280 methods condemned, 96 planners in, 57 postwar expansion by, 268 socialism in, 102 standard of living in, 97 see also, Communism Safeguarding of Industries Act, 118 Sahara Desert, 80 Sainte-Lorette, L., 115n, I53n Saint-Simon, 109, 112 Savings, 20, 26; see also, Investments Schuman, Robert, 235-238, 250 Security economic nationalism and, 21, 30, 122, 132, 174, 272 NATO and, 277 social, 7, 26 United States, 17 Servitude, economic, 80 Sherwood, Robert E., 6n Shortages, 167, 189 Slichter, Sumner H., 6n Social Democratic party, 105 Social justice, 256 Social Revolutionary party, 102 Social security, 7, 26 Socialism aid to, 185 breakdown of European governments and, 175 British, 82n, 104, 197 capitalism and/or, 56, 92 coal and steel industry and, 248 communication and, 59 communism and, 101 controls and, 67, 82 criticism of, 89 Czechoslovakian, 103 democracy and, 105 Dutch, 164 European, 55, 87, 113 failure of unification and, 193 Federalist Union and, 55, 112 German, 105 goals of, 88 growth of, 95, 111 Hungarian, 103 ideology of, 193 imperialism and, 98 industry and, 128, 133, 248 market economy and, 11, 90, 285 Marxian, 113 motive for, 96 objectives of, 5, 79, 94 Pan-European, 68, 79 planning and, 56, 89, 90 Polish, 103 Russian, 102, 278 334 INDEX Socialism (cont.) Sahara Desert and, 81 secluded from influence abroad, 90 solidarism and, 111 success under, 92 support of, 68, 83 unification and, 92, 96, 193 U. S. of Europe and, 85, 106 variety of, 111 see also, Communism Society individual and, 147 organization of, 108 Solidarity conflict and, 111 fields of, 108 social philosophy of, 109 Sovereignty, national, 77, 84, 86 Specialization, 301 Speculation, 17, 213n; see also, Investments Spending Austrian, 185 debts and, 26 defense, 282 European, 179, 185, 197, 282 French, 185 German, 186 government, 7, 23, 24 inflation and, 24 Italian, 186 meaning of foreign aid and, 179, 185 United States, 184, 236, 281 see also, Marshall aid Stability Canadian, 9 exchange and, 213 international, 8 monetary, 197, 213, 296 Stalin, Joseph, 96 Standard of living American versus European, 97 European, 73, 84, 96 factors of, 46 Federal Union and, 42 raising, 166 United Nations and, 172 States Federation of, 109 rights, 37 Steel, see, Coal and Steel Community Sterling Area, 223 Stock market, 16, 20 Strasbourg parliamentarian, 195 Streit, Clarence K., 35-63 Stresemann, 144 Subsidies Coal and Steel Community and, 243 farm, 50 Swedish, 10 Supreme Court, NRA and, 19 Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe, 270 Sweden, 10 Tariff Act of 1919, 118 barriers, 67 Coal and Steel Community and, 244 common, 53 European, 71, 72, 74 imports and exports, 137, 152 interEuropean, 74 interstate, 137, 152 legislation and, 13 national, 49 preferential, 118 protective, 18, 244 union, 75 see also, Trade Taxation American, 97 Coal and Steel Community and, 262 corporate, 20 depression and, 24 effects of, 25 excise, 157 profits and, 20 progressive, 25 rate of, 7 savings and, 20, 26 turnover, 262 Technology, 6, 11 Thomas, Ivor, 103n, 104n, 105n, 106n Trade advantages of, 304 abolition of, 119 INDEX 335 barriers, 18, 84, 159, 160, 161 Benelux Customs Union and, 160 bilateral, 119 British, 121, 171 coal and steel, 259 Commonwealth, 122 decreased, 22 European, 71, 72, 74, 121, 181 exchange, see, Exchange exports, 13 Federal Union and, 57 free, 49, 76, 300-306, 313 government and, 225 intraEuropean, 181 liberalization, 182

obstacles to, 150 preferences, 117 protectionism and, 50, 302 public opinion of, 50 regulated, 36, 53 restraint of, 19, 31, 52n unions, 158 see also, Exchange; Money Transportation Coal and Steel Community and, 244 industry, 27 Treaty of European Political Community, 246 Treaty of Locarno, 143 Treaty of European Coal and Steel Community, 238 Treaty of Versailles, 235, 251 Triffin, R., 221n, 233n Turnover tax, 262 Undistributed Profits Tax of 1936, 20 Unemployment British, 7, 15 European tariff and, 72 Federal Union and, 58 migration and, 79n United States, 7, 19, 20 Unification, European, 114-123; 123193 advantages of, 66 appeal for, 146 Churchill and, 114 Coal and Steel Community and, 245, 266 conflict in, 86 coordination of movements for, 124-135 criticism of, 41 doctrines and plans of, 35-135, 143 endeavors to achieve, 137 freedom and, 312-315 international, 2, 117, 124 labor and, 76 model of, 116 movement for, 28, 88, 124-135 objectives of, 65 obstacles to, 88, 96, 106, 135, 145, 155, 193 PanEurope and, 68 protectionism and, 194 public opinion and, 194 realization of, 312-316 rejected, 40 resolutions on, 125, 126 road to, 305 Russian, 96 Schuman plan and, 235 socialism and, 85-106, 92, 96, 193 solution for, 300 stages of, 68 war and, 164 Union Benelux Economic, 152, 165 Briand plea for, 143 Customs, obstacles to, 131 economic, 126, 134, 154, 159 European Federalist, 107-113 European Parliamentary, 64-84 European Payments, 139, 178, 197, 216-234 exchange control and, 161 federal, 35-63 French government and, 137-151 individual, 36 Parliamentary, 64-84 regional, 137 steps toward, 137-284 tariff, 75 war and, 164 Western European, see, Brussels Treaty see also, Federalist Union; Unification 336 INDEX Unions labor, 20, 48, 76, 253 trade, 158 United Europe Movement, 114-123; 123-193 United Kingdom, see England United Nations Brussels Pact and, 269 Economic Commission for Europe and, 166 employment and, 172 human rights and, 171, 173 international economic cooperation and, 171 NATO and, 274 praise of, 8 production and, 173 progress, 172 United States of America agrarian policy of, 13, 50 aid to Europe, 138, 175, 178, 185 automobile prices and, 304 banks, 17 capital, 99 competition, 65 credit expansion in, 16 depression, 18, 61 establishment of, 39 European investment in, 98 Federal Union and, 41 financing Payment Union, 232 following war, 13 Foreign Assistance Act and, 138, 175 imperialism, 87, 96 imports and exports, 72 industry, 52, 72, 139, 209 investments, 16, 98 loans, 13, 95, 135, 175, 178, 179, 185 migration to, 43 model for Europe, 65 modernization of, 27 money, 15, 231 national industry and, 94n New Deal, 19, 197 PanEurope and, 65 planning program of, 8 postal system, 28, 36, 57, 59, 94n production, 42, 188, 304 security, 17 speculation in, 17 spending in, 184, 236, 281; see also, Loans and grants standard of living in, 97 taxation, 97 unemployment in, 7, 19, 20 United States of Europe, see, Europe; Union; Unification Universal military service, 310 Urbanization, 6, 11, 27 Van Der Mensbrugghe, Jean, I52n, 158, 164n Viner, Jacob, 157 Wage and Hour Act, 20 Wages British, 15 Coal and Steel Community and, 243 equalization of, 47 market economy and, 56 minimum, 19 prices and, 56, 258 rate of, 79n Wagner Act, 20 Wall Street, 87, 97 War capitalism and, 38 Coal and Steel Community and, 250 competition and, 81 conscription and, 310 effect on depression, 21 European policy following, 13 post, emergency act, 167 unification and, 164 U. S. policy following, 13 see also, Conflict; Defense Watts, V. O., 205n, 206n Western Union, 139, 191, 268-273; see also, Brussels Treaty Westminster Economic Conference, 126 White, H. D., 207n Williams, J. H., 198n World government, 21, 36 World War II German government, 25 In result of, 158 shortages following, 167