Index

INDEX Act of Parliament-Alva, Duke ofPacification, 171; Test, 212; tbe Pius V. and, :122; persecutions in Second, 214; Habeas Corpus, 215; the Netherlands, 124, 145, I58-g, Succession, 256; Settlement, 264 ; 161 Septennial, 270-71 i Triennial, 270; Amadeus, Victor, 258 Stamp, 309 Amboise, persecutions at, 157 Adams, Jobn, 308 Amerbacb. See Froben and Amerbach Addison, cited, 259 America, SpanishAden, attack by Albuquerque, 57 Development of the Republics, 70; Adrian VI., Pope, 38, 65, 1°3, 108, Jesuits in, lIS 137 . American Colonies, thelEgean, the, 36 Question of Taxation, 3°7-11; outAfrica, early explorations, 53-4 break of the Revolution, 311-12; Agnadello, battle. of, 45 Declaration of Independence, 312; Ahlden, the prisoner of, 266-7 the Federal Constitution formed, Ailly, Pierre d', 60 314 Albemarle, 251 American War of IndependenceAlbigenses, III, II3 Causes, 3°5-11; chief events, 311-13 Albuquerque-Anabaptists, the, 104, 105, 135; the Policy· of, 57-8; death, 58; Com-German, 207 mentaries, 59; work in the New Andrewes, L., and James 1., 197 World, 65 Angelo, Michael, 47, 82 Aldobrandini. . See Clement VIII., Pope Angevins, the, 38 Aldus, 83 Anhalt, Calvinism in, 136 Aleander, the nuncio, 98, 140 Anne Boleyn, 139-40 Alenc;on-Anne, Empress of Russia, 2gI Netherlands, 145; death, 146, 165 Anne of Austria, 252 Alessandrina, Cardinal, 161 Anne of EnglandAlexander VI., Pope-Lewis XIV. and, 225; succession of, Alliance with Lewis XII., 40; partition 256 ; and the Electress Sophia, 266 of Naples, 41-2; death, 43; dis-Anti-Trinitarianism, 134 pensation to Emmanuel of Portugal, Aquaviv,a, 116 137 Arabia, Selim's conquest, 36 Alexander VII., Pope, 210 Archimedes, 74 Alexis, son of Peter the Great, 283 Aristotle, 74, 80 Alhambra, the, 61 Arlington, Lord, 210, 212 " All the Talents," 275 Armada, theAlmagro, conquests of, 69-70 Flight of, 122; magnitude, 153 Almanza, battle of, 260 Arminians, :136, 174 Almeida, Viceroy, 56-8 Arnim, Wallenstein and, 190 Alsace, recovered by Lewis XIV., 240, Arundel, Earl of. 242 Dover Treaty, 213, 223 ; trial, 215 Altenburg, meeting of Miltitz and 'II Asiento, the, 255, 2.63 Luther, 94 Assisi, St. Francis of, 31 343.

344 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Assistance, Writs of, 307 Auger, 162 AugsburgConfession of, 102, 127, 129, 157; Diet of, 93, 94, 106-7, 123, 136 ; League of, 247; Peace of Religion, 127 Augustinians, the, 92, II4 Augustus, the Elector, the Strong, 266-7, 279 Aulic Council, the, 192 Aurispa,75 AustriaReligious policy, 9, 182 ; Counter Reformation in, 123-4; the army raised by Wallenstein, 186 ; Hague Treaty concluded, 255 ; domination over Italy, 258; policy of Kaunitz, 293-4 Avaux, D', and James II., 229 Avrigny, D', Jesuit, lI8 Bacon, Francis, 59, 196; impeachment, 199 Baer, method of, 21 Bajazet, rule of, 36 Balboa, discoverer of the Pacific, 69 Bc1le, Council of, 90 Bank of England, 230 Baptists, 201 Barberini, Cardinal. See Urban VIII .• Pope Barberini, family of, 226 Barcelona, Treaty of, 40, 141 Barclay, retreat of, 298 Barillon, 7 ; cited, 223 Barnabites, 114 Barnevelt, Olden, death, 174 Baronius, Cardinal, 83, 121, 173 Barrier Fortresses, 254 Barros, cited, 59 Barrow, Isaac, 223 Bartolus, 72 Basilica of Constantine, 82 Bastille, the, 243 Battle, 153 Baumgarten, A., 161 Bavaria, Duke of, 184 Bavaria, Elector of, 259 Bavaria, Prmce of, 250-51 Baxter, R., 209, 246 Bayard, defeated by Gonsalvo, 42 Baylet, 136; cited, 27 Bedloe, 213 Belgium, war of Spanish Succession in, 260 Belgrade, 36 Bellarmin, R., in siege of Paris, 169; theories of, 178 Bellasis and the Dover Treaty, 213, 223 Belling, 213 Belvedere, the,79 Benedict XIV., Pope, 92 Benedictines, the, 78, 101, II4, 209 " Benefizio," the, 110, 119 Bengal, 299 Bentham, 20 Bentinck and William III., 257 BerlinJewish persecutions, 85 ; religion in.

285; Huguenots settle in, 286 Bernard, St., 98 Berne, 131 Bernstorff, Russian Chancellor, 294, 303 Berwick, Duke ofand William of Orange, 222; invita tion to govern Ireland, 229; and Harley, 263; rising of 1715, 269 Besanyon, 244 Bessarion, 75, 84 Beust, minister, 296 Beziers, Council of, II2 Bibbiena, Comedies, 79 BillLimitation, 214; second Exclusion. 214 ; of Rights, 231, 264; Peerage, 271; Excise, 272-3 Bishops, trial of the Seven, 224 Bismarck, 199 ee Black Box," the, 215, 218 Black Hole, the, 295 Blenheim, battle of, 259, 260 Blondel, 78 Blucher, 185 Boccaccio, 72 BohemiaHussitism in, 128 ; the Majestatsbrief. 182, 183; religious toleration, 182 ; revolt against Ferdinand, 183-5; the League formed, 184; the Union formed, 184 ; flight of the Elector, 18 5 BolingbrokePolicy, 262, 263; on government by Party, 268 ; disgrace of, 270; and the slave trade, 274 ; formation of the II King's Friends," 275 Bollandists, 78 Bologna, Concordat of, 47 Bombay, Albuquerque and, 57 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 298-9; partition of Poland, 302 Bond of Craigmillar, the, 147 Bonnet, Parliamentary reports, 276 Bordier, cited, 161 Borghese family, 173, 226 Borgia, C::esarLewis XII. and, 40-41; character, 42-3; Julius II. and, 43-5 Borromeo, St. Charles, 122 INDEX 345 Bosnia, Turkish invasion, 35 ICalendar, reformation of the, 84, 121, Bossuet, III, I79, 22I, 245, 247 162 Boston-Calicut, 55, 56 Legality of customs -house action, Calixtus III., Pope, 79 307-8; siege of, 312 Calvin, JohnBothwell, Earl of, I47-51 In Geneva, 131-2; the Institute com~ Bourbon and Francis 1., 47, 49 posed, 13I; and Servetus, I34-5; Boyne, Battle of the, 230 influence of, 136; attitude towards Brabant, question of succession, 236-7 Catholics, 146 i theory of revolution, Braddock, expedition against Duquesne, 196 293 Calvinism. (See also Protestantism and Bramante, 47; Julius II. and, 82 Lutheranism)Bramhall, Abp., 223 In France, 155 et seq. ; in Germany, Brandenburg, religious toleration in, I8I; coalition between Lutherans 286; House of, becomes Calvinist, and Calvinists in Prague, 184; 136, 18I, 286 results of the Thirty Years' War, Brandenburg, the Elector of-194; in Prussia, 286 Alliance with Gustavus, 188; and Cambray, League of, 46 Lewis XIV., 242 Camden, American speeches, 217 Braunau, 182 Campana, Mme., 15 Breda, Declaration of, 208 Campbell of Glenlyon, 228-9 Breitenfeld, battle of, I88 Campeggio, Cardinal, 106, I08; and Breslau, battle of, 297 the divorce, 139-40 Bried's Hill. See Bunker Hill Canada, conquest, 299; loyalty during Brig of Almond, 148 American War, 312 Brihuega, battle of, 260 Capito, 134 Broglie, Duc de, 27 Capo d'Istria, Bishop of, IIO Brooke, Lord, cited, 201 Capuchins, the, IIO, 1I4, 123 Brougham, Lord, 20 Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti. See Paul IV•• Browne, Robert, 200 Pope Browne, Sir Thomas, cited, 28 Carberry Hill, 148 BrUhl, Saxon minister, 296 Carlos, Don, I46 Bucer, at Diet of Worms, 99 Carlstadt, Andreas R.Buchanan, George, 196 Dispute with John Eck, 96; teachings Bucholtz, I5 of, 104; dispute with Luther, I05 Bull, vindication of the early fathers, 223 ' Carlyle, II, 289 Bunker Hill, battle of, 312 Carvajal, Cardinal, 108 Burgoyne, General, surrender at Sara-Casa, Della, and the Index, I20 toga, 312-13 Casale, French occupation, 242-3 Burke, Edmund, 59, 306 ; cited, 28, Casas, Las, 53, 67, 68 231; writings of, 217; speeches, Casaubon, cited, I70; and James I., 276 197 Burnet, 15, 271 ; cited, 216 Casket Letters, the, 149-52 Burton, 150 Castellio, 136 Bute, Earl of, Prussian policy, 300 Castlemaine, Lord, 227 Butler, Colonel, 193 Casuists, the, 226 Butler, Jesuit, u6 Catesby, 197' Catharine of Aragon, opposition to Wolsey, I37-8; the divorce, 13741 in India, 55, Catharine of MediciRegency, 157 et seq. ; and Coligny, I59-61; massacre of St. Barthol omew, 159-62; death of, I67 Catharine of Russia, 284-5 ; peace with Frederic, 300; Polish policy, 301-2 Catharine, wife of Peter the Great, 283 Catholic Peers, trial of, 215 Catholic Reformation. See Counter-Reformation, the Cabbala, the, 84 Cabinet, the, 264-5 Cabral, commands force 59 Cadogan, leads the Dutch auxiliaries, 269 Cl:~tani, Cardinal, 169 Cajetan, CardinalCited, 49; and Luther, 93-4; and the indulgences, '97; and Miltitz, 109 Calcutta, capture of, 295 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY CatholicsMeasures at Diet of Spires, 106; results of the Thirty Years' War on, 194; under James 1., 197-8 ; under Charles 1. , 210; under James II., 220-21; promises of William of Orange, 225-6; in Prussia, 286 Cato, 25 Caussin, Jesuit, II6, 178 Cavendish, report of Parliamentary debates, 276 Celibacy of the clergy, 90 Celle, Duke of, 266 Cervera, 153 Cervina, elevation to the Papacy, 121-2 Cesarini, Cardinal, 90 Chaise, Pere La, 214 Cham pel, 135 Charlemagne, 82 Charles, Archduke of Austria, 186, 252, 260, 262 Charles I. of EnglandPolicy, 201-2; execution, 202; the Civil War, 203 Charles I. of Spain. (See also Charles V.)Election, 47; sack of Rome, 48-9; en throned as Emperor Charles V., 50 Charles II. of EnglandReaction under, 204-6; restoration, 204, 207; conditions for return, 2°7; Treaty of Dover, 2I 0-I 5 ; Declaration of Indulgence, 212; Test Act, 212; Writs of Assistance, 30 7 Charles II. of SpainAccession of, 236; death, 25 2 - 3 ; will of, 253 Charles V., EmperorSlave trade under, 67-8; at Diet of Worms, 99 - 101; at Diet of Augsburg, 106-7; and the Index, 120; attitude towards German Re formation, 126-9; and the Peace of Religion, 128-9, abdication of, 129; flight before Maurice, 136; invaSIon of Rome, 138; peace with the Pope, 140; and the English divorce, 141 Charles VI., Emperor, protects Alexis, 283; policy, 290; death, 291 Charles VIII. of FranceConquest of Naples, 38-9; Treaty of Barcelona, 39-4°; death of, 40 Charles IX. of FranceMinority of, 157 et seq. ; treaty with Elizabeth, 158; massacre of St.

Bartholomew, 159-63; murder of Coligny, 159-60 Charles XII. of Sweden, 280, 28 I Charlottenburg, 300 Chatham, Earl ofAmerican speeches, 21 7; " King's Friends," 275; resignation, 276; continental policy, 295-6; alli ance with Frederic II., 299-3°0; sym pathy with the Colonists, 309 ; death, 313 Chatillon, Duke of, °1 60 Chieregato, Bishop, lJ;femoirs, 108 Chigi, family of, 226 China, early Indian trade, 55; Jesuits in, lIS Christian IV. of Denmark) 185-6 Chrysoloras, 75 Chuquet, Wars of the Revolution, 18 Church and State, separation, 91, 107 Church of England, John Robinson and, 206 Cicero, 72 Civil war in England, division of the country, 203; results, 205 Clarendon, Lord, 163; policy, 209 Clausewitz, 298 Clement, Jacques, assassinates Henry II!., 167 Clement, St., 78 Clement VI., Pope, 93 Clement VII., PopeImprisonment and sack of Rome, 48 9, 107, 139, 142 ; and the Refor mation, 1°9; and the Jews, II2 j and the divorce question, 139-40 Clement VIII., Pope, 197 Clement XI., Pope, 253 Cleveland, Duchess of, 227 Coburg, Castle of, 106 Cochin, 56 Cochlreus, 1°5 Coimbra, 247 Coire, Provost of, cited, 106 Coke, Sir Edward, 199 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 12, 234, 239, 244 Coleman, Secretary to Duchess of York, 213, 246 Coligny, Admiral, policy of, 158; murder of, 159-60 Cologne, Abp. of, 181 Cologne, Jewish persecutions, 85 Columbus, Christopher, 3-4, 60-64 Commonwealth, results of the, 205 Commynes, 19, 195 Compagni, Dino, 16 Comte, II, 22 Concini and Mary of Medici, 175 Conclave, establishment of the, 50 Concordat of Bologna, 47 INDEX 347 Cond~, victories of, 239-40; at Rocroy, 259 CongregationalistsRise of the, 171, 199; political conse quencesofmovement, 200; Petition of 1616, principles, 206 Congress of the States, 312 Congress of Vienna, 302 Connecticut, 199 ; government of, 311 Conscience, liberty of, 3I-4 Constance, Council of, 75, 100 Constantine, Basilica of, 82 Constantine, Donation of, 77, 80, 102 Constantinople, fall of, 34, 75, 83; centre for Greek learning, 75 Contarini, Paul III. and, 1°9; at Ratisbon, 110, 132 Convention at Westminster, 294 Convention Parliament, the, 208 Coornhert, 136 Copernicus, 4 Corn Laws, 230 Cornwallis, Lord, surrender at York town, 313 Cortese and Paul III., 109; and the Reformation, 110 Cortez, exploits of, 50, 64 i conquest of Mexico, 68-9 Cottington, 202 Coulanges, Fustel de, cited, 12 CouncilPisa, 46; Lateran, 46, 98, 108 i Constance, 75, 100; Florence, 75, 77; B~le, 90 i B~ziers, I 12; N ar bonne, II2 i Toledo, II2; Tou louse, II2; Ratisbon, 118 ; Aulic, 192 j Trent. See Trent, Council of Councils, promulgation of, 118 Counter-Reformation, 108-125; results, 183 Cowper, Lord, on government by party, 268 Craigmillar, Bond of, 147 Crawford, Darnley's officer, 151 Cromwell, OliverCharacter and policy, 203-4 i military genius, 203 i the Civil War, 203 ; failure of the Rebellion, 204-5 Cromwell, Thomas, 142 Crotus, Epistolt:e Obscurorum Virorum, 1°5 Crusades, 24-5 Cuba, Columbus and, 63 Cullen, 20 Cumberland, Duke ofDefence of Hanover, 295; beaten by the French, 297 Cuvier, 22 Cyril, St., 78 Dalgleish and the Casket Letters, 150 51 Dampier, voyage of, 66 Danes destroy Wallenstein's fleet, 187 Dangerfield, 213 Dante, 72, 76, 95 Darnley, Lord, marriage to Mary Stewart, 146-7; death, 147 Dartmouth, the, 3I I Darwin, method of, 2I Daun defeats Frederic II., 297 Debates, Parliamentary, made public, 27 6 Declaration of Breda, 208 Declaration of Independence, 199, 312 Declarationoflndulgence, 212 j Bishops' protest, 224 Decree of Worms, 48 Defoe, 23 Delcano, lieutenant to Magellan, 66 Denain, 262 Derby, Earl of, 202 Derwentwater, Earl of, 270 Deseado, Cape, 66 Devereux, Captain, 193 Deza, Archbishop of Seville, 62 Diaz, Bartholomew, voyage of, 54 Dionysius the Areopagite, 77 Divine Right, Luther and, 104 Dohna, Count, 225 Dominica, Rodney's success, 314 Dominicans, 112, II4 j in the New World, 67 j plaintiffs against Reuchlin, 86; and the indulgences, 92 Doria, change of sides, 49 Dort, Synod of, 174

Dover, Treaty of, 210-15 Drake, 58, 66, 146, 153 Dresden, seized by Frederick II., 296 Dunkirk, 153 Duperron, influence on Henry IV., 170 Duquesne and Washington, 293 Duranti, Memoirs, 162 Dykvelt, 225 Eck, John, 105; dispute with Luther, 96-7 Economists, the, 21 Edict of Nantes, 171 j revocation of, 244-7 Edict of Restitution, 187 Edict, the Perpetual, 237 j repealed, 24 1 Eger, Castle of, 193 Egidius, Cardinal, I08 Egmont, Count, in the Netherlands, 145 Elizabeth of EnglandDeposed by Pius V., 122; and claim 348 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY of Mary Stewart, 146; detention and death of Mary Stewart, 151-3 ; Armada, 153; proposes terms to Philip, 154; and Charles IX., 160 ; claim to English throne, 197 Elizabeth of Russia, 300 Elizabeth Stuart, Princess Palatine, 184, 26 5 Elliot, success at Gibraltar, 314 Emanuel, Philibert, 49 Emmanuel of Portugal, 53, 54, 65,81, 137 EnglandTudor, 37; relations with Rome during divorce question, 137-43; break with Rome, 141; suppression of the Orders, 142; external policy after Elizabeth, 195; civil war of Charles t, 2°3; attempt at absolute monarchy, 205; Triple Alliance, 210, 238; policy under Charles II., 241 ; Partition Treaty, 254; policy in Succession War, 260; commercial interest in Suc cessionWar, 262, 263; SouthAmeri can trade, 274; Seven Years' War, 292 et seq.; alliance with Frederick the Great, 295 et seq.; expansion under Pitt, 299; European combina tion against, 3I 3 England, New. See New England Epirus, 35 ErasmusAt Rome, 80; New Testament and the Fathers, 83; the letters to Ortwin Gratius, 86; character, 86-7; translations of, 87-8; later years, 8g - 9; and Luther, 97, 100; "' Bible only," 98; summons to Rome, 103; and freewill, 105; and Paul III., 109; and Henry VIII., 138 Estaing, D', 313 Esthonia, retention by Peter the Great, 281 Estrees, D', beats D. of Cumberland, 295 Eugene, Prince, 186, 287Attempt on Milan, 258 ; joins Marl borough, 259; successes of, 26o; at the Hague, 261; deserted by Ormonde, 262 Eugenius IV., Pope, 77, 90 Europe, improved state following Seven Years' War, 302-4 Excise Bill, the, 272-3 Exclusion Bill, the, 26 ; the second, 214 Fabricius, Bohemian Secretary, 183 Fairfax, Lord, 207 Faraday, M., 21 Farnese, Cardinal. (See also Paul IlL.

Pope), II8 'Farnese, Duke of Parma, in the Nether lands, 49, 145, 153, 154, 166; death, 168 Faure, Jesuit, cited, II6-7 Fawkes, Guy, 198 Fenelon, 5-6, 269 Ferdinand of AragonMarriage with Isabella, 37; Treaty of Barcelona, 39-4°; partition of Naples, 41-2; death, 47 Ferdinand of Brunswick, 295, 296 Ferdinand II.Succession, 183; policy, 128, 192; appealto Germany, 184; the League and, 186; commissions Wallen stein, 186; issues Edict of Restitu tion, 187; rupture with Wallenstein, 187-8; subsequent relations with Wallenstein, '189-93 Ferrara, Duchess of, 42 Feuillade, Marshal La, 262 Ficino, cited, 80 Filelfo, 75; writings of, 80 Finland, 28 I Firmian, 303 Firth, Lives, 203 Fisher, Bishop, 105; and the Royal Supremacy, 141 Flaminio, I I Benefit of the Death of Christ," 110, II9 Flanders, French designs on, 158-9; Turenne overruns, 237-8 Fleury, policy, 290 FlorenceConquest by Charles VIII., 38-9; Cresar Borgia and, 43; Council of, 75,77 Fonseca, D.Envoy of Ferdinand, 40; protects Magellan, 65; Cortez and, 68 Fontenoy, 267 Forbes, report of Calicut, 56 Formosus, 82 Fornovo, battle of, 40 Fort Duquesne, 293 Fortescue, 195 Foscari, Doge, 45 FrancePolicy of expansion, 37-8; League of Cambray, 45-6; Calvinism in, 155 et seq. ; settlement ofreligiousfron tiers, 155 ; religious wars in, 157-8 ; designs on Flanders, 158-9; mas sacre of St. Bartholomew, 159-63; Treaty of Vervins, 170; siege of Rochelle, 177; results of Richelieu's rule, 179; Peace of the Pyrenees, INDEX 349 233; treaties of Nimeg1.len, 240 42; fleet destroyed at Vigo, 260; war of Spanish Succession. See Spanish Succession, war of; gains by, 262; Seven Years' War, 292 et seq.; triumphs over Frederick II., 297 Franche Cornte, annexed by Lewis XIV. , 240, 242 i restored, 239 Francis 1.Concordat of Bologna, 47; sack of Rome, 47-9; captivity of, 137; religious persecutions, 155 Francis II., 157 Franciscans, 114, 209 Frederic of Naples, 41-2 Frederic of Saxony, protector of Luther, 47,94 Frederic, the Elector PalatineThe Winter King, 184-5; outlawed, 185 Frederic II. of PrussiaPersonality, 290, 3°3-4; battle of Molwitz, 291-2; treaty with France, 292; Convention at Westminster concluded, 294; expansive policy, :;l94; alliance with England, 295 et seq. ; siege of Dresden and battle of Prague, 296; defeats in 1757 and 1759, 297; military genius, 297-8 ; subsequent victories, 297; alliance with Pitt, 299-3°0; Bute's policy, 300; peace with Catharine, 300; partition of Poland, 302 Frederic William 1., policy, 287-8; founding of the army, 288-9 Frederic William, Prince, 265 Free Trade, Walpole and, 274 Freret, 14 Friars, Grey and Black, 142 Friedlingen, battle of, 262 Froben and Amerbach, 83, 87, 88 Froude, II, IS0; cited, 27 Fugger of Augsburg, 92 Furstenburg, Bishop of Strasburg, 242 Gallican Church ,n France, 96, 155, 157, 164, 169:, 173, 178, 226, 245, .

246 Gama, Vasco da, 53, 54, 56 Gardiner, Bishop, 142 Gardiner, S. R., historian, 203 Gattinara, Spanis~ Chancellor, 98; at Diet of Worms, 99 GeneralWarrants,questionof, 308 GenevaCalvin in, 131-2; position of, 131; revision of the Constitution, 132-4 ; execution ofServetus, 135 Genlis, relief of Mons, 159 George 1.Relations with the Government, 264-5~ character, 265-7; policy, 267 et seq.; rising of 1715, 269-70 ; letter to Philip' V., 273 George 11.Attitude towards his fatber, 267; policy, 271; Writs of Assistance, 3°7 George III.. 68' GermanyInvention of printing, 83; Renais sance in, 83-4 ; Counter-Reforma tionin, 123; Reformation in, 126-9 i Lutheranism in, 129, 130; Cal vinism in, 136, 181; Catholic element in, 181 Gerson, 96 Gibbon, I4, 20 Giberti, Cardinal, the Datario, 48; admiration for Wolsey, 138 Gibraltar, conquest of, 260, 262; pro posed restitution, 273; Elliot's success, 314 Giovio, Paolo, cited, 83 Glapion, at Diet of Worms, 99, 100 Glencoe, Massacre of, 228-9 Gnostics, 1I I Goa, Albuquerque's capital, 57 ; InquiSI tion introduced, 59 Godfrey, Sir Edmondbury, murder of, 213-4 Godwin, Independent, 206 Gonsalvo, the "Great Captain," 40; defeats Bayard, 42 Gonzaga, Ferrante, 49 Good Hope, Cape of, 54 Gordon, employed by Peter the Great, 28o; crushes rebellion of the Stre litz, 281 Grammont, Cardinal, 138 Gra~da, fall of, 37, 61, 62 Grall(~y, Marquis of, at Warburg, 295-6 Grand Alliance, the, 247, 248, 257 Grandval, assassin, 222, 243 Grasse, Admiral De, 313 Gratius, Ortwin, letters to, 86 Gravelines, the Armada at, 153 GreekTestament, printing of, 88; first translations, 103 Green, Berry, and Hill, 214 Gregory VII., Pope, 31; celibacy im posed, 90 Gregory XIII., reform of the Calendar, 162; and the League, 165 Gregory Nazianzen, 85 Gretser of Ingolstadt, II6 Gropper of Cologne, 132 Grote, 20 35° LECTURES ON MODERN HISTOR,Y Grotius, escape of, 174 Guarino studies Greek, 75 Guelph, House of, 265 Gueux, the, 145 Guicciardini, 81 Guiscard stabs Harley, 262 Guise, Duke of, 147Massacre of Vassy, 157; Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 159 - 6o; and the League, 165-6; death of, 167 Guizot, cited, 161 ; Richard Cromwell, 207; policy, 272 Gustavus of SwedenDefeats imperialists at Breitenfeld, 188; policy, 189; struggle with Wallenstein, 19°-91; conquests, 279; lost by Charles XII., 281 Habeas Corpus Act, 215; recalled, 220 Habsburgs, theTemporal power favoured by, 50; Henry IV. and, 174, 179 ; religious toleration under, 181 - 3; policy, :182-3, 187, 188; Richelieu and, 193; William of Orange and, 225, 226 Hague, theDeath of De Witt, 239; treaty of, 255-6; negotiations between Louis XIV. and the Allies, 260-61 Halifax, LordPolicy, 26-7; and the Limitation Bill, 214; toleration of the Catho lics, 221 Hallam, H., 7 Hampden, J., 289 Hanover, defence of, 295 Hanoverian Settlement, the, 264-76 Hansard, Parliamentary reports, 276 Harley, Robert, 262-3 Harrach, the ambassador, 251 Harrington, liberalism of, 2°4, 205 Hatfield Letters, the, 151-2 Hebrew, study of, in Renaissance, 85-6 Heidelberg Library, the, sent to Rome, 185 Heights of Abraham, 293 Heinsius, 257; with Marlborough, 259; at the Hague, 261 Hellespont, the, 36 Helmstadt University, 246 Helvetius, cited, II5 Henry II. of France, 156 Henry III. of France, question of suc cession, 165; policy and death of, 166-7 Henry IV. of France, 49-50 Marriage to Margaret of Valois, 158-9; succession of, 165, 167; becomes a Catholic, 169-7°; religious toleration under, 17°-71; Edict of Nantes, 171; recall of the Jesuits, 172; conciliatory policy, 172-3; mediator between Rome and Venice, 174; protectorate over Netherlands, 174; his grand design, 174-5 ; assassinated, 175 ; designs on Bohemia, 184 Henry VIII. of England, Luther's advice to, 105; the divorce question, 137 42 Henry of Anjou, elected King of Poland, 161 Henry of Ghent, 75 Henry of Portugal (the Navigator), 52-3 Henry, Patrick, and the Stamp Duty, 3°9 Herbert, Admiral, invitation to William of Orange, 224 Hermitage, the, 15

Hesse Cassel, 312 Hippocrates, 74 HistoryRelation to religion, 12; to philosophy, 22; theories regarding, 24-8: contemporary, studied in France, 2; priority of ecclesiastical over civil, 3 j international, 6 j modern, unity of, 1-2; delimitation of, 3, 34; necessity for study of, 8; characteristics of, I I; compared with medieval, 31 Hobbes, 205, 209, 216, 245 Hochkirch, battle of, 297 Hochstraten, inquisitor, 85 Hoffmann, Parliamentary reports, 276 Hogue, La, battle of, 230, 248 Hohenzollerns, the, 181 Holden, 247 HollandAcquisitions in India, 59; the Revolu tion, 124, 145, 154, 158 ; policy of Ferdinand, 128; Inquisition under Charles V. and Philip II., 144-5 ; the Water Beggars, 158; protector ate of Henry IV., 174; Dutch War of 1672, 2II j France's claims for Maria Theresa, 236-7; Triple Alli ance with England and Sweden, 238; Hague Treaty, 255; results from Spanish Succession War, 262 Holy Office, the, 112, 113, II9 Holy Roman Empire, dissolution, 288 Holy Synod, the, established in Russia, 284 Holyrood, 146, 147 Homer, 76 Hooker, 196 INDEX 35 1 Jacobite Rising of I7I5. 269-70 James, Duke of York. (See also James II.)Sails for the Guinea Coast, 210; becomes a Roman Catholic. 212; Test Act and, 212; schemes for exclusion, 212-15 James Stuart, lands at Aberdeen, 269 James 1. of EnglandPolicy, 195-99; beginnings of Colon ial Empire, 199 James II. of EnglandInnocent XI. and, 226 j saccession of, 218; policy, 219-22; and the Abbe de Rance, 221-2; loss of the Crown, 222 et seq.; dispensing power assumed, 223; trial of the Bishops, 224; Irish schemes, 229 30; and the Nonjurors, 230; death, 256 Janissaries, the, 35 Jansenists, 178, 223, 244, 245 Jarnac, Huguenot defeat, 158 Jefferson, draws up Declaration of In dulgence, 312 Jeffreys, JUdge, 220; and the Whigs, 220; and James II., 224 Jereme of Prague, 103 Jesuits, theSociety founded by St. Ignatius, 114 sqq.; as revolutionists, 117-8; in France, 117, 178 ; and the Counter Reformation, 123; recall by Henry IV., 172; Innocent XI. and, 226 ; protected by Frederic II., 304 Jews, theExpelled from Spain, 61-2; persecu tions in Spain, 85, 112; in France, I II ; decree of Peter the Great, 283 John, Prester, 53, 57 Johnson, Dr., and Parliamentary debates, 276 Johnston, retreat before Sherman, 298 Jones, Sir William, tracts, 217 Joseph, Emperor, death, 261 Juan, Don, 145 Julius II., Pope, 38Venetian schemes, 44-6; summons Lateran Council, 46 ; Roman schemes, 46-7 j patron of Renas cent Art, 81-2; St. Peter's, 82: Imperialists, "theInvasion of Rome, 138-9; defeat at Breitenfeld, 188; victory at Nord liogen, 193; French defeated by, 240 Independence, Declaration of, 199 Independents. See Congregationalists Index, theErasmus on, 88 ; the prohibited books, 119-21 ; Tridentine, 120; the first Roman, 120 IndiaPortuguese acquisitions, 53 et seq. j" da Gama's voyage, 54-5 Indulgence, Declaration of, 212 IndulgencesAbuse of, 91 j Luther's protest, 97-8 Ingolstadt, fortress of, 189; university, 96 Ingria, retention by Peter the Great, 281 Innocent XI., Pope (Odescalchi), 226-7 Innocent XII., Pope, 253 Inquisition, theIntroduced into Portugal, 59; the Spanish upheld by Charles V., 101 ; introduction urged by Caraffa, I lO II; objects of the, 1II-13; Rome and the, II2-13; the Spanish, 112; the Official, II3; in the Netherlands, 144-5; in France, IS6; extinctionof the Roman, 178 International Law in relation to Asiatics, 59 Ireland, Jacobite Schemes, 229-30 Ironsides, the, organisation and discipline, 203 1 Horn, Cape, discovery, 66 I Isabella, d. of Philip of Spain, 166 Hort, Professor, 17 !Isabella of CastileHradschin, the, 183 I Marriage to Ferdinand, 37; and Hudson Bay Territory, acquisition, 263 Columbus, 61 ; and the New World Huguenots-slaves, 67 Tenets, 77; persecution, 147; defeat Isernia, Bishop of, II Bible only," 98 at Jarnac and Moncontour, 158; Italy, decline as a political power, 50 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 159-Ivry, 185 60; under Lewis XIII., 177; under Richelieu, I79 j suppressed

in France, 223 ; settlement in Berlin, 286 Humanists, the, 72, 75-7, 79, 85, 86, 100, 105 HungaryBattle of Mohacs, 36; Calvinism in, 136 Hunter, John, 21 Hunyadi, John; 35 Hus, John, 96, 100, 103 Hussitism, 182 Hutten, Ulrich von, 77, 86, 99, 102 352 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Indulgence of, 91 ; the dispensation to Henry VII., 137,139 Justification by faithBrought forward at Ratisbon Confer ence, 110; Lutheran, 132 Kaunitz, policy of, 292-4, 302 Keller, Jesuit, cited, u8 Kempis, St. Thomas a, Imitatio1Z, 83 Kendal, Duchess of, 266, 272 Keppel, 257 Kerr, and James's Declaration, 230 "King's Friends," the, 275 Kinsky, Countess, 193 Kirk-o'-Field, 147 Klostergrab, Protestant Church built at, 182 Knights of St. John, 36 Knox, John, 146, 196 Kollin, battle of, 297 Konias, and burning of books, 121 Konigsmarck, Aurora von, 266-7 Konigsmarck, Count, 266-7 Kunersdorf, battle of, 297 La Ferriere, correspondence of Catharine de Medici, 162 La Trappe, abbey of, 221 Ladislas, King of Hungary, 36 Ladrones, discovery of the, 66 Lagos, 299 Lambert and the Restoration, 207 Landen, battle of, 222, 230 Lanfrey, Car1Zot, 18 Langside, battle of, 149 Languet, Hubert, 164 Lateran Council, the, 46, 98, 108 Laud, ArchbishopInfluence on Charles 1" 201; cited, 202 LaunoY,7 8 Lautrec, commands force in Italy, 139, 140 ' Lauzun, French adviser of James II., 229 League of Augsburg, 247 League of Cambray, 46 League of Schmalkalden, 107 League, theOrigin, 165, 184; objects, 166; dis solution, 168; supports Ferdinand II., 184-6; Tilly and, 186; Wal lenstein's policy, 187-8 Lee, Archbishop, denounces Erasmus, 88 Lefort, the Genevese, employed by Peter the Great, 280 Leibniz, policy of, 14, 265, 267-8, 284 Leicester, Earl of, in the Netherlands, 146 Leighton and the Dover Treaty, 213 Leighton, ArchbishopAppointed to Glasgow, 209; religious policy, 223, 246 LeipzigDisputation of, 97; captured by Tilly, 188 Leo X., PopeConcordat of Bologna, 47; policy, 47; Erasmus and, 88 ; question of indulgences, 91 - 3, 95; Luther and, 95, 101 ; Adrian VI. and, 103 Leopold of AustriaSupports William of Orange, 225; heir to Philip IV., 238, 249; Turkish war, 243 Leopold of Tuscany, 304 Lepanto, battle of, 36, 153 Lesley, Scottish officer, 193 Leuthen, battle of, 9, 297 Lewis XII.Conquest of Milan, 40-41; relations with Cresar Borgia, 40-41; parti tion of Naples, 41-2; League of Cambray, 45-6; Wolsey's policy, 138 Lewis XIII., assassination of Concini, 175 Lewis XIV.Treaty of Dover, 210-15, 239; rela tions with James II., 220; sup pression of Protestantism, 221, 223, 246; relations with William of Orange, 222, 254-5; designs re garding the Princess Anne, 225; Irish designs, 229 - 30; character and policy, 234-5, 240-41, 249; marriage, 235-6; employs the right of Devolution, 237; Pomponne dismissed, 241-2 ; designs on Stras burg, 242; internal state of France under, 244; marries Mme. de Maintenon, 244; revocation of Edict of Nantes, 245-7; ravages the Palatinate, 247; first Partition Treaty, 250; the second, 252; and the will of Charles II., 253; policy on death of James II., 256; the Hague negotiations, 260-61; further policy and death, 269 Lewis XV., agreement with Austria, 293 Lewis XVIII., 199 Lexington, 312 Liberty of conscience, 206, 207; Con gregationalists fight for, 201 Liebig, Organic Chemistry, 20 Liegnitz, Frederic II. at, 299 Lightfoot, Bishop, 17 Lilburne, 205 INDEX 353 Lille, 239, 244, 260, 262 Limerick, ••City of the Broken Treaty,"

230 Limitation Bill, the, 214 Lingard,7 Linnreus, 20 Lionne, 234; influence over Lewis XIV., 239 Lisbon, port of, 58 Lisola, Austrian statesman, 243 Livonia. retention by Peter the Great, 281 Livy, 110 Loaysa, Cardinal, 106 Locke. John, 136; principles, 217 Lollardry, 137 Lombard, Peter, 74 Lorraine, surrendered to France, 126 Lorraine, Cardinal, 147Head of Gallicans. 119; character, 157; death, 167 Lorraine, Duke of, 243 Louvain University, 120 Louvois, cited. 229; influence over Lewis XIV., 239 ; policy, 243-4 Loyola, Ignatius, II4 sqq. Ludovisi, family of. 226 Luther, MartinBeginning~ of the Reformation, 47; the letters to Ortwin Gratius, 86; question of the indulgences, 92-8 ; meeting with Miltitz, 94-5; and the Councils, 96-7; and Elector of Saxony, 97; excommunication of, 97; Reformation Tracts, 98 ; at the Diet of Worms, 98-101 ; and Erasmus, 100; outlawed by Charles V., 101 ; and Melanchthon, 101-2; stay at the Wartburg, 102; trans lation of the Bible, 102-3; Con servatism of, 104-5; passion for authority, 105; character, 129-30 ; and divine right, 196 Lutheranism. (See also Calvinism and Protestantism )Repression of, 123-4; characteristics, 130, 136; in France, ISS; in Prussia, 286 Liitzen, battle of, 192 Luxembur~, becomes French, 243.

244 Luynes, favourite of Lewis XIII., 175 Lyons, Calvinism in. 156 Macaulay, Lord, 12, 15; cited, 27, 110, 231, 275 Macdonalds, massacre of the, 228-9 Machiavelli, 45, 50-51,81, 95, 120, 142, 172, 196 Madrid, Treaty of, 48 Magdeburg, siege of, 188-9 Magellan, voyage of, 50,65-6; acquisition of the Philippines, 66 Mahomet, seizes Otranto, 35 Maimonides, Jews forbidden to read. 86 Maintenon, Mme. de. 244 Maitland, advises Mary regarding Darnley, 147 Malacca, fan of, 57, 65 Malindi,54 Malplaquet, battle of, 260. 261 Malta. Turkish repulse, 36 Manichees. I I I Mansfeld. account of, 186-7 Marchiali, mystery of, 243 Margaret ofVa10is, marriage with Henry IV., 158-9 . Maria Theresa. empress, 291-2 Maria Theresa, wife of Lewis XIV.• 235-6; renunciation of estates, 237-8 Mariana and the Jesuits, 116; cited, 167; teachings of, 169 Maria Mancini, Lewis XIV. and, 235 Marignano, battle of, 47 Marlborough, Duchess of, 26I Marlborough, Duke ofPersonality, 257-8; campaign of, 259 et seq.; at the Hague, 261; dis missed by the Tories, 26:1 Marmont and Napoleon, 298-9 Martin of Connemara, 222 Martinitz, Bohemian minister, 183 Mary of Medici and Richelieu, 175-7 Mary, Princess of Orange, succession, 214 Mary StuartReligious policy, 146; marriage with Darnley, 146-7 i death of Darnley, 147 i marriage with Bothwell and imprisonment at Loch Leven, 148 i battle of Langside and flight to England, 149 i the Casket Letters, 149-5 2 i Elizabeth and, 152-3 i marriage with the Dauphin, 157 Mary Tudor, persecutions under, II9 i proposed marriage of, 138, 140 i Sir Thomas More and, 141 Masenius and Paradise Lost, II6 Massachusetts, attempt to coerce, 3:11';'12 Maurice of Nassau, 126, 174 Max Emmanuel of Bavaria, 250 Maximilian, EmperorSiege of Padua, 45; Council of Pisa, 46; the Jewish persecutions, 85 Maximilian II., Religious policy, 124, 182 Maximilian of Bavaria, 184-5 Mayenne, breach with Paris, 168 Mayjlower, the, 199 354 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Mazarin, Cardinal, 177, 234English policy, 210; character, 235-6 Mazeppa, Charles XII. at, 281 Mecklenburg, Duke of. See Wallenstein Medici, Lorenzo de', 38, 43 MelanchthonLuther and, 101-2, 105 j Confession of Faith, 106; at Diet of Ratisbon, 109, 132 Mendoza, Cardinal, 62 Mentz, religious controversy, 98; Gus tavus holds his court at, 189 Mentz, Archbishop ofIndulgence question, 92; and Luther, 102; religious policy of, 128 Mexico, conquest by Cortez, 68-9 Michelet, 15, 19 Mignet, 15 MilanConquest by Lewis XII., 40 -41 , 47; Eugene's attempt on, 258; under Maria Theresa, 303 Mill, J. S., Logic, 20 MiltitzLuther and, 94-5, 102; and Cajetan, I09 Milton, 205 Minorca, captured, 260; loss of, 295 Mirandola, Pico della, 84 Mohacs, battle of, 36 Molina, teaching regarding grace, 116 Moltke, 126, 289, 298 ; victory of, 191 j cited, 195 Moluccas, products, 58 Molwitz, battle of, 291-2 Mommsen, I2 Moncontour, battle of, 158 Monk, General, 207-8 Monmouth, Duke ofQuestion oflegitimacy, 215; rebellion, 219-20 Mons, relief of, I59 Montagu, 223 Montalto, Cardinal. See Sixtus V., Pope Montcalm, Pitt's policy, 295 j foretells the American Revolution, 306 Montecucculi and Turenne, 240 Montesino on rights of savages, 67 Montespan, Mme. de, I I 1 Montesquieu, 3 j Grandeuret Decadence, 290 Montgomery, General, death of, 312 Montrose, 203 Moors, Indian trade of the, 55 Moray, Earl of, 151 More, Sir Thomas, 105 j the Royal Supremacy, 141 Morea, the, Turkish invasion, 35 Morley, John, 203 Mornay, Duplessis, 164, 170 Morone, Cardinal, imprisonment and rescue, 119 Morton, Chancellor, and the Casket Letters, 150 .. Moscow, Charles XII. and, 28I Mozley, James, cited, 27 Mueller, Johannes, method of history, 26 MUhlberg, defeat of German troops, 1~6 MUller, J., Ephemerides, 84 MUnnich, employed by Peter the Great, 280 MUnster, peace of. See Westphalia, peace of Muratori, 14 Nantes, Edict of, 171 j revocation of, 244-7 NaplesRising of the Barons, 38; conquest by Charles VIII., 38 - 9 j partition of, 41 - 2 j Spaniards drive out French, 42 j united to Spain, 46

Napoleon. See Bonaparte Narbonne, Council of, 112 Narvaez and Cortez, 68 National Assembly of France, 303 National Debt, 230, 272 Nautical Almanack, the, 84 Navigation Laws, suspension of the, 310 Nazareth, Archbishop of, 161 Negroes. See Slave Trade Neoplatonism, 80 Neri, St. Philip, 122 Nestorians, the, at Cochin, 56 New England, founding of, 199 New York, 314 Newcastle, Duke of, Prussian policy, goo Newfoundland, acquisition of, 263 Newman, Cardinal, cited, II, 21, 278 Newton and Leibniz, 268 Nicholas V., PopeSlavery authorised, 53; attitude to wards Renaissance, 75, 78-9, 81 Niebuhr, historical method, 19-20 Nimeguen, peace of, 240; treaties of, 241-2 Nonconformists, 201 Nonjurors, 230 Nordlingen, battle of, 193 North, Lord, administration, 310, 313 Nottingham, Charles I. and, 203 Nova Scotia, acquisition of, 263 Novara, battle of, 41, 46 Nuremberg, manufacture of nautical instruments, 84 j Diet of, 103 Oates, Titus, 22-3, 213-14, 218 Ockham. William of, 72 INDEX 3SS Odescalchi. See Innocent XI., Pope Oldmixon, 226 Onate, Spanish envoy, 192 Oquendo, Admiral, 153 Oratorians, 114 Order of Christ, 52 Orders in the Church, creation of new, 114 Orleans, Duchessof, 247 Orleans, Duke of. See Lewis XII.

Orleans, siege of, 159 Ormonde, Duke ofSupplants Marlborough, 26 I ; deserts Eugene, 262; in the Jacobite rising, 269 Ormuz, fortress of, 57 Orvieto, Clement flees to, 139 Orvilliers, d', 313 Osnabriick, 193 Ossat, Cardinal d', 170 Ossuna library, the, 15 Ostermann, Peter the Great and, 280 Otis, James, speech of, 307 Otranto, seized .by Mahomet, 35 Ottoman Conquest, the, 34-7 Oudenarde, battle of, 260 Oxenstiern and Gustavus, 190, 191 ; and Wallenstein, 191 Oxford and Charles r., 20g Pacheco, Duarte, defends Cochin, 56 Pacification, Acts of, 171 Padua, siege of, 45 Palatinate, the, Calvinism in, Ig6 Pamphili, family of, 226 Pappenheim, 190-91; siege of Magde burg, 188 Parentucelli. See Nicholas V., Pope ParisMassacre of St. Bartholomew, 160; and the League, 165; opposition to Henry IV., 167, 168; siege of, 168-9 ParliamentLong, 205, 207, 208, 216 ; the Con vention, 208; Septennial Act, 270 71; "All the Talents," 275; reports of debates, 276; the " Unreported," 276 Parma, Duke of. SeeFarnese Parsons, 209 Partition Treaty, the First, 250 i the Second, 252 Party, Government by, 264-8, 274-6 Paruta, ambitions for Venice, 45 Passive Obedience, Luther defends, 104 Pater, cited, 76 Patkul, agent of Augustus of Saxony, 279 Paul III., Pope, 88, 109, 121 Paul IV., PopeIntroduction of Inquisition, IIQ; and the Theatines, 114 i and Cardinal Pole, 119; and the Index, 120; Roman rejoicings at death of, 122 Paul V., Pope, quarrel with Venice, 1:73 Paul, Father, 108-9; cited, 119; HiJeory ofthe Council of Trent, 173-4 Pavia, battle of. 39, 47 Peace Conference at Ratisbon, 109 Peace of Religion, 123, 127, 129, 136, 165, 171, 181, I8g i of St. Ger main, 16x; of Westphalia, 193; of the Pyrenees, 233 ; of Nimeguen, 240 i of Ryswick, 250 i of Utrecht, 290 Pearson, 78 Pedro, Regent Dom, 53 Peel, Sir Robert, 9 Peerage Bill, the, 27:1 Peers, exclusion of Catholic, 214; trial of, 215 Penal LawsBeginning of the, 152; James 1. and the, X97; declared inoperative under Charles II., 2:12 Penn, William, 136; and James II., 219, 223 Pennsylvania, government 0(, gIl Perez, Juan, Franciscan, 62 Perpetual Edict, the, 237; repealed, 24 1 .

Persian Gulf, closed by Albuquerque, 57 Perth, cited, 227 Peruzzi, 82 Pescara, 48, 49 Petavius, Father, Jesuit, 117 Peter the GreatInternal policy, 277-9, 282-7; Polish policy, 279 ; journey through Europe, 280-81; personality, 280 81 i mutiny of the Strelitz, 281; possession of Baltic coast, 281; founding of St. Petersburg, 281-2 ; assumes title of Emperor, 282; Austrian policy, 282; reformation of the aristocracy, 282-3; domestic policy, 283; abolition of the Patri archate, 284 i reformed government established, 284; religions policy, 284 Petition of Right, 201 Peto succeeds Cardinal Pole, II9 Petrarca and the Latin restoration, 72-4 Petre, the Jesuit, 227 PfefferkornJewish persecutions, 85; attack on Reuchlin, 86-7 Philadelphia, convention at, 314 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Philip II.Annexes Portugal, 58, 145, 166; policy, 129; inquisition in the Netherlands, 144-5; preparation for the Armada, 153; refuses Elizabeth's terms, 154; and the League, 165-6; death of, I70 Philip IV.Infanta married to Lewis XIV., 235 ; will regulating succession, 238, 249, 250, 251 PhilipV.Acknowledged by England, 255; position during the war, 259-60; results of the Succession War, 262 ; desire to regain Gibraltar, 273 Philip, the Landgrave, and Luther, I05 Philippines, annexation to Spain, 66 Philippson, cited, 161 Piccolomini, made field-marshal, 192 Piccolomini, }Eneas Sylvius. See Pius II., Pope Piedmont, social question, 303 Pilsen, Wallenstein at, I9 2, 193 Pirkheimer, death of, 105 Pisa, Council at, 46 Pitt (the Elder). See Chatham, Earl of Pitt, William, Napoleon's Spanish check predicted by, 23 Pius II., Pope (JEneas Sylvius Piccolo mini), 77; attitude towards the Renaissance, 79; History, 80 Pius IV., Pope, closes Council of Trent, 122 Pius V., Counter-Reformation under, 122; and the Regent Catharine, 157 Pizarro, Francisco, conquests of, 69-70 Platina, History of tke Popes, 80 Plato, 75, 76, 80 Plutarch, Pericles, 16 Plymouth, Duke of, death of, 215 Pocock, 15 Poggio, 80 PolandJesuits in, 115; Socinian Church in, 123; Counter-Reformation in, 124; Henry of Anjou elected king, 161 ; religious toleration in, 182; peace with Gustavus of Sweden, 188; aid for Austria, 243; overrun by Charles XII., 281; aristocracy and right of veto, 3°1; partition of, 279, 3°1-2 Pole, Cardinal, 72Paul III. and, 1°9; and Justification, no; at Council of Trent, n8-19 ; and the English heretics, II9; and Machiavelli, 142 Politian, 80 PoliticsRelation to History, 2-3, 9-10; of the Renaissance, 80-81; ethics and, 173 Politiques, the, I72; origin, 163-4; principles, 171 Polo, Marco, 53 Polygamy, preached by Luther, 105 Pomerania, alliance with Gustavus, 188 Pompadour, Mme. de, 293 Pomponne, Minister to Lewis XIV., 241 - 2 Poniatowski, Stanislas, 301 Port Mahon, conquest of, 262 Port Royal, suppression of, uS Porto carrero , Cardinal, and will of Charles II., 252 PortugalExpansive policy, 37, 52-70; early trade with India, 56, 58; annexed to Spain, 58, 145, 166; Inquisition in, 59, 121; treatment of pagans, 59; Brazil obtained, 64; treaty of Tordesillas, 64 Pragmatic Sanction, the, 291 PragueWindow outrage at, 183-4, 198; army of the League at, 185; Lutheran peace at, 193; victory of Frederic II. at, 296 PresbyteriansAnd the Civil war, 203; under the Restoration, 204, 209; excluded from the Long Parliament, 207 Press, liberty of the, 219, 276 Preston, Scots surrender at, 269 Pride, Colonel, 204 Prierias, Silvester, defence of Induigences, 92-3 Printing, invention of, 83 Prisons, reformation of, 303 Privileged altars, 91 Privy Council, the, 264 Procopovitch, religious changes made by, 284 Protection, 230 Protestantism. (See also Calvinism and Lutheranism )Origin of name, 106; Jesuits fight against, 1115; Council of Trent and, 118-19 i disappearance from Italy, 122-3; the League, 126; strength in France, 156,.172; suppression in Bohemia, 185; and the Edict of Restitution, 187-8; results of the Thirty Years' War on, 193-4; sup pressed in France, 221, 223; effect of the Revocation on, 247

Prussia. (See also Frederic the Great) Rise of, 285-9 i first king of, 287; under Frederic William I, 288-9 INDEX 357 Ptolemy, MS. of, 84 Pultawa, battle of, 282 Pulteney, The Craftsman, 275 Puritan Revolution, the, 199-201 Puritans, policy of the, 209-10 Pyrenees, Treaty of the, 2j5 Quakers, 201 Quebec, fall of, 306 Quiberon, 299 Quintilian, 74 Racine, III Rafael, ·82 Ramillies, battle of, 260 Rance, Abbe de, and James II, 221-2 RankeResearches of, 7; on history and religion, 9; historical method, II, 18-20, 26 Rastadt, peace of, 262 RatisbonPeace Conference of Paul III., 109 ; Diet of, 131-2, 136; taken by Duke of Weima.r, 192 Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV., 175 Ravenna, battle of, 46 Rebellion, the, reason of failure, 204-5 'R.ecalde, Admiral, 153 Red Sea, closed by Albuquerque, 57 Reformation, theIn England, 9-10; in Germany, 126-9; in Geneva, 131; difference between Continental and English, 142; in France, 155; in Prussia; 286 Regiomontanus, 84 i Ephemerides, 63 Religion, peace of, 123, 127, 129, 136, 165, 171, 181, 183; relation to history, 8-12 Religious Orders, suppression of, 142 RenaissanceEffect on men's minds,s; results of the, 63 i revival of Greek, 71, 74-5; Latin restoration, the, 72-4; reproach of irreligion, 73-4, 76-7 ; events determining triumph of, 75-6; ecclesiastical control weak ened by, 76-8 i revival of Christian antiquity, 78; Papacy and Hellen ism, alliance between, 78-80; politics of the, 80-81; worship of beauty, 81 i wars of Charles V.

a check on the, 82-3; begins in Germany, 83; invention of printing, 83; Universities and the New Learning, 83; anti-Catholic spirit in Germany, 83-4, Hebrew studied in Germany, 84 Renan, cited, 18 Renee, d. of Lewis XII., 138 Republicans, the, suppressed by Maurice of Nassau, I74 Restitution, Edict of, 187 Restoration, the, 207; religious policy of the, 209-10 Reuchlin, 83, 109Learning of, 84 i trial and acquittal, 85 i judgment reversed by Rome, 86; death, 105 Revocation of Edict of Nantes, lIS Revolution of 1688, nature and results, 23 1 - 2 Revolution, the American. See Ameri can War of Independence Revolution, the Puritan. See Puritan Revolution R,hode Island, charter, 217,.311 Rhode Island, 199 Riccio, assassination of, 146, 147 ISO, 198 Richelieu, CardinalCharter, 175-7; siege of Rochelle, 177 i attitude towards the Protes tants, 177-8 i policy of, 179-80; Gustavus of Sweden and, 188 i feud with the Habsburgs, 1'93 Richmond, proposed marriage to Mary Tudor, 138 Rienzi, political work of, 71-2 Rio, Del, Jesuit, 116 Robertson, ISO Robinocracy, the, 274 Robinson, John, cited, 200, 206 Rochelle, siege of, 177 Rodney, success at Dominica, 314 Rogers, Erasmus. See Erasmus Roget, 18 Romagna, the, 43, 44 Romanoffs, the, Church policy, 277-8 RomeCresar Borgia's designs on, 43; tem poral power established, 44; policy towards Naples, 47 i sack of, by Charles V., 49, 83; Bulls regulat ing sphere of Portuguese and Spanish influence, 64 i Papacy re moved from, 71 ; alliance between Hellenism and Papacy, 78-80; rise of, under Julius II., 82; re formation ofthe Calendar, 84, 121; Holy Office established, :II 2, II9; the Inquisition, 112-13; witchcraft trials, II6; Index of prohibited books, 119-21; centre of Counter Reformation, 121; England's break with, 141; and Henry IV., 170 i quarrel with Venice, 173-4 Roon, 289 Ropes, Military Histories, 18 Rospigliose, family of, 226 358 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY I Saratoga, surrender of General Bur.

of goyne, 312-13 Sarpi. See Paul, Father the Restoration, Sarsfield and Duke of Berwick, 229 Savonarola, 38; opposition to Alexander VI., 85 Savoy, Duke of, 252, 255 SaxonyWallenstein's attack, 190-91; sub sequent negotiations, 191 - 2 ; Lutheran peace at Prague, 193; conquered by Frederic II., 296; given up by him, 300 Saxony, Elector ofDefence of Luther, 97, 102; assists Austria, 243 Saxony, the Marshal of, battle of Fontenoy, 267 Scala, Santa, privileged altars, 91 Scanderbeg, renegade, 35 Scanderoon, trade of, 55 Scandinavia, Lutheran churches, 129 Scarparia studies Greek, 75 Scharnhorst, 289 Schmalkalden, League of, 107 Schomberg, Duke of, 230 Schomberg, the younger, 230 Schwarzenberg, German minister, 181 Schwegler, 16 Schwerin, General, Frederic II. and, 291; killed at Prague, 296 Scotland, state of, at Mary Stuart's return, 146 Scott, Sir Walter, Quentin Durward cited, 19 Scotus, 98 Sebastian, King of Portugal, 59 Sects, in France, I II; growth of, 136, 197, 200-201 Sedgemoor, landing of Monmouth, 220 Sedley, Catherine, 220 Seeley, Sir John, cited, 1-2 SeHm, conquests of, 36 Seneca, works of, 73, 78 Senef, battle of, 240 Septennial Act, the, 270-71 Sepulveda on rights of savages, 67 Sermoneta, Duke of, 169 Serrano, letter to Magellan, 65 Servetus, trial and execution, 134-5 Servia, Turkish invasion, 35 Seven Years' War, the, 292 et seq. State of Europe after, 302-4; results, 30 5 Seydlitz, General, 296, 298 Seymour, 219 Sforza, Francesco, 38 of con-Sforza, Lodovico, Regent of Milan, 38 i Charles VIII. and, 40-41 Rossbach, battle of, 297 Rouen, refuses to register Edict Nantes, 172 Roundheads under 209 Rousseau, 133 Rovere, Della. See Julius II., Pope Royalists, the, 199 Ruben's House, Cologne, 177 Rubianus, Crotus, 86 Rufus, Mutianus, 83; death, 105 Rupert, Prince, 185 Russell, Lord, executed, 215; cited, 216 RussiaSocial state before Peter the Great, 277-9; reformation of the aris tocracy, 282-3 ; the reformed government under Peter the Great, 284; continental policy, 1756-7, 294 Ruyter, De, 229 Rye House Plot, 218 Ryswick, Peace of, 250 Sacheverell, Dr., 263 Sacred College, the, 108, 110 Sadolet, Cardinal, 72Paul III. and, 109 ; and the Reforma_ tion, 110; appeal to the Genevese, 132 St. Angelo, Pope Clement prisoner at, 139 St. BartholomewMassacre of, 122, 159-60; question of premeditation, 161; attitude of Rome, 161-2; number killed, 162 St. Germain, Peace of, 161; treaty of, 161 St. John. See BQlingbroke, Lord St. Mark's Library, Venice, 75 St. Paul's Cross, books prohibited at, 120 St. Peter's, Rome, 82, 91 St. Petersburg, founding of, 281-2 St. Prassede, privileged altars, 91 St. Sebastian, crypt of, 91 St. Simon, 221 Salamanca, 247 Salic Law, settlement of Brabant, 237 Salutato, Coluccio, 73 San Domingo, 63 San Gallo, 82 Sanctarelli, 178 Sand, George, 267 Sant Iago, Cardinal of, IIO Santa Prudentia, privileged altars, 91 Santa, Cardinal Croce, 161 Santangel of Aragon, 62 Sarasa, proclaims infallibility science, n6 .

INDEX 359 Shaftesbury, Earl ofTreaty of Dover, 2I I i Declaration of Indulgence, 212 i dismissed from office, 212 i plans to exclude James, 213-15 Shakespeare, 196 Shakespeare's Cliff, 222 Sheriffmuir, battle of, 269 Sicily. CharlesVIII. styled King of, 39 Sickingen, 99 Sidney, Alger,non, 169, .224; executed, 215 Sieyes, 14 , Silesia, religious toleration in, 182; captured by Frederic, 291 Sixtus IV., PopeAttitude towards Renaissance, 8o; revision of the Latin Vulgate, 121 Sixtus V., PopeOn marriage of Henry VIII., 137; encourages Philip II. regarding Armada, IS3; and Massacre of S1. Bartholomew, 162 Slavata, Bohemian minister, 183 Slave tradeNegroes sold by Henry of Portugal, 53; exported to West Indies, 67; asiento obtained by Lewis XIV., 255; under Bolingbroke, 274 Smith, Adam, 306 Smith, Mr. Goldwin, cited, 27-8 Sobieski, King of Poland, 248, 279 Socinians, the, I71, I82; established in Poland, 123 Socinus, 10, 136 Socrates, 3 Solyman the Magnificent, conquests, 36 Somerset, Calvin's correspondence with, 146 Sophia the Electress, 185, 265-6 Sophocles, 76 Sorbin and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 162 ' Sorcery, practice of, III South Sea Bubble, 271, 272 SpainExpansion of, 37 i ascendency of, 49 50 j fall of Granada, 61-2 i Jews expelled, 62; treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, 64 i' Philippines ac quired, 66 i West Indian problem, 66-7; Index Expurgatorius in, 120 21; Treaty ofVervins, I70; decline as a land power, 1:78 i Peace of the Pyrenees, 233; partition schemes, 249; the Succession War, 236-9, 249-63; first Partition Treaty, 250; second, 252 Spalatin, Saxon minister, warns Luther, 99 Spanish Succession, War of theEvents leading up to, 249-57 i field force, 257; events, 258-61; results, 262 - 3 i Marlborough. See tkat title Spee, Jesuit, witchcraft trials, II6 Spinola, 49 Spires, Bishop of, trial of Reuchlin, 8S Spi~es, Diet of, 106 Sregedin, Treaty of, 35 Stadion, Bishop of Augsburg, 106 Stai:H, Mme. de, cited, 27 Stafford, ViscountEvidence against, 213 j trial and exe· cution, 215 Stair, Earl of, 270 j cited, 228 Stamp Act, the, 309 Stanhope, EarlMinistry, 271 ; retention of Gibraltar, 273 Steenkerk, battle of, 230 Stepney, the envoy, 266 Steuchus of Gubbio, 88 Stoics, 73, lOS Strafford, LordInfluence on Charles 1., 201 ; death, 202 Stralsund, siege of, 187 Strasburg, Calvin in, 131, 132 j design of Lewis XIV., 242; occupied by the French, 242, 244 Strelitz, mutiny of the, 281 Stuarts, policy of the, 196-9 Stubbs, Bishop, prefaces of, 16 Styria, Counter-Reformation in, 182 Suarez. 178 Succession, Act of, 256 Sully, Memoirs, 175 Sunderland, Lord, 26Adviser to James II., 222,224 i forms Ministry, 271 Sweden. (See also Gustavus) Negotiations with Wallenstein, 191-2; Triple Alliance with England and Holland, 238; prosperity of, 279 Swift and Wood's Halfpence, 273 SwitzerlandSocial state in 1490, 37 i the Swiss Guard, 39 j Lutheranism in, 13031 Sylvius, }Eneas. See Pius II., Pope Synod of Dort, 174 Talavera, Archbishop of Granada, 62 Tallard, Marshal, 253 Tartary, Spanish projects for religion, 61-2 Taxation of the Colonies, principle of, 30 7-11 Tellier, Le, 234 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Tempestuous, Cape. See Good Hope, Cape of Temple, Sir William, cited, 26; Triple Alliance, 238 Terence, 74 Ternate, 58, 65 Test Act, 212; the second, 214; abolished by James II., 22 I Tetzel, the Dominican, and the Indulgences, 92, 94, 96 Theatines, the, 114 Thiers, 12, 15 Thirty Years' War, 115, 124, 127, 136, 174, 179; results, 193-4 Thirty-nine Articles, the, 201-2 Thomas, St., 74, 86; ·and the Indulgences, 92 ; doctrines of, 116, II7 Thorndike, religious policy, 223 Throckmorton, 151 Thuanus, History of, 164 Thucydides, 75; translations of, 79, 84 Thun, Count, 215 Thuringian Forest, the, 101 Thurn, Count, heads Bohemian conspiracy, 183 Tillemont, 14 Tillotson, 216 TillyAccount of, 185-6; successes of, 185 6; capture of Leipzig, 188; defeat at Breitenfeld, 188; siege of Mag deburg, 188 ; death, 189 Toledo, Council of, II2 Torcy—

Will of Charles II., 253; at the Hague, 260-61; intrigue with the Tories, 261-2 Tordesillas, treaty of, 64 Torgau, battle of, 299 ToriesOrigin of term Tory, 22-3, 208; the Court Party of Charles, 215-6; and the Revolution, 231; and War of Spanish Succession, 261; crushing of the, 270 Torrington, Admiral, 229-30 Toscanelli of Florence, 54, 61; chart of, 60 Toulouse, Council of, 112; persecutions at, 162 Tourville, defeats Eugene, 229 Toussaint and Massacre of St. Bar tholomew, 162 Townshend, goes out of office, 271 j taxation of the Colonies, 310 Tractarianism, 265 TreatySregedin, 35; Barcelona, 40, 141 ; Partition of Naples, 41-2; Madrid, 48 j Tordesillas, 64; St. Germain, 161; Vervins, 170; Dover. 210 15 j Pyrenees, 235; Nimeguen, 241-2; Partition, the first, 250; the second, 252; Hague, 255-6; Utrecht, 262-3 Treitschke, 12 Trent, Council ofPapal control, II4; attitude towards Protestantism, II8-19; intrigue and corruption, 119; Index of prohibited books, II9-20; close of, 122; Charles V.'s action, 126 Tridentine Index, the, 120 Triennial Act, the, 270 Triple AllianceEnglish change of front, 210; dissolved, 239 Trouville, exploits of, 248 Tucker, Dean, 306 Tudors, policy of the, 196 Tunstall, 141; correspondence with Wolsey, 98 Turberville and the Titus Oa'tes plot, 213 Turenne, MarshalProtestantism of, 178 ; treaty of Dover, 211 ; and Mazarin, 233; advice to Lewis XIV., 236; overruns Flan ders, 237-8; death of, 240 Turgot, 303 Turin, battle of, 258, 260 TurkeyInvasion of Europe, 34-7; Vienna attacked, 243; relations with Russia, 278-9, 3°1 Tyrconnel, Earl of, 223; plans for separation of Ireland, 229 Union, theFormed by the Calvinists, 184; sup ports the Elector Palatine, 184-5 ; dissolved, 185 Universities, the German, and the Renaissance, 83; consulted re garding Henry's divorce, 141 Urban VIII., Pope (Barberini), 178, and the Inquisition, I13 Ussher, Archbishop, 78, 202, 209 Utraquists, the, 182 Utrecht, peace of, 290 j persecutions in, 113; Treaty of, 262-3 Valdes, manifesto, 48 Valencia, Cardinal of. See Borgia, Cresar Valentinois, Duke of. See Borgia, Cresar Valla, LorenzoWritings of, 77; employed by Nicho las V., 79; tract on the Donation, 102 INDEX Vane, Sir H., 204, 20", 31I Varna, 35 Vasconcelles, afterwards Archbishop of Lisbon, 65 Vassy, Huguenot defeat, 147 ; massacre of, 157 Vatican, archives, opening of the, 7 ; library, 29 Vauhan, 239; victories of, 240: cited, 248 Vaud, canton of, 1:31: Vaudemont, Prince de, envoy to Rome, 225 VeniceAlliance with Lewis XII., 40 j rela tions with Rome, 43, 45-6, 173-4; expansive policy, 44-5; Eastern trade of, 55, 56 j St. Mark's Lib rary, 75; Holy Office, II3 j politi cal expansion, 172 Vervins, treaty of, 170 Vespucci, 65 ViennaTurkish invasion, 36, 243; Congress of, 302 Vigo, French fleet destroyed, 260 Villars- . "

Defeat at Malplaquet, 260 ; victory at Denain,262 Vincent of Beauvais, 75 Vinci, Leonardo da, notes and diaries of, 84 Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, 164 Virgil, statue removed from market place, 73 Virginia, founding of, 199 j independ ence declared, 312 Visconti, the, 38, 40, II9 Voltaire, 25; cited, 234; Frederic n. and, 291 Vulgate, the Latin, revision of, 121 Walcheren, annexation of, 21I Waldenses, suppression, 246 Wallachia, Turkish, invasion, 35 WallensteinCommissioned by Ferdinand, 186; made Duke of Mecklenburg, 1:87; rupture with Ferdinand, 187 - 8 ; recalled, 189-90 j struggle with Gustavus, 190 - 91; subsequent power, 191; second break with Ferdinand, 1:92; death, 1:93 Wallis, voyages, 66 Walpole, cited, 266 j policy, 271-74, 290; fall of, 274 Warburg, battle of, 295-6 Warham and Catharine's divorce, 139 Warrants, general, question of, 308 Wartburg, the. 102 WashingtonExpeditions against Duquesne, 293; threatens resignation, 312 Waters, Lucy, 218 Weimar, Duke of, 191Takes Ratisbon, 192 j Wallenstein and, 192, 193 Wellesley, General, 23 Western Assize, the, 220 Westminster, Convention at, 294 Weston becomes Roman Catholic, 202 Westphalia, Peace of, 193 Whigs. (See alsoParty, government by)Predominance of the, 154, 271 ; rise of the, 206-18; tenets of the, 216 18 j the first, 218 j and the Revolu tion, 231 j and Succession War, 261; recognise independence of American colonies, 313 White Mountain, the, 185 William, Emperor of Prussia, 199 William of Orange. (See also William III. )and the Exclusion Bill, 214; designs on life of, 222; the invitation to England, 224-5; gains support of Rome, 225-7; plot against De Witt, 238-9; captain-general, 239, 241; defeat at Senef, 240; mar riage, 240 William III.Dispensing power, 223; attitude of Rome after Innocent's death, 227; Massacre of Glencoe, 228-9; and the Revocation, 245-6; first Parti tion Treaty, 250; distrust of English ministers t 251; second Partition Treaty, 252; treaty of the Hague, 255-6; death of, 256-7; character, 257 William the Silent, 145 William the Stadtholder, assassination of, 145 Wimpheling, death of, 105.

Windebanke, becomes Roman Catholic, 202 Witchcraft trials, 116 Witt, John deDeath of, 228, 239; government of the Netherlands, 237 j attack on England, 238; William of Orange and, 238-9 Wittelsbach, House of, 292 Wittenberg, posting of the Thesis, 136 Wolsey, CardinalCorrespondence with Tunstall, 98; French schemes, 137-9; relations with Rome, 138; and the English divorce, 139; ai~ at the Papacy, 142 362 LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY Wood's Halfpence, 272-3 Worms, Decree of, 48 i Diet of, 98101, 136 Wratislaw, the ambassador, 251 Writs of Assistance,' 307 Wiirtemburg, Duke of, lI8 Wiirzburg, 189 WycHf,lOO Wyndham, Sir William, arrest of, 269 Xavier, St. Francis, work in India, 59 Ximenes, Cardinal, 67, 87 Yorktown, surrender of Lord Cornwallis l 31 3 Yucatan, 63 Zamorin, the, poisoned, 59 Zasius, 105 Ziska, leadership of, 184-5 Zuniga denounces Erasmus, 88 Zurich, 104 Zwingli, death, 95; teachings of, 104 130 i Luther's quarrel with, 105 THE END Printed by R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edinbu1gn.

By LORD ACTON. THE HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND OTHER ESSAYS Edited, with an Introduction, by JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D., and REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A. With Portrait. 8vo. 12S. 6d net. HISTORICAL ESSA YS AND STUDIES Edited by JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D., and REGINALD VERE Lt\URENCE, M.A. 8vo. 12S. 6d. net. GUARDIAN.-" The publication of the literary remains of Lord Acton is gradually showing the world his true greatness as an historian, and for this we owe our warmest thanks to Mr. Figgis and Mr. Laurence. The two volumes before us reveal better than any thing that has yet been published the extent of Lord Acton's know ledge and the force of his mind.... Powerful and closely reasoned essays and lectures, which bear on every page the stamp of learning and judgment and righteousness, which are worthy of a great scholar and a good man." TIMES.-" These volumes must be regarded, not as the support of an existing reputation, or as a bid for the establishment of post humous renown, but as the record and memorial of a rare and attractive personality. The accurate, insatiable, and broad-minded student is revealed; the generous champion of a noble cause which has suffered temporary defeat is seen on the field of his eager en deavour in controversy with Popes and Cardinals for the sake of freedom and truth; and the principles which he brought to· the study of history or elicited from his observation of men and affairs through out the centuries are set forth for all to read. The resulting picture of the great student, the partisan striving for impartiality, is admirably put together in a sympathetic and lucid introduction supplied by the editors."

ATHEN£UM.-"We have said enough to indicate the varied attractions of this volume. It shows us, indeed, the great scholar at his best, in his wide knowledge, sound judgment, and intense but restrained moral fervour. It is a book which does more than add to our information: it strengthens and inspires." MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.

By LORD ACTON. LECTURES ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION EDITED BY JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, LITT.D. AND REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A. 8vo. 125. 6d. net. NATIOM-" The first thought which must occur to all students of this period in the perusal of these pages is the power of the author to throw a new and vivid light on events which have been described almost ad nauseam. The well-known out lines are here, but they are lit up by surveys and searchlights ot startling variety. . . . The narrative is informed by wide and deep learning; and here and there it is lit up by flashes of insight which reveal Acton's wide acquaintance with men and affairs." DAIL Y NE WS.-" Constitutes perhaps the most impressive legacy of the great scholar. No· brief review can convey an adequate idea of the strength, the eloquence, the boundless knowledge, the sureness of touch, the piercing insight of this wonderful book." LETTERS OF LORD ACTON TO MARY, DAUGHTER OF THE RIGHT HON. W. E.

GLADSTONE With an Introductory Memoir by HERBERT PAUL. Second Edition, with Additional Letters. With Portr~it. 8vo. 125. 6d. net. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.