TITLES OF WORKS REFERRED TO.

Acos.—Acosta (Joaq.) Compendio Historico del Descubrimiento y Colonizacion de la Nueva Granada. Paris, 1848.

Ad.—Adams. History of Japan.

Alc.—Alcock (Rutherford Sir) The Capital of Tycoon. 2 vol. 8vo. 1863.

A.L.F.—Anciennes lois françaises, 6d. Jourdain, Isambert, and Decrusy, 28 vol. Paris, 1828 ff.

All. and T.—Allen (W.) and Thomson (Dr.) Narrative of Expedition to River Niger in 1841. London, 1848.

Amp.—Amp(ère (J. J.) Histoire littéraire de la France avant le douz. si(ècle. 3 vol. Paris, 1839.

And.—Anderson (C. John) Lake Ngami. London, 1856.

Arb.—Arbousset (T.) and Daumas Narrative of an Exploratory Tour to the north-east of the Cape of Good Hope. Trans. Svo. Cape Town, 1846.

Ast.—Astley (T.) Collection of Voyages and Travels. London, 1745–7.

Bage.—Bagehot’s (Walter) English Constitution.

Bail.—Bailey in Journal Ethnological Society. Vol. 2.

Bak.—Baker (Sir Samuel) Ethnological Transactions. 1867.

Bak.—Baker (Sir Samuel) The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia. London, 1867. Edition: current; Page: [763]

Banc.—Bancroft (H. H.) The Natire Races of the Pacific States of North America. London, 1876.

Bart.—Barth (H.) Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London, 1858.

Bast—Bastian (A.) Mensch.

Bast—Bastian (A.) Africanische Reisen. Bremen, 1859.

Bates.—Bates (Henry W.) Naturalist on River Amazon. 2nd Ed. London, 1864.

Bay.—Bayard (Chev.) History of. Trans. Kindersley. London, 1844.

Beech.—Beecham (John) Ashantee and the Gold Coast. London, 1844.

Bell.—Bell’s History of Russia in Lard. Cyclopedia.

Bent.—Bent (J. Theodore) in Fraser’s Magazine for December, 1880.

Bird.—Bird (Miss) Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. 1881.

Black.—Blackstone’s Commentaries, adapted by R. Malcolm Kerr, LL.D. 4th Ed. London, 1876.

Blas—Blas Valera in Garcillasso.

Bon.—Bonwick (James) Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians. London, 1870.

Boss.—Bossuet (J. B.) Politique (Euvres choisies). 5 vol. Paris, 1868.

Bouó.—Boué (Am.) La Turkie en Europe. 4 vol. 1841.

Bowr.—Bowring (Sir John) The Kingdom and People of Siam. 2 vol., 8vo. 1857.

Boy.—Boyle (F.) Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo. 8vo. 1865.

Bren.—Brentano (Lujo) On the History and Development of Gilds in Toulman Smith’s compliation of gild-ordinances. London, 1870.

Broo.—Brookes (Chas.) Ten Years in Sar(áwak.

Bru.—Bruce (Jas.) Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh and London, 1804.

Brug.—Brugseh (Dr. W.) History of Egypt.

Buck.—Buckle (H. T.) History of Civilization. 2nd (lib.) Ed. 1858.

Bur.—Burton (R. F.) Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. p. 8vo. 1864.

Bur.—Burton (R. F.) Abeokuta and the Camaroon Mountains. 2 vol., 8vo. 1863.

Bur.—Burton (R. F.) Lake Regions of Central Africa. 2 vol. 8vo. 1860.

Bur.—Burton (R. F.) Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. London, 1851.

Burch.—Burchell (W. J.) Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa.

Burck.—Burckhart (J. L.) Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys. London, 1850.

Burck.—Burckhardt (B.) Travels in Arabia. London, 1829.

Burt.—Burton (John Hill) History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Revolution of 1688. Edinburgh, 1867–70.

But.—Butler (Major John) Travels and Adventures in Assam. London, 1855.

C. & W.—Crichton and Wheaton’s History of Scandinavia in Edinburgh Cab. Liby.

Camp., J.E.S.L.—Campbell in Journal Ethnological Society. London.

Camp.—Campbell (John, Major-General) Wild Tribes of Khondistan. London, 1864.

Call.—Callaway (Rev. Canon) The Religious System of the Amazulu. Natal, 1868–70.

Chór.—Chéruel (A.) Dict, historique des institutions, maurs et coutumes de la France. 4to. Ed. Paris, 1874.

Chór.—Chéruel (A.) Historie de I’administration monarchique en France. 2vol. Paris, 1855.

Cie.—Cieza de Leon (P. de) Travels. Markham’s Translation (Hakluyt Society).

Edition: current; Page: [764]Clam.—Clamageran (J. J.) Histoire de l’impôt en France. 3 vol. Paris, 1867–70.

Clar.—Clarke (See Lewis and Clarke).

Clav.—Clavigero (Fr. S.) The History of Mexico [1780]. Translated by Ch. Cullen. London, 1787.

Coop.—Cooper (J. J.) Mishmee Hills. London, 1873.

Coul.—Coulanges (F. de) Histoire des institutions politiques de l’ancienne France. Vol. 1. Paris, 1874.

Coul.—Coulanges (F. de) in Revue des deux Mondes. Vol. xcix.

Corn.—Cornhill Magazine.

Crantz.—Crantz (David) History of Greenland. London, 1820.

Cur.—Curtius History of Greece.

Cust.—Custine’s (de) Empire of the Czar. Trans. 1843.

Cust.—Custine’s (de) La Russie en 1839.

D’Alb.—D’Albertis (Signor) In Transactions of Royal Colonial Institution, Dec. 17, 1878.

Dalt.—Dalton (Col. E. J.) Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta, 1872.

Dalt.—Dalton in Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Dalz.—Dalzel (Arch.) History of Dahomey. 1793.

Dar.—Dareste de la Chavanne (C.) Histoire des Classes Agricoles. 2me éd Paris, 1858.

Dar.—Dareste de la Chavanne Histoire de l’Administration en France. 2 vols. Paris, 1848.

Diaz.—Diaz de Castillo (Bernal) Memoirs [1598]. Translated by F. Ingram Lockhart. London, 1844.

Dob.—Dobrizhoffer (Martin) Account of the Abipones. Trans. London, 1822.

Domenech.—Domenech (Abbé) Seven Years’ Residence in the Great Deserts of North America. 2 vols. 8vo. 1860.

Dove.—Tasmanian Journal.

Drew.—Drew (Fred). The Jummoo and Cashmere Territories. 1875.

Duc.—Ducange (Ch. Dufresne, Sieur) Dissertations sur l’histoire de Saint Louys: appended to his Glossarium. Paris, 1846.

Dun.—Duncker (M.) Geschichte des Alterthums. 4 Aufl. Leipzig, 1868.

Dunh.—Dunham’s History of Germany (in Lardner’s Cyclopædia).

Dunh.—Dunham’s History of Poland (in Lardner’s Cyclopædia)

Dunh.—Dunham’s History of Spain (in Lardner’s Cyclopædia)

Dur.—Duran (Fr. D.) Historia de las Indias de Nueva España. Publ. por J. Ramirez. Vol. i. Mexico, 1867.

Dur.—Duruy (V.) Histoire des Romains. Paris, 1876.

Dur.—Duruy Histoire de France. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1860.

Dyer.—Dyer (J. F. Thistleton) British Popular Customs, Past and Present. London, 1876.

Ed.—Edwards (B.) History of the British West Indies. London, 1819.

Egin.—Eginhardus, Life of the Emperor Karl the Great. Trans. Glaister. London, 1877.

Ell.—Ellis (Rev. W.) Tour through Hawaii. 8vo. 1826.

Ell.—Ellis Polynesian Researches. 2 vols. 8vo. 1829.

Ell.—Ellis History of Madagascar. 2 vol. 8vo. 1838.

Ersk.—Erskine (Capt. J. E.) Journal of a Cruize among the Islands of the Western Pacific. 8vo. 1853.

Ew.—Ewald (H.) The History of Israel. Translated by T. E. Carpenter. London, 1867, &c.

Falk.—Falkner. Description of Patagonia.

Fav.—Favre (Rev. P.) In Journal of the Indian Archipelago. Vol ii. Singapore.

Edition: current; Page: [765]Fis—Fischel (E.) The English Constitution. Translated by R. J. Shee. 1867.

Fitz.—Fitzroy (Admiral) Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of the “Adventure” and “Beagle,” 1826–30, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. 1840.

For.—Forbes (F. E). Dahomey and the Dahomans. 1851.

For.—Forsyth (Captain J.) Highlands of Central India. Second Edition. London, 1872.

Forst.—Forster (Dr. J. R.) Observations during a Voyage round the World. 4to. 1778.

Fowl.—Fowler (Geo) Lives of the Sovereigns of Russia. 8vo. 1852.

Frank.—Franklin’s (Capt. J.) Narrative of Journey to Shores of Polar Sea. London, 1823.

Free.—Freeman (Ed. A.) The Growth of the English Constitution. London, 1876.

Free.—Freeman General Sketch. 1874.

Froiss.—Froissart. Chronicles of England, France, and Spain. Trans. Johnes. 2 vols. London, 1844.

Gal.—Gallatin (A.) Notes on the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America (in Transactions of the American Ethnological Society). Vol. i. New York, 1845.

Gal.—Galton (F.) In Journal Royal Geographical Society. 1852.

Gar.—Garcillasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas. Translated by Cl. R. Markham. London, 1869–71. (Hakluyt Society).

Gho.—Ghosh (Jogendra Chandra) Caste in India, in Calcutta Review for 1880.

Gib.—Gibbon’s Fall of the Roman Empire.

Glad.—Gladstone (W. E.) Studies on Homer. Oxford University Press, 1858.

Glas.—Glasfind in Selections from the Records of Government of India. (Foreign Department.)

Gom.—Gomara (F. Lopez de) Historia General de las Indias.

Gomme.—Gomme (G. L.) Primitive Folk Moots. London, 1880.

Gon.—Goncourt (E. & J. de) Histoire de la Société franç. pendant la Revolution. 2nd Ed. Paris, 1854.

Gov. Stat.—Government Statement on the Moral and Material Progress of India for 1869–70.

Gra.—Gratton (Thos. Collyn) History of the Netherlands. (In Lardner’s Cyclo.)

Greg.—Gregorii Turon, Historia Ecclesiastica Francorum. 2 vols. Paris, 1836–8.

Grey.—Grey (Sir Geo.) Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in Australia. London, 1841.

Grim.—Grimm (Jacob) Teutonic Mythology. Trans. Stallybrass.

Gro.—Grote’s History of Greece. 2nd Ed. London, 1849.

Guiz.—Guizot (F.) The History of Civilization. Trans. Hazlitt. 3 vols. London, 1871.

Gutz.—Gutzlaff (Rev. C.) China Opened. 2 vols. 8vo. 1838.

Hale.—Hale in U. S. Ex. Ex.

Hall.—Hallam, Europe in the Middle Ages. 11th Ed.

Hall.—Hallam, Reprint of 4th Ed. 1869.

Hark.—Harkness (Capt. Henry) The Neilgherry Hills. Roy. 8vo. 1882.

Har.—Harris (W. O.) Highlands of Æthiopia. London, 1844.

Hawk.—Hawkesworth (Dr. J.) Account of Voyages of Discovery in the Southern Hemisphere. London, 1773.

Haz.—Hazlitt (W. Carew) History of the Venetian Republic. London, 1860.

Edition: current; Page: [766]Hearne.—Hearne (Saml.) Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort to the Northern Ocean. Dublin, 1796.

Heer.—Heeren, African Researches. 1832–40.

Her.—Hermann (Chas. Fredk.) A. Manual of the Political Antiquities of Greece. Trans. Oxford, 1836.

Her.—Herrera (Ant. de) The General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America [1601]. Translated by J. Stephens. London, 1725–6.

Heug.—Heuglin (Th. von) Reise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nil. Leipzig und Heidelburg, 1869.

Hinc.—Hincmar, De Ordine Palatii.

Hodg.—Hodgson (B. H.) Kocch, Bodo, and Dhimal Tribes.

Hook.—Hooker (J. Dalton) Himalayan Journals. London, 1854.

Huc.—Huc (Prêtre Missionnaire) Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, Thibet, and China. Translated by Hazhtt. 2 vols. 1852.

Huc.—Huc The Chinese Empire. 2 vols. 1855.

Humb.—Humboldt’s Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America. 1852. (Bohn.)

Hume.—Hume’s (D.) History of England.

Hunt.—Hunter (W. W.) Annals of Rural Bengal. London, 1868.

Hunt.—Hunter (W. W.) A Statistical Account of Bengal. London, 1876.

Hunt.—Hunter (W. W.) A comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia. Prelim. Dissert. London, 1868.

Hutch.—Hutchinson (T. J.) Buenos Ayres, &c. London, 1865.

Innes.—Innes (Cosmo) Scotland in the Middle Ages. 8vo. 1860.

Innes.—Innes Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities. 1872.

J.A.S.B.—Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal.

Jer.—Jervis (W. H.) History of the Gallican Church. 2 vols. London, 1872.

J.E.S.—Journal of the Ethnological Society. London.

Join.—Joinville (J. Sire de) Saint Louis. Trans. Hutton. London, 1868.

Jukes.—Jukes (J. B.) Voyage of H.M.S. “Fly.” 1842–6.

Kane.—Kane (Paul) Wanderings of an Artist among Indians of North America. London, 1859.

Kel.—Kelly (W.) Excursion to California. London, 1851.

Kem.—Kemble (J. M.) The Saxons in England. 2 vols. 8vo. 1848.

Ken.—Kenrick (Rev. John) Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs. 2 vols. 8vo. 1850.

Kit.—Kitchen (G. W.) A History of France. 3 vols. London, 1873.

Kœnigs.—Kœnigswarter (L. J.) Histoire de l’organisation de la famille en France. Paris, 1851.

Kol.—Kolben (P.) Present State of the Cape of Good Hope. Translated by Medley. 8vo. 1731.

Kolf—Kolffe (D. H.) Voyages of the Dutch brig “Domsga.” Translated by Earl. 8vo. 1840.

Kou.—Koutorga (M.) Essai sur l’organisation de la Tribu. Trad. par M. Chopin.

Kue.—Kuenen (A.) The Religion of Israel. Translated by A. H. May. London, 1874–5.

L. & O.—Laird (Macgregor), and Oldfield (R. A. K.) Expedition into Interior of Africa. London, 1837.

Lact.—Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum.

Landa.—Landa (Diego de) Relation des Choses de Yucatan [1566] Texte Espagnol et traduction française. Par M. Brasseur de Bourbourg. Paris, 1864.

Lan.—Lander (Richard) Records of Capt. Clapperton’s last Expedition, &e. London, 1830.

Edition: current; Page: [767]Lav.—Laveleye (Emile de) Primitive Property. 1878.

Lay.—Layard (A. H.) Manners and Arts of Ancient Assyrians. 2 vols. Roy. 8vo. 1846.

Lel.—Lelevel (Joachim) Histoire de Pologne. Paris, 1844.

Les.—Leslie (Prof) in Fort. Rev. for 1875.

Lév.—Lévasseur (C.) Histoire des classes ouvrières. 1st and 2nd Series. 4 vols. Paris, 1859–67

L. & C.—Lewis & Clarke (Capts.) Travels to the Source of the Missouri, &c. London, 1814.

Lévy.—Lévy (Daniel) L’Autriche-Hongrie, ses Institutions et ses Nationalités. Paris, 1871.

Lich.—Lichtenstein (Henry) Travels in Southern Africa in the years 1803–6.

Liv.—Livingstone (D.) South Africa. London, 1861.

Lloyd.—Lloyd (Geo. Thos.) Thirty-three years in Tasmania and Victoria. Cr. 8vo. 1862.

Loub.—Loubère (M. de la) Du Royaume de Siam en 1687–88. Amsterdam, 1691.

Low.—Low (Hugh) Sarawak, its Inhabitants and Productions. 8vo. 1848.

Lubb.—Lubbock (Sir John) The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man. London, 1870.

Macch.—Macchiavelli (Nic.) M.’s works, translated by Farnworth. 1775.

Macph.—Macpherson, Report upon the Khonds of Ganjani and Cuttack. Calcutta, 1842.

Maine.—Maine (H. S.) History of Early Institutions.

Maine.—Maine (H. S.) Village Communities in the East and West. 8vo. 1871.

Mal.—Malcolm (Sir J.) Memoir of Central India. 3rd Ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1832.

Mal.—Malcolm (Sir J.) History of Persia.

Mall.—Mallet (P. H.) Northern Antiquities. Translated by Bishop Percy. London, 1847.

M. & C.—Manners and Customs of Japan.

Mann.—Mann, Transactions Ethnological Society. New Series, v.

Mar.—Mariner (W.) Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands. 2 vols. 8vo. 1818.

Mars.—Marsden (W.) History of Sumatra. 3rd Ed. 4to. 1811.

Marsh.—Marshall (Lieut.-Col. W. E.) A Phrenologist among the Todas. London, 1873.

Martin.—Martin (H.) Histoire de la France. Vols. i, iii (Ed. 1855–61), others, 2nd Ed. Paris, 1844.

Martin.—Martin (M.) Account of the Western Isles of Scotland. 1716.

Mart.—Martineau (Harriet) History of England during the Thirty Years’ Peace. 1849–50. Library Ed.

Mart.—Martineau (Harriet) Introduction to History of Thirty Years’ Peace. Bohn’s Ed.

Mason.—Mason, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Mau.—Maury in Revue des Deux Mondes.

May.—May (Sir Thos. Erskine) Democracy in Europe. London, 1877.

May.—Mayer (S.) Die Rechte der Israeliten, Athener u. Römer. Leipzig, 1862.

Maz.—Mazoroz (J. P.) Histoire des Corporations Françaises d’arts et métiers. Paris, 1878.

M’Cull.—M’Culloch, Selections from Records of Government of India.

McM.—McMahon (Lieut. A. R.) The Karens of the Golden Chersonese.

Méray.—Méray (A.) La vie au temps des trouvères. Paris, 1873.

Edition: current; Page: [768]Metz.—Metz (Rev. F.) Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills.

Mich.—Michie (Alex.) Siberian Overland Route. London, 1864.

Mit.—Mitford (A. B.) Tales of Old Japan. 2 vols. p. 8vo. 1871.

Mitch.—Mitchell (Sir T. L.) Journal of Expedition into New South Wales. 2nd Ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1839.

Moff.—Moffat (Robt.) Missionary Labours and Scenes in South Africa.

Mom.—Mommsen, History of Rome. Dickson’s Trans. 1862.

Mor.—Morgan (L. H.) League of the Iroquois. Rochester, 1851.

Mor.—Morier in Cobden Club Essays.

Mot.—Motley (J. L.) Rise of the Dutch Republic. 1861.

Mov.—Movers (F. C.) Die Phoenizier. Bonn u. Berlin, 1841, &o.

Onde.—Ondegardo (Pe de) Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas. Translated by Markham. London, 1878.

Ord.—Ordonnances des rois de France. Paris, 1723, ff.

Ouch.—Ouchterlony (Col.) A Geographical and Statistical Memoir of a Survey of the Neilgherry Hills [printed with Shortt’s Hill Ranges], 1847.

Pal.—Palgrave (W. J.) Narrative of a Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia. London, 1865.

Pall.—Pallas (P. S.) Voyages en differentes Provinces de l’Empire de Russie, &c.

Par.—Parkyn (Mansfield) Life in Abyssinia. London, 1853.

Park.—Park (Mungo) Travels in Interior Districts of Africa. 1816.

Patt.—Patterson (Arthur J.) The Magyars: their Country and Institutions. London, 1869.

Pear.—Pearson (C. H.) The Early and Middle Ages of England. 1867.

Pemb.—Pemberton’s Voyages.

Pied.—Piedrahita (L. Fernandez de) Historia del Nuevo Regno de Granada. Amberes, 1688.

Pike.—Pike (L. O.) History of Crime in England. 1871.

Prid.—Pridham (Chas.) Historical, Political, and Statistical Account of Ceylon. 2 vols 8vo. 1849.

Pot.—Potter (J., D.D.) Archalogica Graca, or the Antiquities of Greece. Edinburgh, 1827.

Pres.—Prescott (W. H.) Conquest of Peru. London, 1847.

Proy (Pink).—Proyart in Pinkerton’s Travels.

Raf.—Raffles (Sir T. S.) History of Java. 2 vols. 4to. 1817.

Ram.—Rambles in Syria.

Ranke.—Ranke, The Civil Wars and Monarchy in France. Trans. 2 vols. London, 1852.

Raw.—Rawhnson (G.) Five Ancient Monarchies. 4 vols. 1862–7.

Res.—Reade (W. Winwood) Savage Africa. 8vo. 1853.

Rec.—Records of the Past, being English Translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian Monuments. London.

Ree.—Reeves (J.) History of the English Law.

Ren.—Rennie (Dr. D. F.) Bhotan and the Story of the Dooar War. London, 1866.

Rev. Sib.—Revelations of Siberia. London, 1853.

Rich.—Bichter (G.) Annalen der deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter. Halle, 1873.

Roth.—Roth (P.) Feudalität und Unterthanenverband. Weimar, 1863.

Saha.—Sahagun (Fr. Bernardino de) Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaana [1569]. De la à luz C. M. de Bustamente. Mexico, 1829–30.

Salv.—Salvianus, De Gubernatione Dei.

Sang.—Sangermanó (Father) Description of the Burmese Empire. Roy. 4to. Rome, 1833.

Edition: current; Page: [769]Santa C.—Santa Cruz in Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Ynoas. Translated by Cl. R. Markham. London, 1873 (Hakluyt Society).

Sart.—Sartorius (C.) Mexico. Edited by Dr. Gaspey. London, 1858.

School—Schoolcraft (H. R.) Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River. London, 1855.

School—Schoolcraft (H. R.) Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley. New York, 1825.

See.—Seeman (B.) Vita; an Account of a Mission to the Vitian or Fijian Islands. 8ro. Cambridge, 1862.

See.—Seeley (J. R.) Lectures and Essays. 8vo. London, 1870.

Sev.—Sévigné (Madam de) Her Correspondents and Contemporaries. By the Comtesse de Puliga. 2 vols. London, 1873.

Shar.—Sharpe (Samuel) History of Egypt. 3rd Ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1852.

Shortt.—Shortt (Dr. J.) Hill Ranges of S.S. India. Madras, 1871.

Shortt.—Shortt (Dr. J.) Transactions of the Ethnological Society. London, 1880.

Sher.—Sherrville in J.A.S.B.

Shoot.—Shooter (Rev. Jos.) The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country. 8vo. 1857.

Sim.—Simon (P.). Tercera (y Cuarta) Noticia de la Segunda Parte de las Noticias Historiales de las Conquistas de Tierra Firme en el Nuevo Reyno de Granada 1624. In Kingsborough’s Antiquities of Mexico, Vol. viii.

Sis.—Sismondi (J. C. L. de) History of the Italian Republics (in Lardner’s Cyclopædia).

Sis.—Sismondi (J. C. L. de) Histoire des Républiques Italiennes. Nouv. éd. 16 vols. 8vo. 1826.

Ske.—Skene (W. F.) Celtic Scotland. 1880.

Sm.—Smith (R. Brough) Aborigines of Victoria. London, 1878.

Smith.—Smith (E. R.) The Araucanians. London, 1855.

Sohm.—Sohm (R.) Die fränkische Reichs-und Gerichts-verfassung. Weimar, 1871.

Sou.—Southey (Rob.) History of Brazil. 3 vols. 4to. 1810–19.

Spix.—Spix and Martius, Travels in Brazil. Trans. London, 1824.

Squi.—Squier (E. G.) Nicaragua. New York, 1852.

Squi.—Squier (E. G.) Observations on the Geography and Archæology of Peru. London, 1870.

St. J.—St. John’s (Spenser) Life in the Forests of the Far East. 2 vols. 8vo. 1862.

St. Sim.—Saint-Simon (Due de) Memoirs of, abridged by St. John. 4 vols. London, 1857.

Stew.—Stewart in Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal.

Stubbs.—Stubbs (Wm.) The Constitutional History of England. 3rd Ed. Oxford, 1880.

Sturt.—Sturt (Capt. Chas.) Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia.

Sup. Rel.—Supernatural Religion. 2nd Ed. 1874.

Tac.—Tacitus Germania.

Taine.—Taine (H.) L’Ancien Régime. Trans.

Tay.—Taylor (Dr W. C.) Student’s Manual of Ancient History (Egypt). 2 vols 12mo. 1843.

Ten.—Tennant (Sir J. Emerson) Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon. p. 8vo. 1861.

Ten.—Tennant (Sir J. Emerson) Ceylon; an Account of the Island, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. 1859.

Tern.—Ternaux-Compans (H.) Recueil de Pièces relatives à la Conquète du Merique. Paris, 1838–40.

Edition: current; Page: [770]Thirl.—Thirwall’s History of Greece in Lardner’s Cyclopædia.

Thom.—Thomson’s (Dr. A. S.) The Story of New Zealand Past and Present. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo. 1859.

Thomp.—Thompson (Geo.) Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa.

Thomp.—Thompson (G. A.) Alcedo’s Geogr. and Historical Dictionary of America, &c. London, 1812.

Thor.—Thorpe (B.) Diplomatarium Anglicum (Evi Saxonici, a Collection of English Charters, &c. 8vo. 1865.

Tie.—Tiele (C. P.) Outlines of the History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal Religion. London, 1877. Translated from the Dutch by J. E. Carpenter. London, 1877.

Tits.—Titsingh (J.) Annales des Empereurs de Japon. Trad. par Klaproth, Roy. 4to. 1834.

Tor.—Torquemada (J. de) Monarquia Indiana, con el orígin y Guerras de los Indios occidentales, &c. 3 vols. fol. Madrid, 1723.

Toz.—Tozer (Rev. Hy. Fanshawe) Lectures on the Geography of Greece. London, 1873.

Tur.—Turner (Rev. W.) Nineteen Years in Polynesia.

Turn.—Turner’s (Sharon) History of England. 12 vols. London, 1839.

Turp.—Turpin’s Siam in Pinkerton’s Travels.

U. S. Ex.—United States Exploring Expedition.

Vieus.—Vieusseaux (A.) History of Suntzerland. London, 1840.

Waitz.—Waitz (Dr. Theodor) Introduction to Anthropology. 1863.

Wal.—Wallace’s Russia.

Warn.—Warnkænig (L. A.) Französische Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte. 2 vols. Basel, 1846.

Wil.—Williams (Rev. J.) Fiji and the Fijians. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo. 1860.

Wil.—Williams (S. Wells) The Middle Kingdom. 1848.

Wilk.—Wilkinson (Sir J. G.) Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. New edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch, LL.D., D.C.L., &c.

Wilkes—Wilkes’ (Capt.) Narrative in United States Exploring Expedition.

Wint.—Winterbottom, Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone. London, 1803.

Wood.—Wood (Lieut. J.) Journey to the Source of River Oxus. London, 1841.

Xim.—Ximenes (F.) Las Historias del Origin de los Indios de Guatemala.

You.—Young (Ernest) Anglo-Saxon Family Law.

Zur.—Zurita (A.) Rapport sur les Chefs de la Nouvelle Espagne. Ternaux-Compans. Paris, 1846.

∗

What the social man, even of advanced race, is capable of, has been again shown while these lines are standing in type To justify the destruction of two African towns in Batanga, we are told that their king, wishing to have a trading factory established, and disappointed with the promise of a sub-factory, boarded an English schooner, carried off Mr. Govier, the mate, and refusing to release him when asked, “threatened to cut the man’s head off” : a strange mode, if true, of getting a trading factory established. Mr. Govier afterwards escaped; not having been ill-treated during his detention. Anchoring the Boadicea and two gunboats off Kribby’s Town ( “King Jack’s” residence), Commodore Richards demanded of the king that he should come on board and explain: promising him safety, and threatening serious consequences in case of refusal. Not trusting the promise, the king failed to come. Without ascertaining from the natives whether they had any reason for laying hands on Mr. Govier, save this most improbable one alleged by our people, Commodore Richards proceeded, after some hours’ notice, to clear the beach with shells, to burn the town of 300 houses, to cut down the natives’ crops, and to destroy their canoes; and then, not satisfied with burning “King Jack’s” town, went further south and burnt “King Long - Long’s” town. These facts are published in the Times of September 10, 1880. In an article on them, this organ of English respectability regrets that “the punishment must seem, to the childish mind of the savage, wholly disproportionate to the offence:” implying that to the adult mind of the civilized it will not seem disproportionate. Further, this leading journal of ruling classes who hold that, in the absence of established theological dogn as, there would be no distinction between right and wrong, remarks that “if it were not for the dark shadow cast over it by this loss of life” [of two of our men], “the whole episode would be somewhat humorous.” Doubtless, after the “childish mind of the savage” has accepted the “glad tidings” brought by missionaries of “the religion of love,” there is humour, somewhat of the grimmest, perhaps, in showing him the practice of this religion by burning his house. Comments on Christian virtues, uttered by exploding shells, may fitly be accompanied by a Mephistophelian smile. Possibly the king, in declining to trust himself on board an English ship, was swayed by the common Negro belief that the devil is white.

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The behaviour of Arab boatmen on the Nile displays, in a striking way, this inability to act together. When jointly hauling at a rope, and beginning to chant, the inference one draws is that they pull in time with their words. On observing, however, it turns out that their efforts are not combined at given intervals, but are put forth without any unity of rhythm. Similarly when using their poles to push the dahabeiah off a sand-bank, the succession of grunts they severally make, is so rapid that it is manifestly impossible for them to give those effectual united pushes which imply appreciable intervals of preparation. Still more striking is the want of concert shown by the hundred or more Nubians and Arabs employed to drag the vessel up the rapids. There are shoutings, gesticulations, divided actions, utter confusion; so that only by accident does it at length happen that a sufficient number of efforts are put forth at the same moment. As was said to me, with some exaggeration, by our Arab dragoman, a travelled man—“Ten Englishmen or Frenchmen would do the thing at once.”

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While writing I find, in the recently-issued “Transactions of the Anthropological Institute,” proof that even now in England, the professional classes are both taller and heavier than the artizan classes.

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While I am writing, the just-issued third volume of Mr. Skene’s Celtic Scotland, supplies me with an illustration of the process above indicated. It appears that the original Celtic tribes which formed the earldoms of Moray, Buchan, Athol, Angus, Mentoith, became broken up into clans; and how influential was the physical character of the country in producing this result, we are shown by the fact that this change took place in the parts of them which fell within the highland country. Describing the smaller groups which resulted, Mr. Skene says:—“While the clan, viewed as a single community, thus consisted of the chief, with his kinsmen to a certain limited degree of relationship; the commonalty who were of the same blood, who all bore the same name, and his dependents, consisting of subordinate septs of native men, who did not claim to be of the blood of the chief, but were either probably descended from the more ancient occupiers of the soil, or were broken men from other clans, who had taken protection with him.… Those kinsmen of the chief who acquired the property of their land founded families.… The most influential of these was that of the oldest cadet in the family which had been longest separated from the main stem, and usually presented the appearance of a rival house little less powerful than that of the chief.”

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As bearing on historical interpretations at large, and especially on interpretations to be made in this work, let me point out further reasons than those given by Grote and others for rejecting the tradition that the Spartan constitution was the work of Lykurgus. The universal tendency to ascribe an effect to the most conspicuous proximate cause, is especially strong where the effect is one of which the causation is involved. Our own time has furnished an illustration in the ascription of Corn-law Repeal to Sir Robert Peel, and after him to Messrs. Cobden and Bright: leaving Colonel Thompson un-named. In the next generation the man who for a time carried on the fight single-handed, and forged sundry of the weapons used by the victors, will be unheard of in connexion with it. It is not enough, however, to suspect that Lykurgus was simply the finisher of other men’s work. We may reasonably suspect that the work was that of no man, but simply that of the needs and the conditions. This may be seen in the institution of the public mess. If we ask what will happen with a small people who, for generations spreading as conquerors, have a contempt for all industry, and who, when not at war, pass their time in exercises fitting them for war, it becomes manifest that at first the daily assembling to carry on these exercises will entail the daily bringing of provisions by each. As happens in those pic-nics in which all who join contribute to the common repast, a certain obligation respecting quantities and qualities will naturally arise—an obligation which, repeated daily, will pass from custom into law: ending in a specification of the kinds and amounts of food. Further, it is to be expected that as the law thus arises in an age when food is coarse and unvaried, the simplicity of the diet, originally unavoidable, will eventually be considered as intended—as an ascetic regimen deliberately devised. [When writing this I was not aware that, as pointed out by Prof. Paley in Fraser’s Magazine, for February, 1881, among the Greeks of later times, it was common to have dinners to which each guest brought his share of provisions, and that those who contributed little and consumed much were objects of satire. This fact increases the probability that the Spaitan mess originated as suggested.]

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I should have thought it needless to insist on so obvious a truth had it not been that even still there continues this identification of things so utterly different. Within these few years has been published a magazine-article by a distinguished historian, describing the corruptions of the Roman Republic during its latter days, with the appended moral that such were, and are, likely to be the results of democratic government!

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Reference to the passage since made shows not only this initial relation, but still more instructively shows that at the very beginning there arises the question whether protection shall come first and payment afterwards, or payment first and protection afterwards. For the passage continues:—“Once a man after this fashion making a complaint, when the Maharajah was taking the rupee, closed his hand on it, and said, ‘No, first hear what I have to say.’”

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A friend who has read this chapter in proof, points out to me passages in which Brentano draws from these parallelisms a like inference. Referring to the traits of certain fully-developed gilds, he says:— “If we connect them with what historians relate about the family in those days, we may still recognize in them the germ from which, in later times, at a certain stage of civilization, the Gild had necessarily to develop itself…the family appears as the pattern and original type, after which all the later Gilds were formed.”

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In our own case the definite ending of these tenures took place in 1660; when, for feudal obligations (a burden on landowners) was substituted a beer-excise (a burden on the community).

1

This chapter was originally published in the Contemporary Review for Sept., 1881. Since that date a further movement of German society in the same general direction has been shown by the pronounced absolutism of the imperial rescript of Jan., 1882, endorsing Prince Bismarck’s scheme of State-socialism.