IV.

On p. 187 we find a table, the figures in which are not identical with those supplied to the commission (pp. xviii. and xix.); I take those in the table because the following sentence is appended to it: “The average number of workmen per establishment has increased, and this is a primary indication of the concentration of the staff of the various establishments.” But what is the proportion?

	Establishments.	Number of wage-earners.	Percentage of wage-earners.
	1896	1901	1896	1901	1896	1901
Agriculture ...	1,500,000	1,340,500	3 283 600	2,918,400	2.3	2.2
Industry and carrying trade	603,200	620,800	3 788,400	4,308,400	6.3	6.9
Trade ... ...	249,600	250,300	657,400	763,200	2.6	3,0
Learned professions ...	36,600	43,900	161,100	202,364	4.4	4,6

Viewed in the light of percentages, the increase in the number of workmen, the primary indication of concentration, averages 30 per 100 establishments (360—330). The maximum increase is in the Edition: current; Page: [212] class of industry and the carrying trade (60 workmen per 100 establishments), while agriculture and the learned professions present the minimum figures (10 and 20 per cent. respectively).

On page 185 the occupations are sub-divided, and the figures of the average number of workmen and clerks per establishment employing more than 1 employee are classified as follows:—

Industry	No. of wage-earners per Establishment
Metallurgical trades (iron and steel) ... ... ... ...	689
Mines and minerals ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	477
Government or municipal industrial establishments	245
Metallurgical trades (various metals) ... ... ... ...	181
Glass works ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	140

We descend almost directly below 100:—

Paper mills ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	66
China and earthenware ... ... ... ... ...	55
Paper hangings and playing cards ... ... ... ... ... ...	47
Cotton and wool factories ... ... ... ... ... ...	46
Indiarubber ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	41
Alcohol and sugar ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	39
Dyeing, bleaching, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	38
Musical instruments (metal) ... ... ... ... ... ...	37
Gas lighting and petrol ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	34
Chemicals, explosives, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...	19 to 25

For the remaining industries the figure is 16 and under. There are, therefore, only five industrial sub-classes with more than 100 workmen per establishment. On p. 186 there is a list of industries showing the average number of workmen employed per establishment for the years 1896 and 1901. It is unfortunate that the number of establishments is not stated side by side with the number of workmen.

	1896	1901
Coal mines ... ... ... ... ...	857	953
Tinplate works ... ... ... ...	698	953
Blast furnaces (first process)	504	701
Steel works ............	510	687
Iron and steel shipbuilding	416	524

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If the number of establishments has decreased between the two census, we may say that there has been a concentration. If their number has increased, there has been a development of industry.

As soon as we pass from these five industries we descend to a number of workmen less than 500. We find 18 with more than 200. There are 53 subclasses in all, with more than 100 workmen. Unfortunately, again, the same table does not state the number of establishments represented by them. We only know, from the next table (p. 187) that the number of industrial establishments with more than 100 workmen is distributed as follows:—

No. of Workmen.	No. of Establishments.	Proportion per 10,000.
	1896	1901	1896	1901
101 to 200 ...	2053	2375 .....	35	39
201 to 500 ...	1158	1342 ....	19	22
501 to 1000 ...	300	340 ....	5	6
1001 to 2000 ...	107	147 ....	2	2
2001 to 5000 ...	35	46 ....	—	—
Over 5000 ...	13	18 ....	—	—

The number of all establishments has, therefore, increased, which is evidence, not of concentration, but of development of industry. We perceive at the same time how insignificant a part is played by the larger industries in France. The standard had to be raised to 10,000 in order to obtain the units for comparison, and these were not obtainable for establishments employing more than 2,000 workmen.

As regards small establishments with not more than one workman, these ought, in accordance with Marx' theory, to have disappeared, instead of which they increased from 290,800 to 318,300 or from 4,900 to 5,100 per 10,000. This demonstrates a movement precisely contrary to that of proletarisation. The development of the larger industries has not killed the spirit of enterprise and Edition: current; Page: [214] initiative of the workman who is able to start business on his own account.

In trade (as opposed to manufacturing industries) we find the same phenomenon:—

No. of Employees.	No. of Establishments.	Proportion per 10,000.
	1896	1901	1896	1901
101 to 200 ... ...	92	122 .....	4	5
201 to 500 ... ...	36	54 .....	2	2
501 to 1000 ... ...	5	6 .....	—	—
1001 to 2000 ... ...	7	4 .....	—	—
2001 to 5000 ... ...	3	5 .....	—	—
Over 5000 ... ...	—	1 .....	—	—

A table on p. 197 shows the number of wage-earners employed in the different classes of industries properly so-called, with the fraction of this number employed in the smaller establishments. The table only contains six industrial sub-classes in which the workmen employed in establishments with a staff of more than 100 are in the majority:—

Industries.	Total No. of Wage-earners.	No. of Wage-earners Employed in Establishments employing more than 100 (estimated).
Mines and minerals ... ...	189,400	183,000
Chemical industries ... ...	101,900	53,000
India rubber and paper ...	65,200	38,000
Textile industries ... ... ...	636,700	434,000
Metallurgical industries ...	75,200	73,500
China and glass ... ... ...	144,500	78,000

This number amounts to 859,000 out of a total of 1,317,0001 workmen employed in establishments which employ more than 100 workmen, or 65 per cent. We see to how small a number of classes the greater industries, in which the majority of workmen are employed in establishments with more than 100 workmen, are limited.

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