Chapter 31 of 32 · The Austrian School of Economics: A History of Its Ideas, Ambassadors, and Institutions by Eugen-Maria Schulak
Index A
Adler, Karl, 61
Adler, Max and Friedrich, 93
Advertising, 56
Affluent Society, The, 167
Alois, Joseph, 75
America’s Great Depression, 170
Analyses of the Concept and the Essence of the Ground Rent, 19, 34, 56, 130
Andermann, Hermine, 32
Anti-Capitalistic Mentality, The, 118
Applied Theory of Wages, 72
Arrow, Kenneth J., 164
Artha, Leopold Hasner von, 11, 30
Association for Social Policy, 22
Atanasovski, Daniela, xiii
Auspitz, Rudolf, 100
Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, An, 70
Austrian School
academic network, 173
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 20
capital and interest, theory of, 38
controversies and polemics, 47
economist, minister, and aristocrat, 45
marginal utility theory, 20
sword of the new direction, 47
theory, rejection of, 37
book evolution, contributors, xiii, xiv
business cycle theory, 73, 74, 86
Cantillon, Richard, 153
censorship, 112
characteristics of, 164–165
Consumer Sovereignty
Marginalism
Methodological Individualism
Methodological Subjectivism
Opportunity Costs
Political Individualism
Taste and Preferences
Time Structure of Production and Consumption
collective as unscientific, xvi
Committee of Social Thought, 168
contact with foreign economists, 110
controversies, 109
credit financing and business cycles, 86
criticism refuted, 33
decline of, 160
decontextualization, 16n2
disengagement of, 111
drifting apart of, 38
entrepreneur, 153
exiled members, 168
foreign economists, contact with, 110
fundamental insights,xi, 167
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The, 74, 160
geographical separation, 112
Hayek, Friedrich A. von, 70, 72, 122, 163, 168
Hicks, John Richard, 172
Hilferding, Rudolf, 93
historical brief, xv
historical roots, 166
History and Critique of Theories of Interest, 34
hostility to, xii
Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 176
human interaction, xii
ideological struggle, xii
individualism, 106
individualist–liberal tradition, 163
inner emigration, 112
intellectual milieu, 62
isolation and paralysis, 102–103
Journal of Economics, Social Policy and Administration, 99
Kaufmann, Felix, 108
Kirzner, Israel M., 165
labor theory of value, 91
literary tradition, 172
little-regarded outsider, 74
marginal utility, 19
marginalist mainstream, divergence from, 110
marginalization, 106
Marxism, critique of, 92
Marxist anti-critique, 93
Mataja, Viktor, 56–57
Mayer, Hans, 43, 106, 128, 160–162
Menger Tradition, 164
Menger, Carl, founder, 2, 29, 31
Methodenstreit, 33
Mises-Privatseminar, 107
Mises, Ludwig von, 69, 90, 101, 116, 168–169
Mises’s private seminar, 107
Modern Austrian School of Economics, 170
monetary theory, 69
Morgenstern, Oskar, 131
National Socialists, Germany, 111
new school, 167
next generation emerges, 117
nomenclatura, Austrian, 163
oblivion, 114
origin of, x
ourspoken members, 69
pejorative term, 28
Philippovich, Eugen von Philippsberg, 55–56
Positive Theory, 33
post World War I, 117
poverty of, 102
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, The, 174
reconstitution of, 109
Review of Austrian Economics, 174
revitalized Austrian School, 174
Schams, Ewald, 160
Schlesinger, Karl, 113, 135–136
Schüller, Richard, 61
Schumpeter rift, 86
separation, geographical, 112
Socher, Karl, 166
socialist dispute, 91
Society of Economists of Austria, 26, 99
song and verse, 108
Spann and Mayer, 108
Spann, Othmar, 106
statism, criticism and involvement, 99
students of Menger, 62–63
subjective value, theory of, 19, 91
subjectivist-individualistic approach, xvi
term origin, 27
theoretical authority established, 71
time factor, 110
Viennese School of economics, xv
war economy institutions, 101
Wieser, Friedrich von, 19, 20, 26, 41, 95, 105
Wolfensgrün, Carl Menger von, see Menger, Carl
younger school, 127
Zuckerkandl, Robert, 57
Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, 70
Austrian School: Market Order and Entrepreneurial Creativity, The, 176
Austro-Marxism, xiv
B
Baader, Roland, 174
Baechler, Jean, 151
Ballester, Jesús Huerta de Soto, 174, see also Huerta de Soto, Jesús
Barry, Norman B., 174
Basic Rules of Economy, The, 7
Bauer, Helene, 96
Bauer, Otto
Austro-Marxist, 89
Böhm-Bawerk seminar, 48
German unification, 77
inflationary policy, 69
socialist elite, 93
war economy institutions, 101
Bayer, Hans, 113, 132–133, 161
Bettelheim-Gabillon, Ludwig, 108, 113, 136
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von
agio theory, 46
Analyses of the Concept and the Essence of the Ground Rent, 19, 34, 56, 130
Austrian position, 26
Austrian School, member of founding triumvirate, 45
biography, 45–48
budget balance, 47
Bukharin, Nicolai Ivanovich, personal attacks, 96
Conrad’s Annuals, 18
controversies and polemics, 47
cost value theory
Historical School
Marxist exploitation theory
socio-political responsibility
danger of false teaching, 86
Economic Theory of the Leisure Class, 96
Exploitation Theory, The, 91
final utility, 20
Gloria-Palermo, Sandye, 172
habilitation, 23
Hilferding, Rudolf, Marxist anti-critique, 93
History and Critique of Theories of Interest, 34
Imperial Academy of Sciences, 48
interest and the socialist state, 91
Journal of Economics, Social Policy, and Administration, 27
living beyond means, 68
Mahr, Alexander, criticism, 130
Menger, Carl, criticism, 37
Mises, Ludwig, von, criticism, 38
pejorative references, 106
Positive Theory of Capital, 33, 47
present and future value, 34, 36
productive diversion, 36n1
Rae, John, 36n1
Sax, Emil, comprehensive critique, 38
Schumpeter, Joseph A., criticism, 37
Boody, Elisabeth, 78
Braun, Martha Stephanie, 70, 107, 108, 113, 135, 163
Browne, Martha Steffy, 135, see also Braun, Martha Stephanie
Bukharin, Nicolai Ivanovich, 48, 96
business cycle theory,xi,6671–73, 93, 109, 129
Bramoullé, Gérard, 174
C
Calzada, Gabriel, 174
Cantillon, Richard, 153
capital and interest
Austrian School of Economics, 176
Austrian Theory, 33
Böhm-Bawerk, 36
Capital and Interest, 37, 46, 91
Menger, Carl, 34–33
Mises, Ludwig von, 38
Positive Theory, 34
Rothbard, Murray N., 170
Sax, Emil, 38
Wieser, Friedrich von, 37
Capital and Production, 73, 129
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 78, 86
Carl Menger, 111
Carnap, Rudolf, 108
Cassel, Carl Gustav, 70
Clark, John Bates, 18
Classical Economics and Its Enemies, 61
Cohn, Gustav, 33
Colombatto, Enrico, 174
Compendium of Political Economy, 19, 56
Concise Dictionary of Political Sciences, 20, 128, 130, 134
Conrad’s Annuals, 18
Constitution of Liberty, The, 124, 148
Counter-Revolution of Science, The, 147
cosmos, 150–151
Critique of Causal Scientific Principles in Social Research, 174
Critique of Pure Reason, 139
Crusoe, Robinson, 15, 18, 19, 50
Cubeddu, Raimondo, 174
D
Danneberg, Robert, 93
Degenfeld-Schonburg, Ferdinand, 106, 134, 161
Cerro, Javier Aranzadi del, 174
Democracy: The God That Failed, 175
Denationalisation of Money, 125
Deutsch, Julius, 93
Dietzel, Heinrich, 18, 25, 27, 91
DiLorenzo, Thomas, 174
Dub, Moriz, 62
E
Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, essay, 94
economic denotations, 8
Economic Doctrine and Method: An Historical Sketch, 76
Economic Theory of the Leisure Class, 96
Economic Theory of the Presence, anthology, 110
economics, ultimate definition of, 137
Ehalt, Hubert Christian, xiii
Einaudi, Luigi, 171
Encyclopedia of Viennese Learning, xiii
Engel-Janosi, Friedrich, 107, 108, 136
entrepreneur
Austrian School of Economics, xvi
Austrian School: Market Order and Entrepreneurial Creativity, The, 176
Cantillon describes, 153
Engel-Janosi, Machlup, 108
Entrepreneurial Profit, The, 154
Hayek describes, 156
Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 176
individual, subjective feelings and actions, xvi
Kirzner theory, 169
Mataja describes, 154–155
Menger describes, 153–154
Mises, speculation, 155–156
Entrepreneurial Profit, The, 154
Errors of Historicism in German Economics, 24
F
Faber, Marc, 174
Failure of the New Economics, 74, 169
Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, The, 125, 157
Feilbogen, Siegmund, 26, 59, 60
Fetter, Frank A., 110
Finance Capital, 93
Fink, Barbara, xiv
Formation and Depletion of Capital in the Course of the Business Cycle, 73, 135
Foundation of Theoretical State Economy, 50
Franch, José Juan, 174
Freedom and the Law, 171
Freisehner, Gabriela, xiii
French, Douglas, x
Friedman, Milton, 124
Friedrich August v. Hayek Institut, 166
Frisch, Karl von, 122
Fürth, Herbert, 107, 108, 113, 122
G
Gans von Ludassy, Julius Friedrich, 62, 137
Garello, Jaques, 174
General Commission for War and Transition Economy, 101
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 73
Gentier, Antoine, 174
Georg, Elvira, x
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 106, 108, 109, 113, 136
Gertchey, Nikolay, 174
Gombrich, Ernst, 123
Goodwin, Richard M., 78
Gossen, Herman Heinrich, 18, 95
Gross, Gustav, 23, 26, 53, 54, 91, 100
Grözinger, Robert, x
Grünhut, Carl Samuel, 60
H
Haberler, Gottfried von
Austrian School, growing authority, 71
biography, 132
business cycle theories, 73
exodus, 112
Geistkreis and Mises-Privatseminar members, 107–108, 122
Habilitation, 109
Harvard University, 111
Hayek, London School of Economics, 123
honorary Ph.D., 163
Keynes’s multiplier theory, 74
Meaning of Index Numbers, The, 132
Mises marriage, 115
Mises private seminar, 70, 117
Nazis suspend teaching license, 113
politically undesirable, 132
Prices and Production, 72
Prosperity and Depression, 132
purchasing power of money, 72
Rockefeller Foundation scholarship, 106–107
Schumpeter following, 78
Weber–Hicks symposium, 163
Weber, Wilhelm, co-publisher, 162
Habermann, Gerd, 174
Habermas, Jürgen, 174
Habilitation, 16n.3
Adler, Karl, 61
Bayer, Hans, 132
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 23, 46, 55
defined, 16n3
Feilbogen, Siegmund, 59
Gross, Gustav, 54
Gruber, Ignaz, 62
Gruber, Karl, 160
Hayek, Friedrich A. von, 71, 122
Komorzynski, Johann von, 57
Landesberger, Julius, 58
Machlup, Fritz, prevented, 112
Mahr, Alexander, 130
Mataja, Viktor, 56
Mayer, Hans, not completed, 106, 128
Meyer, Robert, 53
Mischler, Ernst, 62
Mises, Ludwig von, 66
Philippovich, Eugen von Philippsberg, 55
Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Narcyz, prevented, 134
Sax, Emil, 50
Schönfeld-Illy, Leo, 136
Schüller, Richard, 61
Schullern zu Schrattenhofen, Hermann von, 58
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 76
Schwiedland, Eugen Peter, 59
Seidler, Gustav, 61
Sieghart, Rudolf, 60
Singer, Isidor, 61
Strigl, Richard von, 129
Weiss, Franz Xaver, 129
Zuckerkandl, Robert, 57
Handbook for Gambling at the Stock Exchange, 13
Havel, Jan, 174
Hayek, Friedrich A. von
academic isolation, 123
Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, 70
Austrian School, reviving, 163
Austrian theory diminished, 74
Baechler, Jean, 151
biography, 121
business cycles and credit expansion, 71
collectivism produces despotism, 148
Committee of Social Thought, 168
competition socialism, 96
concordance democracy, 161
Constitution of Liberty, The, 124, 148
cosmos, 150
cosmos/taxis and nomos/thesis, 151
Counter-Revolution of Science, The, 147
credit expansion and business cycles, 71
Denationalisation of Money, 125
entrepreneurial action, 153, 156
Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, The, 125, 157
forced saving, 71–73
freedom, discipline of, 151
Friedrich August v. Hayek Institut, 166
Geistkreis, discussion group, 122
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 73
Haberler, Gottfried, 132
Habilitation, 109
ideological-political duopoly, 161
Individualism and Economic Order, 124, 146
Keynes, John Maynard, debate, 72–73, 123
Law, Legislation, and Liberty, 125, 151
literary feud, 72
market-induced prices, function of, 96
Menger students, 62
monetary expansion, beneficiaries of, 68
Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle, treatise, 123
money supply, changes in, 71
Mont Pèlerin Society, 171
Morgenstern, Oskar, 131
nomos/thesis and cosmos/taxis, 151
ordoliberals, 171Prices and Production, 72
Road to Serfdom, The, 124, 145, 146
Robbins, Lionel, 123
Schams, Ewald, 134
Sensory Order, The, 124
socialism v freedom, 146
Sveriges Riksbank Prize, 125
Three-Market-Barometer, 71
tradition sustained, xv
values and goals, 151
Warhanek, Helene, 124
Hayek, Josef, 121
Herzfeld, Marianne von, 108, 113, 115
Hicks, John, 123
Hildebrand, Richard, 25
Historical School
Austrian School, conflict with, xvi
Cohn, Gustav, 33
economics of, 21n1
essays inadequate, 25
exclusion of non-members, 26
feelings of national unity, 22
Menger accusation, 23–24
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 81
Historical View of The Right to Full Labor Revenue, A, 92
History and Critique of Theories of Interest, 34, 46
History of Economic Analysis, 78
Hitler, Adolf, 79
Hochreiter, Gregor, 174
Homberg, André, x
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann,ix,xiii, 139, 140, 172, 174–175
Howey, Richard S., 55
Huber, Beate, xiv
Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 174, 176
Hülsmann, Jörg-Guido, 174, 175
human action, see also praxeology
conscious behavior, 140
entrepreneurial action, 155
epistemology, 107
general conditions, 143
logic of action and deed, 138
Mises private seminar, 107
praxeological and economic insights, 144
praxeology, 137
thinking and acting, 142
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 118, 140, 141, 144, 155, 169
I
Inama-Sternegg, Karl Theodor von, 27
individual
autonomous agent, 15
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 26
Constitution of Liberty, The, 148
decisive economic agent, xii
economy, 15
entrepreneur as capitalist, laborer, and owner, 155
feelings and actions, xvi
free society, 149
freedom as means, 148
goods, 16
Hayek, complex exchange relationships, 145
Hayek, market-induced prices, 96
Individualism and Economic Order, 146
information, unique, 146
knowledge, combination of, 147
law, idea of, 150
Ludassy, viewpoint of acting, 137
means to ends, 142
Menger, economizing individual, 18
Methodological Individualism, 164
Methodological Subjectivism, 164
Mises, praxeology, 137
Mises, purchasing power, 67
Political Individualism, 165
preferences,xii, 171
repudiation of, 112
rules limit, 150
value theory, 15
value-imputing subject, 15
Wieser, Friedrich von, 42
Individualism and Economic Order, 124, 146
Infantino, Lorenzo, 174
inflation, 68–70, 170, 173, 175
Institute for Value-Based Economics, x, xiv
intellectus sacrificium, 103
Introduction to the Basics of Economics, 129
Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences, 23, 146
J
Jevons, William Stanley, 18, 33, 40, 172
Journal of Economics, Social Policy, and Administration, 27, 48, 54, 56, 61, 108
K
Kamitz, Richard, 113
Kant, Immanuel, 137–140
Karl I, Emperor, 61
Karl Marx and the Close of His System, 92
Karl Marx: A Study, 91
Kaufmann, Felix
exodus, 113
Geistkreis and Mises-Privatseminar members, 107–108, 108, 122, 136
Mises private seminar, 107, 117
Keizer, William J., 174
Kéler, Sigismund von, 75
Keynes, John Maynard
economists, social functions of, 74
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The, 160
Hayek, literary feud, 72–73, 172
markets, self regulated, 72
Mayer criticism, 162
monetary expansion, policy of, 70
Schumpeter, creative crisis, 79
Theory of Money, 68
Treatise on Money, A, 79
Kirzner, Israel, 118, 165, 169, 173, 176
Klausinger, Hans-Jörg, 166
Kleinwächter, Friedrich, 25
Knapp, Georg Friedrich, 66
Knies, Adolf, 34
Komorzynski, Johann von
biography, 57
delusory socialism, 92
Doctrine of Credit in Political Economy, The, rejected, 57
imputation theory, 58
interest theory, 58
philanthropic socialism, 92
Thünen’s wage theory, 57
Value in the Isolated Economy, The, 34
Viennese Lawyers Club, 57
Kraus, Karl, 77
Kudler, Joseph von, 7
Kurz, Heinz D., 166
L
Landesberger, Julius, 58–59, 100
Lane, Georges, 174
Lange, Oskar, 78
Last Knight of Liberalism, The, 175
Law of Marginal Utility, The, 136
Law of Power, The, 42
Law, Legislation, and Liberty, 125, 151
Leen, Auke, 174
Leoni, Bruno, 171
Leontief, Wassily, 78
Lerner, Abba P., 123
Leser, Norbert, xiv
Lieben, Richard von, 100
Lieser, Helene, 113
Littlechild, Stephan, 174
Lorenz, Konrad, 122
M
Machlup, Fritz
Austrian School, growing authority, 71
Austrian School, six characteristics, 164
Geistkreis and Mises-Privatseminar members, 107–108, 122
Gold Bullion Standard, The, 70, 133
Habilitation, denied, 133
Hayek, Nazism, 123
Hayek, private seminar, 117, 123
honorary senator, 163
information economics, pioneer of, 168
Keynes’s multiplier theory, 74
Mises, consequences of Hitlerism, 111
Mont Pèlerin Society, 124
Schumpeter following, 78
Stock Market, Credit and Capital Formation, The, 73, 134
Weber–Hicks symposium, 164
Mahr, Alexander
Austrian School, eclectic sympathies, 161, 162
biography, 130
inner emigration, 113
Journal of Economics, editor, 159
Nazi period, 160
Rockefeller Foundation scholarships, 106–107
Man, Economy, and State, 170
marginal utility
Austrian School, 19
Bauer, Helene, 9
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 17, 19, 35
Cohn, Gustav, 33
Concise Dictionary of Political Sciences, 20
Dietzel, Heinrich, 91
Gossen, Herman Heinrich, 18, 95
Howey, Richard S., 55
Last Grenadier of the Marginal Utility School, The, song and verse, 108
margins of valuation, 17
Mataja, Viktor, 56
Menger, Karl, 172
pejorative references, 106
Robinson Crusoe, 18
Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Narcyz, 134
Schönfeld-Illy, Leo, 136
Schullern zu Schrattenhofen, Hermann von, 58
Seidler, Ernst, 63
Wieser, Friedrich von, 16, 40–41, 65
Marginal Utility and National Accounting, 136
Market Theory and the Price System, 169
Marx, Karl
Grünberg, Carl, 92
Komorzynski, Johann von, 57, 92
Marxism
Austrian School critique, 89, 92
Austro-Marxism, xiv
Bauer, Helene, 96
Böhm-Bawerk, 34
Marxism and the Subjective Theory of Value, 97
Mises, Ludwig von, 90
Zeisl, Hans, 97
Marxism and the Subjective Theory of Value, 97
Masci, Gugliemo, 159
Mataja, Viktor, 23, 26, 56, 100, 154
Mayer, Hans
Austrian School influence, 100
biography, 128
concordance democracy, 161
Economic Theory of the Presence, 110
emigration losses, 114
exclusion of Jews, 113
Hayek, Friedrich A. von, 161
ideological-political duopoly, 161
Journal of Economics, 109, 159
judgments about, 128
Keynes, critique of, 162
Keynes, John Maynard, 160
Lausanne School, 110
Machlup, Fritz, 134
Mahr, Alexander, 130
Mayer and Spann, 101, 108, 128
Mises–Mayer Debate, The, song and verse, 108
Mises’s private seminar, 107
monetary and business cycle theory, 72
recruitments, 106
Schams, Ewald, 161
Schönfeld-Illy, Leo, 136
Weber, Wilhelm, 160
Wieser, Friedrich von, successor to, 43, 105, 128
Meaning of Index Numbers, The, 132
Meijer, Gerrit, 174
Menger, Carl
Alter, Max, 172
Andermann, Hermine, 32
anthropocentric maxim, 14
Austrian School of Economics, founder,xv, 2, 29
founding triumvirate, 44
biography, early, 29–32
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von
Carl Menger Institut, 166
challenge basic suppositions, 23
character, 30
classical economists, re-evaluation of, 25
classification of economics, 25
collective need, 105
Crusoe, Robinson, 15
currency reform consultations, 66
economic phenomena, emergence of, 23
economics, historical, theoretical, and practical distinctions, 23
economics, methodology of, 2
entrepreneurship, 153–154
Ettinger, Markus, 95
Feilbogen, Siegmund, 59
Gloria-Palermo, Sandye, 172
goods or products, attributes of, 16
Habilitierung, 31
Habilitierungen, assisted with, 61
Historical School, basic suppositions, 23
Historical School, shortcomings, 24
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 172
Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 176
individual economy, 15
individual, 15
individualism and collectivism, 25
individualistic view, 14–16
induction and deduction, 25
institutional closeness, promoted, 62
Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences, 23, 146
journal contributions, 62
journalist, 13
Komorzynski, Johann von, 57
Landesberger, Julius, 58
law studies, 11
laws of economics, validity of, 23
Marginal Utility, 17
marginalist revolutionary, 172
Mataja, Viktor, 56
mathematical approach, rejection of, 172
Menger School, 27
Menger Tradition, 164
Menger, Anton, 92–93
Menger, Karl, 32
objection, 34
theory, criticism of, 37
Wieser, Friedrich von, 46
Methodenstreit
emergence of, 21
topic areas, 25
methodology of economics, 22
Meyer, Robert, 53
Mischler, Peter, 30
money, nature and origin of, 145
nation, economic definition, 23
objectivity, lapses in, 25
observation, importance of, 14
pejorative criticism, 106
person, 15
Philippsberg, Eugen Philippovich von, 55
post-doctoral students, list of, 53
price theory, 17
Principles of Economics, 11, 65, 153
reevaluation, 172
research, theoretical and empirical, 25
Roscher, Wilhelm, 14
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, 31, 66
Salerno, Joseph T., 172
Sax, Emil, 49–50
Schüller, Richard, 61
Schullern zu Schrattenhofen, Hermann von, 58
Schwiedland, Eugen Peter, 59
self interest, dogma of, 23
Sieghart, Rudolf, 60
singular economy, 15
social development and economic phenomena, 23
social institutions, emergence of, 25
Spann, Othmar, pejorative criticism, 106
sub-disciplines, function of, 25
utility theory, 34
value defined, 16
Verein für Socialpolitik, criticism of, 22
war effort act, 100
Wiener Tagblatt, co-founder of, 30
Wieser, Friedrich von, 40–42, 172
Zuckerkandl, Robert, 57
metaphysical essentialism, 14, 16
Methodenstreit
Austrian School of Economists, first mention, 27
belief in the state, 99
emergence, 21
Menger and Schmoller, 25
Menger, Carl, 30
Sax, Emil, 50
Schüller, Richard, 61
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 76
Society of Economists of Austria, 26
support from abroad, 33
topic areas, 25
methodological individualism, 15, 26, 42, 49, 76, 164
Methodological Individualism, Market Equilibrium and Market Process, 169
Meyer, Robert, 23, 26, 51, 53, 54
Milford, Karl, 166
Mintz-Schüller, Ilse, 113
Mischler, Ernst, 62
Mischler, Peter, 30
Mises, Ludwig von
a posteriori, 138
a priori judgments, 140
academic outsider, 117
American monetary policy, rift, 168
anarchism, distanced from, 118
anarcho-capitalist movements, 118
anthology, hundredth birthday, 164
Consumer Sovereignty
Marginalism
Methodological Individualism
Methodological Subjectivism
Opportunity Costs
Political Individualism
Taste and Preferences
Time Structure of Production and Consumption
Anti-Capitalistic Mentality, The, 118
Austrian School marginalization, 106
Bauer, Otto, 89–90
black money fund, 66
Böhm-Bawerk seminars, 48
Bolshevism, 89
Braun, Martha Stephanie, 135
business cycles and credit expansion, 71
circulation credit theory, 71
collectivist ideology, opposition to, 117
Commission for Nationalization, 90
conscious behavior, 140
Consumer Sovereignty, 165
credit expansion and business cycles, 71
Critique of Pure Reason, 139
Dresden convention, 97
Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, essay, 94
economics, a priori science, 72, 131
entrepreneurial action, 153–155
evil of inflation, 69
fiduciary media, 67
free price system, 94
freedom logician, 115
Gans von Ludassy, Julius Friedrich, 62
General Commission for War and Transition Economy, 101
German language, disengagement from, 111
Gossen, Hermann Heinrich, 95
Haberler, Gottfried, 132
Hayek and Mises, different paradigms, 96
Hazlitt, Henry, 169
Hegel philosophy of history, 141
Hitlerism, consequence of, 111
homo agens, 143
human action, general conditions of, 143
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 118
hundredth birthday anthology, 164
Consumer Sovereignty
Marginalism
Methodological Individualism
Methodological Subjectivism
Opportunity Costs
Political Individualism
Taste and Preferences
Time Structure of Production and Consumption
individualist–liberal tradition, 163
Inflationism, 68
influences, 116
jewish heritance, 116
Kant, Immanuel, 138
Kaufmann, Felix, verse and melody, 108
Lament of the Mises Circle, The
Last Grenadier of the Marginal Utility School, The
Mises–Mayer Debate, The
Last Knight of Liberalism, The, 175
liberalism v socialism, 97
logician of freedom, 115
Ludwig von Mises Institute, 173
Machlup, Fritz, 133
marginal utility, 97
Marginalism, 164
means of production, future use, 155
Memoirs, 89
Methodological Individualism, 164
Methodological Subjectivism, 164
Mises New York seminar, 170
Mises-Privatseminar, 70, 106, 107–110, 117, 129
money calculation, 95
Mont Pèlerin Society, 171
Morgenstern, Oskar, 131
nationalization debate of 1919, 90
Nationalökonomie, 118
Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft, 109–110
Omnipotent Government, 118
Opportunity Costs, 164
ordoliberals, 171
Planned Chaos, 118
Political Individualism, 165
praxeological and economic insight, 144
praxeology, 137
published works, 118
purchasing power, measurement of, 72
purpose of all action, 142
rational economic management, 94
reconciliation, 163
Rothbard, Murray N., 118
Schiff, Erich, 135
Schlesinger, Karl, 135
Schönfeld-Illy, Leo, 136
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 103
socialism as ideology, defined, 96
socialism, impracticability of, 95
Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, 94
socialist calculation, 94
socialization, debate on, 90
Strigl, Richard, 106
subjective valuations, 41, 111
subjectivist theory of value, 111
Taste and Preferences, 164
Theory and History, 118
Theory of Money and Credit, The, 66, 117
Time Structure of Production and Consumption, 164
tradition sustained, xv
value judgment, 141
Viennese culture, 108
Weber, Max, 95
Zeisl, Hans, 97
Mises, Margit von, 115, 116, 173
Modern Trends in the Teaching of the Value of Money, 129
monetary and business cycle theory,xvi,xi,6671–73, 93, 109, 129
Monetary Sin of the West, The, 171
Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle, treatise, 123
money
Austrian theory, 66, 73–74, 129, 176
basic laws, xi
black money fund, 66
calculation, 95
capital, theory of, 67
depreciation, 135
economic phenomena, 23
entrepreneur, 85
equilibrium rate of interest, 73
Ethics of Money Production, The, 175
fiduciary media, 67
forced saving, 71
form, 67
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 73, 160
global crisis, xi
gold standard, 69
hyperinflation, 171
individual preferences, xii
interest, natural and monetary, 67
Knapp, Georg Friedrich, 66
marginal utility, principle of, 65
Menger, 23
money and business cycles, theory of, 65
Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles, 176
natural origin, 65
Principles of Economics, 65
printing money, war preparations, 101
Public Theory of Money, 66
purchasing power, measurement of, 72
regression theorem, 67
social structures, 146
Theory of Money and Credit, The, 66, 68
Three-Market-Barometer, 71
time, 33
Treatise on Money, A, 79
value of, 65
war preparations, 101
Wieser’s income theory, 66
Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles, 176
Mont Pèlerin Society, 124, 171, 175
Moreira, José Manuel, 174
Morgenstern, Oskar
Austrian School
Director of, 112
biography, 131
Geistkreis and Mises-Privatseminar members, 107–108, 122
Habilitation, 109
Hayek’s first associate, 70
honorary doctorate, 163
Institute for Advanced Studies, 131
Journal of Economics, 110, 163
Law of Power, The, 42
Mayer recruitments, 106
Mises private seminar, 117
Nazis suspend teaching license, 113
Rockefeller Foundation scholarships, 106–107
Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, 131
Weber-Hicks symposium, 163
Muhr, Karl-Heinz, xiii
Müller-Armack, Alfred, 171
Müller, Karl H., 114
Myrdal, Gunnar, 125
N
Nataf, Philippe, 174
Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics, monograph, 76
Neudeck, Werner, 166
Neumann, Johann (John) von, 112, 131
Neurath, Otto, 101
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 84
Omnipotent Government, 118
On the Origins and the Main Laws of Economic Value, 18, 40
On the Production Equations of the Economic Value Theory, 136
On the Theory of Price, 33, 57
O
Oncken, August, 4
Oost-Zinner, Arlene, x
Orosel, Gerhard O., 166
P
Philippovich, Eugen von Philippsberg, 19, 23, 51, 55, 75
Pius X, Pope, 60
Planned Chaos, 118
Poinstingl, Veronika, x
Polleit, Torsten, 174
Positive Theory of Capital, 19, 33
praxeology, 137, 140, 141, 144, see also human action
Pribram, Karl Francis, 106
price theory, 17, 19, 110, 176
Prices and Production, 72, 111
Prisching, Manfred, 166
Principles of Economics, 11, 30, 65, 145, 153, 167
Principles of Regulation, Administration and Public Finance, 7
Property and Freedom Society, 175
Prosperity and Depression, 111
Protective Tariff and Free Trade, 61
Public Theory of Money, 66
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, The, 174
R
Rathkolb, Oliver, xiv
Recent Advancements in the Theory of Economics, 34
Reisch, Richard, 63, 100, 109, 110, 127
Renner, Karl, 77
Review of Austrian Economics, 174
Ricardo, David, 130
Riedel, Adolph Friedrich Johann, 82
Riedl, Richard, 101
Road to Serfdom, The, 124, 145, 146
Robinson Crusoe, 15, 18, 19, 50
Rockwell, Llewellyn, 173
Rodbertus, Johann Karl, 34
Rodríquez, Ángel, 174
Roosevelt, Franklin, 79
Roscher, Wilhelm, 14
Rosenberg, Wilhelm, 63
Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Narcyz
biography, 134
developing countries expert, 168
exodus, 112
Hayek private seminars, 123
Journal of Economics, editor, 109–110
La Complementarità, 111
London appointment, 111
Mayer recruitments, 106
Mises private seminar, 117
Rockefeller Foundation scholarships, 106–107
time factor, 110
Rosner, Peter, 166
Rothbard, Murray N., 118, 170, 173–175
Rueff, Jacques, 171
Rüstow, Alexander, 171
S
Salerno, Joseph T., 172
Salin, Pascal, 174
Samuelson, Paul A., 78
Sax, Emil
biography, 49
Böhm-Bawerk, critique of, 38
egoism, mutualism, and altruism, 50
Foundation of Theoretical State Economy, 50
Institute of Technology, 49
Means of Transport, 50
Methodenstreit, 50
methodological individualism, 26
railway expert, 50
Recent Advancements in the Theory of Economics, 34
Robinson Crusoe, 50
subjective value, 18–19
Valuation Theory of Taxes, The, 51
value theory, 51
value, law of, 50
Shackle, George L. S., 168, 173
Schäffle, Albert Eberhard Friedrich, 10, 11, 16, 54, 82
Schams, Ewald
founding triumvirate, 45
Lausanne School, 135
Rockefeller Foundation scholarship, 107
time factor, 110
Schärf, Adolf, 163
Schiff, Erich, 73, 108, 109, 113, 135
Schlesinger, Karl, 70, 108, 112, 113, 135–136
Schlick, Moritz, 108
Schmoller, Gustav
Association for Social Policy, 22
economy as clockwork, 22
Historical School, 26
Menger dispute, 25
Menger, criticism of, 24
Methodenstreit, 21
Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics, The, monograph, 76
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 81
Verein fur Socialpolitik, 8
Viennese School, younger, 27
Schönfeld-Illy, Leo, 113, 136, 160, 161
Schrödinger, Erwin, 122
Schüller, Richard Austrian School, 26
biography, 61
Classical Economics and Its Enemies, 61
Menger, Carl, 61
Nazi persecution, 113
Protective Tariff and Free Trade, 61
Schullern zu Schrattenhofen, Hermann von, 19, 33, 53, 58, 91
Schumpeter, Joseph A.
Austrian School, rift with, 86
biography, 75–79
Böhm-Bawerk criticism, 38
Böhm-Bawerk seminars, 48
Boody, Elisabeth, 78
Business Cycles, 78
business leader, 84
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 78, 86
capitalism, survival of, 86
characterized, 75
creative destruction, 82
credit financing and business cycles, 86
dynamic theory of interest, 37
Economic Doctrine and Method, 76
entrepreneur’s motivation, 83
entrepreneurial will, 83
equilibrium theory, 81
finance minister, appointment as, 77
German Historical School, 81
Habilitation, 76
Hilferding, Rudolph, 86
History of Economic Analysis, 78
Hitler, Adolf, 79
individualist, 75
influenced by, 75
Keynes, John Maynard, 79
Kraus, Karl, 77
Methodenstreit, 76
methodological individualism, 15
Mises, consequences of state intervention, 90
monetary expansion, 70
Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics, monograph, 76
professorship, 77
Renner, Karl, 77
reputation destroyed, 77
Riedel, Adolph Friedrich Johann, 82
rift with, Austrian School, 86
Robinson Crusoe, 15
Schäffle, Albert Eberhard Friedrich, 82
Schams, Ewald, 134
Schmoller, Gustav, 81
Social Classes in an Ethnically Homogenous Environment, essay, 78
Socialist Prospects of Today, 87
Socialization Commission, 77
static and dynamic economics, 82
static theory insufficient, 81
Theory of Economic Development, The, 68, 76, 81
Treatise on Money, A, 79
Walras, Léon, 81
Schütz, Alfred, 107, 108, 113, 117, 122, 136
Schwarzwald, Hermann, 63
Schwiedland, Eugen Peter, 59, 100
Science of Regulation and Cameralistics, 7
Seaver, Gladys R., 76
Seidel, Hans, 165
Seidler, Gustav, 61
Sennholz, Hans F., 169
Sensory Order, The, 124
Sereny-Herzfeld, Margit, 115
Šima, Josef, 174
Singer, Isidor, 61
Smith, Adam, 59
Smith, Barry, 174
Socher, Karl, 166
Social Classes in an Ethnically Homogenous Environment, The, 78
Social Economics, 41, 105, 111
Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, 94
Socialist Prospects of Today, 87
Society of Economists of Austria, 26, 99
Socio-Political Party, 55
Somary, Felix, 48
Sonnenfels, Joseph von, 7
Spann, Othmar
antagonist of the School, 103
anti-semite, 106
censorship, 112
expelled, 109
individualism, contempt for, 106
Journal of Economics, Social Policy, and Administration, 108
Machlup denied, 134
Mayer, running battle, 108, 128
Mises overlooked, comtempt, 90, 101
prohibited open exchange of ideas, 107
war economy department, 101
Spengler, Oswald, 84
Sraffa, Piero, 73
Stackelberg, Heinrich von, 159
Stastny, Dan, 174
Stix, Rüdiger, xiii
Stock Market, Credit and Capital Formation, 73, 134
Strauss, Johann the Younger, 3, 5
Streissler, Erich W., 166
Streit, Manfred E., 174
Strigl, Richard von
Applied Theory of Wages, 72
biography, 129
Böhm-Bawerk seminar, 48
Capital and Production, 73
Habilitant, 106
inner emigration, 113
living earned, 108
Spann counterbalance, 109
Study of the Factors of Production in Socialist Theories, 91
subjective value, theory of, 13, 15, 18–19, 47
Sweezy, Paul, 78
T
Taghizadegan, Rahim, 174
Tandler, Julius, 93
Textbook of Economic Policy, 56
Theory and History, 118
Theory of Economic Development, The, 68
Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, 131
Theory of Interest, A, 175
Theory of Socialism and Capitalism, A, 174
Theory of State-Run Economic Policy, 72, 136
Thünen, Johann Heinrich von, 54
Thurnwald, Christian Richard, 63
Tobin, James, 78
Treatise on Money, A, 79
Turgot, Jacques, 59
U
Urquía, Rubio de, 174
Value in the Isolated Economy, The, 34
value, theory of
Bauer, Helene, 96
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 91
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, 175
inherent, nothing, 16
labor theory, criticisms, 91, 93
Marxist thought, 97
Menger, value defined, 16
Mises, problem of value, 111
Principles, nucleus of, 15
Sax, Emil, 49–51
Schullern zu Schrattenhofen, Hermann von, 58
value paradox, 15
Walras, Menger and Jevons, 33
Weiss, Franz Xaver, 130
Wieser, socialist theory of value, 92
V
Vara, Oscar, 174
Vanberg, Viktor, 174
Vaubel, Roland, 174
Verein für Socialpolitik, 8
Viennese School of Economics, The, x, xv
Voegelin, Eric (Erich), 107, 113, 117, 122, 136
W
Walras, Marie Esprit Léon
Lausanne School, 43
Schams, Ewald, 134
Schlesinger, Karl, 70
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 81
value theory, 33
Warhanek, Helene, 124
Watrin, Christian, 174
Weber–Hicks symposium, 163
Weede, Erich, 174
Weiser, Veronika, xiii
Weiss, Franz Xaver, 48, 107, 129, 130
Wicksell, Knut Gustov, 37, 67, 68
Austrian Pantheon, expulsion from, 172
Austrian School, member of founding triumvirate, 45
Böhm-Bawerk, life-long friend, 46
economic calculation, 95
economic equilibrium, 41
egoism, 42
German nationalist position, 41
German Society for Art and Literature, 41
Lausanne School, 43
Law of Power, The, 42
leadership-elite theory, 84
Mayer, Hans, successor, 105
On the Origin and Main Laws of Economic Value, habilitation, 40
Social Economics, 41, 105, 111
socialist theory of value, 92
utility of goods, 16
utility, calculability, 19
value calculation, 43
value defined, 95
value of prices, 41
Wieser’s Law, 19
Winkler, Wilhelm, 113
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 123
Wolfensgrün, Carl Menger von, see Menger, Carl
Z
Zeisl (Zeisel), Hans, 97
Zuckerkandl, Robert, 19, 33, 57, 91
Zwanziger, Roland, xiii
The Austrian School of Economics: A History of Its Ideas, Ambassadors, and Institutions
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