Index

Abundance

as poverty, 194

favoring consumers, 177

harming producers, 177

scarcity vs., 175–83, 192, 343–44

Accounting. See Value

Accounts

commercial, 223–24

Accumulation. See Value

Action, human. See Individualism; Mankind

Activity, 478

Agriculture, 147–49, 194–95, 210, 248

analogy to society, 77

example of value of, 729

Persian, 70

Alexander the Great, 668

Algeria, 37–41, 96, 383

Alphonsus, King, 459

Anarchy, 217, 471

Animals

wants and powers of, 515, 517

Antagonism, 4, 10, 473, 474, 539, 540, 543, 544, 779, 789, 942

between buyer and seller, 182

Anti-Corn Law League, ix

Antiquity. See Greece; Rome

Arago, Dominique François, 1003

Archimedes, 413

Aristocracy, 950

Army, 5–7

Arts, 11–16, 105, 501, 570

of necessity and of luxury, 12

Assistance, 548

Association, 445, 467, 744, 808, 825–27, 833, 834, 845

Australia, 122

Autarky, 249, 275

Authority. See Government

Bacon, Francis, 113, 118, 119

Balance of trade, 221–25, 259

Bargaining, 30, 571, 791

Barter, 128, 263, 353, 405 526–27

roundabout, 527, 558

Bastiat, Claude Frédéric

“An Immense Discovery!” xiv

assessed, xiv

Economic Harmonies, xi, xiv–xv

Economic Sophisms, xiv, xvi

life of, xiii–xiv

“Negative Railroad,” xiv

“Petition of the Candlemakers,” xiv

“That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen,” xiii

“What is Money?” xvii

Beet-root culture, 194–95

Beggars, 57

Belgium, 24

Beliefs

on society, 449

Billaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolas, 80

Blanc, Louis

competition, 85

doctrine, 83

force of society, 87

labor, 83

law, 90, 91

Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 702

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 17, 82

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise,

Vicomte de, 479, 577

Borrowing, 34–37

See also Credit

Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 27, 69–70, 1001

Bread. See Value

Broken-window fallacy, xiii, 2–4

Buchanan, David, 697

Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, 191–92

Buret, Antoine Eugène, 861

Business, 536

transactions, 20

Cabet, Étienne, 680

Cabetists, 86

Caesar, 134

California, 120

Candlemakers, xv, 227–32

Capital goods, 36

Capital, 248, 250, 629–854

absolute and relative shares of, 649–51

availability of, 36

competition and, 759–60

consumed, 141, 162

creation of, stopped, 638

defined, 147

described, 583

displacement, 51

economy of, 525–26

formation and accumulation of, 509, 647, 855

government and, 653

hatred of, 643

insecurity of, 166

instruments of labor, 154, 644

interest and, 135ff.

interest on, falling, 650

labor and, 139, 167–68, 646, 647–48, 652, 834–35, 852–54, 868–69

law of, 649–21, 819

loans, 34–35

mission of, 647

money vs., 17, 34–35, 147

movement of, 642–43

national, 26, 46

paradox of, 645

perpetual return on, 588

productivity of, 151, 154

savings, 45

scarcity of, 164

security and, 647

sterile, 132, 152

tyranny of, 137

use of, 31

utility and, 591

virtue and, 652–53, 654

wage fund, 32, 33, 46

See also Value

Capitalists, 446

as legislators, 358–59

parable of, and laborers, 139–40

privileged, 132

Carey, Henry Charles, 740

Carlier, Pierre, 59

Carpenters, 333–36

disproportion of enjoyments and exertions, 453–54

Carthage, 75

Castes, 98

Catholicism, 541

Catholics

providential laws, 441

Cato, 134

Cause and effect, 1–2

Cause

efficient, 1020–23

final, 1019–23

obstacle and, 185–86

Chalmers, Thomas, xiv

Champ-de-Mars, 17

Charity, 52, 62, 142, 548, 549, 906–08

See also Wealth; Welfare

Chateaubriand, Vicomte François René de, 48, 1017, 1018

Cheapness

dearness and, 341–50

Chinese story, 361–65

Christianity, 312, 977

Civilization

corruption and, 1017

Church of Scotland

Free Kirk schism, xv

Classes, 139, 168

conflict, 545–47

divisions, 761, 788

mobility, 907

Classical studies, 69, 70, 78, 79

Clos-Vougeot, 820–22

Clothing, 670–71

Coal, 753–55

Coal. See Value

Cobden, Richard, xi, 849, 850

Collectivism, 50

See also Government

Colonialism, 259–61

Colonies, 739–40

Commerce, 19–21

improved, 532

mechanism of, 531–32, 533–34

operations of, 21

Commodity

intermediate, 528–29

Communication, 34

Communism, 63, 208

community and, 687–90

Communists, 445, 553, 696

Community, 553, 747, 772–73

communism and, 687

competition and, 745

false and true, 658

property and, 655–91

utility and, 661, 764

Comparative advantage, 254–55, 336, 402

Competition, 211, 213, 346, 426

Competition, 743–76

as social hell, 473n

anarchical, 743

capital and, 759–60

centripetal and centrifugal, 764

equality and, 746, 752, 765, 905

foreign, 30

labor and, 760–61, 762, 763–65, 852–54, 860–62

liberty and, 744

meaning of, 85

mechanical, 30

pressure of, 19

regulating values, 736

results, 32, 85

spring of action, 748, 770

stifled, 768

See also Value

Comte, Charles, 947

Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 78–80, 520, 522, 526

Consent

universal, 459

Consequences, 974–76, 994

Conservability, 582, 595

Considérant, Victor Prosper

competition, 473n

private property, 704–05

right to employment, 731

utopia, 799

wealth, 683

Constituent Assembly, 9, 68

Constitutions, 100–01

Constraint. See Force

Construction

source of wealth, 617

Consumers, 167–68

interest of, 179, 180–81

morality and, 678

producers and, 787–1006

producers vs., 678

Consummation, 511

Consumption, 511

law of, 205, 211

Contracts, Roman, 599n

Contradictions, 30, 191, 192, 619–21

in demands for government, 97

Convention, 82

Conventionality, 79

Conveyance, 671–72

Corn, 147–49

Corruption

civilization and, 1017

Cost

opportunity, xiii

Counterfactual method, xiii

Courier, Paul-Louis, 295

Creation, 517, 705

Credit, 34–37

free, 138, 161, 162

governmental, 103

institutions of, 35

obstacles of, 37

service of, 146

Crete, 71

Crusoe, Robinson, 518, 630–31, 674, 678

Custom house, 361

Customs, 667. See also Tariffs

Dearness

cheapness and, 341–50

Defense

right of, 50, 79, 89

Defoe, Daniel, 518

Demand, 802

Demobilization, 5–7

Democracy, 84, 465–66

Dependence

mutual, 404

Descarte René, 459

Desires, 498–99; 500

Despotism

sought, 474

Destruction

prosperity and, xiii

Diamonds. See Value

Dictatorship, 81–82

Diogenes, 689

Disposition

fatal, 52, 79

Distribution, 76

Diversity, 521, 525

as basis of exchange, 199

Division of labor, 23, 186

Dogmatism, 200

Dole, 57

See also Wealth, redistribution of; Welfare

Dombasle, Matthieu de, 198, 243–44

Droz, Joseph, 1003

Dupin, Charles, 16, 24, 59, 192–93

Dunoyer, Barthélemy Charles Pierre Joseph, 508

Duties. See Tariffs

Economics, 307–08, 325–26, 329

idea, and the moral idea, 41, 45

phenomena, 2

seen and not seen, 1–48

See also Political economy

Economists, 1, 253, 445, 553, 683, 696, 741, 961

Anglo-American, xv

capital and, 136

common sense and, xiii

as enemies of every kind of activity, 12–13

errors of, 439

evil denied by, 442

school of, 436–37, 441

unfeeling, 97

value theory, 439

Economy, 41–46

Education, 104–05, 501

class and, 766–67

classical, 70, 80

controlled, 76

free, 66

government-provided, 67, 88, 133–34, 917

Greek, 70

liberty in, 85

Efforts, 478, 685

exchanged, 497, 514, 584

measure of, 555

objects of exchange, 209

origin of political economy, 482

result and, 189–96

value proportioned to, 585

Egypt, 69–70, 71, 949

Elections, 84

See also Voting

Emergency

taxation and, 18

Employment, 353–55

assigned, 69

created, 16

national, 3, 15, 33

nature of, 14

promoted, 2, 45

rights, 46–48

right to, 708, 731–33

scarcity of, 30

See also Labor

England, 202

coal mines, 753–54

commercial crises, 849

economists, 696, 700

mutual-aid societies, 845

Entrepreneurship, 604–05

Equality

as the end, 511

communism and, 688

competition and, 746, 752, 765, 905

disturbed, 938

freedom and, 31

of the conditions of production, 197–213, 215–20

of value, 144, 145

of wealth, 57, 65, 72, 78

primitive vs. ultimate, 655, 657

utopia of, 730

Equilibrium

tendency towards, 717–18

theorists, xv

Equity. See Justice and injustice

ErroEstrada, Alvaro Florez, 700

Errors, 13, 479, 763, 911–112, 915–16, 944–45, 989

action and, 112, 155

truth and, 300–04

Euler, Leonhard, 889

Evil

dissected, 472

explanation of, 442–43

fact of, 541, 763, 940, 964, 967–68, 969, 1009–12, 1015

function of, 941, 962n, 976

hunted out, 473

Exchange, 513–50, 557

as a want, 574

benefits of, 534

compound, 528–29

distinguishing characteristic, 518

division of labor and, 802

illusion presented by, 497

laws concerning, 534–35

limits of, 531–02, 534, 760, 761

machinery of, 531–32

mutual benefit from, 520

necessity of, 515

theory of, 483

union of forces, 521

See also Trade; Trade; Value

Exhibitions, public, 13

Experience, 2, 973–76

Existence

means of, 896–1100

Exports. See Trade

Extortion

legal and brutal, 720

Faith, 969, 973

in mankind and in legislators, 13

Fallacy of composition, 121

Family, 41

harmonies in, 781

February Revolution, 34, 166, 542–43, 829, 408, 934

Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe, 158, 490

antiquity, 70–71

Telemachus, 71

Fermage, 906n

Fertility of land, 734

Fine arts, 11–16

Fire

source of wealth, 617

Fixity, 823–25, 832, 835, 837, 846–47, 852

Flanders, 24

Florian, Jean-Pierre Clairis de, 556

Food

as a want, 492, 501, 668

Force, 434–34, 447, 459–60, 535, 925

common or collective, 50–51

individual, 50–51

legitimate, 927

motive, of society, 82–83

social motive, 997–1207

See also Government; Law

Foreign aid, 37

Foreign policy, 105–06, 115–16

Foresight, 2, 509, 602–03, 648, 878–79, 892, 907

Forty-five centimes, 47

Fourier, François Marie Charles, 544, 968

Fourierists, 86

France

aid to Algeria, 37

capital, 38

Constituent Assembly, 544

constitution of, 80–01

economists, 700

employment, 40

February Revolution, 166

iron, 24

liberty, 468

National Assembly, 37, 543

paralysis, 38

population, 886

Provisional Government of, 104

revolutions, 87

Fraternity, 772, 792, 812–13

legally enforced, 62, 66

motive of, debated, 152–53

taxation and, 106

Fraud, 39, 317

Free associations, 23

Free trade, 272, 279, 345, 347–48, 351–60, 367–68, 409–15, 422

See also Protectionism; Trade

Freedom. See Liberty

French Revolution, 80

Free trade, 849–50

business fluctuation and, 850

Free will, 479, 962n, 963n, 970–71, 997–98

Friendly societies, 841–19

government interference with, 843–45

virtue and, 851

Frugality, 41–46

Gambling

analogy to the economy, 121–22, 125–26

Garnier, Clement Joseph, 703, 709

General welfare, 64, 538

Genius, 600

Gifts

economics on, 142

gratuitous, 31

inheritance as, 142

mode of transmission of property, 142

Girardin, Saint-Marc, 948, 949

Glass industry, 2–3

God, 43, 48, 93, 159, 167

as mouths of legislators, 462

evil and, 968–69

faith in, 961, 962n

omnipotence of, 676

Gold and silver, 119, 120, 122

market for, 130

value of, 575–76

Goods, free, 162

Government, 318–21, 413

absence of competition, 923–24

abstraction of, 100, 101

abuses, 22

anatomy of, 542

coexistent with evil, 541

common force organized, 107

contradictory demands of, 95, 97, 103–04, 107

credit, 103

defined, 99

deification of, 101

demands for, 933

demobilization, 5

democratic, 72, 84

displacing private services, 918

diversion from legitimate function, 535, 928

duties, 104–05

education, 67, 88

fall of, 966

force, 50–51

foreign policy, 105–06, 115–16

friendly societies and, 843–44

function, 80 447

growing, 100

interference with capital formation, 653

interference with labor, 663

intermediary, 98–99

intervention in exchange, 144, 541

laws on exchange, 534

limited, 448

loan guarantees, 35

monopoly, 85

morality, 81

motive force, 82–83

omnipotent, 97

petitioned, 99

power, 88

property of, 929

public services, 18–19, 57

public works, 16–18

relaxed, 77

republican, 73, 81

responsibility, 51, 87–88, 90, 1004

results, 71

security, 5

self-interested, 99–100

social programs, 815

society vs., 914

spending, 37

stability, 74

subsidies, 11

tasks of, 539–40, 542, 928

two hands of, 102, 106

undefined, 95

vested interests in, 923

virtue, 81

workshops, 47

See also Communism, Interventionism, Socialism, Taxation

Greece, 465

education, 70

law, 70

republic, 73

Sparta, 75, 78, 80

Greed, 52, 626, 813–14, 985

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, 330

Gutenberg, Johannes, 206–07

Hands

right and left, 417–23

Happiness

of the governed, 71

Harmony of interests, 262

denied, xiv–xv, 113, 118, 167

Hats, 283–84

Hebrews, 889

Henri IV, 562

Highway robbery, 376–77

History, 48, 52

Hoarding, 875

Hodgson, William Ballantyne, xiv

Holland, 161

Hope, 126, 127

Houses, 150

Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, xi, xiii

Humanity, lost, 64

Hungary, 96

Icaria, 24

Ice. See Value

Idleness, 983–84

Ignorance, 443

Imports. See Trade

Imposture, 462

Inconsistency, 30, 600, 617, 618

Independence, national, 275–77

Individualism, 50, 807–22

Industrialism, 952

Industry, protected. See Protectionism

Inequality, 206, 492

onerous utility and, 667

Inflation, 120–22, 125–26

Inheritance, 142–43, 480

Insurance, 105

fire, 825–27

Intelligence, 196, 998

Interest, 132, 135ff., 635

annihilated, 138, 161, 162

as artificial, 695–96

defended, 141

defined, 162

harmlessness of, 154–55

lawfulness of, 136ff., 642

legitimacy of, 637, 639

perpetual, 138, 140, 156–57

perpetuity of, 637

principle of, 136–37

productivity of, questioned, 136–37

service, 146, 154

significance of controversy over, 137–38

suppression of, 636, 979

tendency to fall, 760

Interests

antagonism in, 436, 440, 473, 474, 539, 540, 543, 544, 779, 789, 942

harmony of, 443, 441–42, 458, 474–75, 479–80, 539, 540, 552, 652, 654, 659, 684, 749, 779, 939–40, 941, 964

individual vs. general, 435

mainspring of action, 458, 478

natural and artificial, 535

of consumers, 179, 180

political economy and, 476–77

of producers, 178–80

self- (personal), 216, 276–77

two-sided, 177

See also Public interest; Self-interest

Intermediaries, 507, 827

Interventionism, xvii, 167

loans, 35–36

trade, 24

Inundation, 296–97

Invasion, 296

Inventions, 29, 31, 206–08, 756–58

diffusion of, 758

imitation of, 757

Iron industry, 218

Iron, 24

Isolation, 481, 504, 513–14, 515

abundance and, 177–78

capital formation in, 629–32

mankind reduced to, 199, 203, 275

population and, 537

poverty in, 518

society vs., 519, 620

See also Nature, state of; Value

Jobs, 964. See also Employment

Jonnès, Alexandre Moreau de, 885

Journal des Economistes, xii

Judges, 150

Judgment

value and, 557, 594

Justice and injustice, 36, 39, 144, 146, 260, 357, 415, 447, 542–43, 547, 549, 641

distinction between, 54

divine, 965n

generalized, 54

immutable, 89

intentions and, 63

law and, 51, 53, 89

progress vs., 158–59

reigning, 64

Kepler, Johann, 477

Knowledge, 525, 547, 974

La Ruche Populaire, 136

Labor

absolute and relative shares of, 649

as measure, 598

as wealth, 193, 423

capital and, 139, 167–68, 647–48, 652, 657, 834–35, 852–54, 860–62, 867–68

competition and, 760–31, 762, 763–36

created, 16

defined, 508

displaced, 40, 51, 283–84, 353–56, 362–65

disutility of, 98, 954–55

division of, 23, 521–22, 523, 526, 678, 945

exchanged, 606–08, 901–02

force, 33

increased, 418–22

limited uses of, in a state of abundance, 181

meaning of, 288

national and human, 279–84

promoted, 3, 45

productivity of, 14, 15, 178, 189, 190

reallocated, 40

remuneration of, 209

rights, 46

saved, 402–03, 407, 427, 630, 797

supply and demand, 31

transferred, 40

value, 15

unlimited uses of, in a state of scarcity, 188

unskilled (manual), 598, 668, 902

value and, 288, 290–91, 292

wages, 5

war and, 425

wealth, 503

workshop, 47

Laborers, 445–46, 676, 731, 841–51, 903–04

interests of, 165

organization of, 167

parable of, and capitalists, 139–40

fraternity, 62

government power, 88

subsidies, 11, 12

Laissez-faire, 659, 941

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de

employment, 15

Lamennais, Félicité de, 891, 895

Landed property, 566, 579, 587, 693–941

advantages of, 728

as monopoly, 695, 699–901, 703, 710, 735

example of, 711–20

improvements to, 727

interdiction on clearances, 718

justified, 702

labor and, 606–07, 702

legislative response to, 709

necessity of, 699, 701, 708

private, 718–23

value of, 734, 738

Language, 514

Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, 639

Law

against sins, 983

borrowing, 37

Cretan, 72

defined, 25, 50, 62, 89

Egyptian, 69, 71

explained, 49–94

fraternity and, 62

functions, 62, 74–75, 89

Greek, 70, 71–72

human and natural, 995

indispensable, 452

justice and, 51, 62, 90

morality and, 54, 66

motive force, 69

natural, 45, 452, 475, 549, 977

object of, 64

omnipotence, 84, 89

Persian, 70

perverted, 49, 52

philanthropic, 62

plunder and, 53, 59

posterior and inferior, 50

respect for, 54–55

Rousseau’s views, 74, 80–81

sanctions, 485–94

spirit of, 75

study of, 69

United States, 58

See also Legislation

Lawyers, 643

Lawgiver, 80, 84

Legislation

conflict in, 75

monopoly on, 53

struggle for control of, 58

universal right of, 54

See also Law

Legislators, 464–65

omnipotence of, 1002

Leisure

gained, 674

kinds of, 158

progress and, 158

Lepéletier, Louis Michel de Saint-Fargeau, 80–81

Liberty

advocates of, xi, 14, 468, 542, 455

as power, 84

class struggle under, 167

competition and, 85, 745

defined, 83

denied, 85–86

described, 92

education and, 85

equality and, 31

equilibrating tendency of, 200, 204, 273

feared, 923

force vs., 550

government services and, 919–20

individual, 50

protection of, 535

returned to, 94

sacrificed, 925–26

seeking, 79

Life

faculties of, 49

Lighting industry, 210,

Loan, 34–37, 632–33

direct, 160

as exchange, 144

as service, 635, 760, 874

See also Capital; Interest

Lottery, 419

Luxury, 14, 41–46, 106

attacked, 494

lack of enjoyment of, 495

promoted, 616

Lycurgus

government, 73, 78

influence, 75, 82

Mably, Abbé Gabriel Bonnot de, 77, 81

Machinery, 29–34

banned, 188

reproached, 279–81

of society, 456–57

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 462

Malthus, Thomas Robert, population, 532, 899n

Mankind

assimilation, 49

concern for, 93

degraded, 69, 627

divided, 67

inert, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 87

inertia, 85

as machine, 74

nature of, 76

perfectibility of, 516

restlessness of, 493

sociability of, 990

variability of, 510

violation of, 91

wants of, 516

Manufacturing, 287–94

Marriage, 893–94

Marseilles, 21, 37

Materiality

value and, 562, 577–78, 595

McCulloch, John Ramsey, 698

McCord, Louisa, xvi

Means

indefinite development of, 499

of subsistence, 509

Measure

of utility, 793

of value, 576, 596–97, 598, 793

Melun, Armand de, 91

Mentor, 71–72

Mercantilism, 111ff., 253

Metaphors, 295–98

Metayage, 468, 1106n

Midas, 123

Middlemen, 18–24

Military, 920n

Mimerel de Roubaix, Pierre Auguste Remi, 58, 91

Molière, 329, 371n

Money, 528–30

abolished, 110

capital vs., 160

consumption and, 183

depreciation of, 120, 128, 130–31

function of, 112, 124

hateful, 109

illusion, 17

in loans, 34–35

inflation, 120–22, 125–26

manipulation of, 127

measure of wealth, 129

medium of exchange, 119, 123, 126, 128, 143

paper, 117–26

sign of wealth, 129

substitutes, 110

title to property, 124

value of, 130–31, 575–76

warrant to service, 634

wealth vs., 111ff., 144

Moniteur Industriel, 4

Monopoly, 52, 85, 309–10, 321, 372–73, 545–48, 751, 814–15

liberty and, 469, 470n

See also Privilege; Landed property

Montagnards, 104, 106, 107

Montaigne, Michel de, 113, 118, 180, 514

Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, 59, 60

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 72–74

Morals

acquired, 489–90

faculties of, 508

law and, 66

production and consumption, 805

religious, 328

restraint, 892–93

science of, 476

social ideas and, 41, 45

utilitarian (defensive), 328

two systems of, 325–31

Music, 570

Mutual aid societies, 825–26

Napoleon, 17, 82, 173

National Assembly, 37, 104

National Printing Bureau, 127

Nature, 209, 211–12, 230

as slave, 524

cooperation of, 523, 554

creation of, 506

diffusion of forces of, 524

forces of, 29 504, 757

gifts of, 50, 502–03, 504, 750

human, 464, 469, 491, 549, 662, 973

of labor, 14

remunerated, 507, 755

state of, 494, 513–14

See also Utility, gratuitous; Isolation; Value

Necessity, 156

Newspapers, 4, 33–34

Newton, Isaac, 469

Obstacles

cause and, 185–88

cause of prosperity to producers, 187

developed and multiplied, 187

proportionate to wealth, 613–14

removal of, 186, 236–37, 662

tariff as, 235–39

to want-satisfaction, 611, 612, 686

Odessa, 22

Oliver de Serres, Guillaume Antoine, 72

Oppression, 328

Oranges, 203

Order, 51

Organization

artificial, 540, 544, 967, 970

natural and artificial, 451–70, 540

of society, questioned, 451

See also Socialism

Ownership. See Property

Pain, 488

Paraguay, 73

Parasitism, 20, 23

Paris, 25, 34, 272–74

Pascal, Blaise, 216

Pauperism, 549, 763

Peace

disturbances lessened by, 850

Peel, Sir Robert, 849

Perfectibility

of man, 458, 896, 964

Perfection, 841, 969, 1013–19

Persia, 70

Persius, 371n

Personality, 50

Persuasion, 460

Petty, Sir William, 617

Phalansteries, 24, 94

Philanthropy, 548, 549, 906–08. See also Charity

Physicians, 529

Physiocrats, 599

Physiology, 964–66, 1011, 1020

Planes, 151ff.

Plato

republic of, 73

Plows, 34, 35–36

Plunder, 303–04, 307–23, 327–28

absence of, 61

burdens of, 53

consequences of, 309

defined, 62

extralegal, 59

general welfare and, 64

kinds, 59

legal, 28, 53, 59

organized, 60

origin of, 53, 98

partial, 61

reciprocal, 100

socialistic, 59

universal, 54, 61

Poetry, 477, 570

Political economy

advocacy of property, 550

blamed, 488, 1004, 1010

consumption and, 775

contention in, 1006

errors of, 496

existence of, 452

hypothetical cases, 672

inconsistency of, 684

laws of, 856–60

measurement and, 496, 510

nomenclature of, 774

optimism of, 658–59

origin and limit of, 482

purpose of, 468

scope of, 723

subject of, 456, 476–67, 554, 1005

Political science

purpose of, 447

Politicians

dreams of, 78

genius of, 73–74

goodness of, 69

importance of, 67

responsibility of, 71

social engineers, 67–68, 75–76, 79, 80–81, 83, 85

superior, 22, 86, 93

Politics

exaggerated importance of, 55

Poor relief. See Charity; Wealth, redistribution of; Welfare

Population, 877–1109

density of, 532–33

distribution of, 40

law of limitation of, 890–92, 900

law of multiplication, 884–89, 900

limit of, 721–23

preventive and repressive checks on, 887, 892, 900, 988

principle of, 882–83

systems compared, 724

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy, 367–69

Poverty, 549, 763

abundance vs., 194

Power, 569

altered in nature, 448

See also Government

Practice

theory and, 251–57

Press, 4, 33–34, 96

Prices, 32

natural, 342

nominal, 243–46, 343

Priest

value and the, 572

Primogeniture, 440

Principles

absolute, 271–74

conflict of, 259–62

Printing, 206–07

Private services, 18

Privileges, 545–48

Producers

antisocial desires of, 179–80

consumers and, 787–1006

interest of, 178–79

privilege and, 749

Production and consumption

free choice and, 20

machines, 32

Production

conditions of, 197–213

spoliation vs., 952

Productivity, 195, 686

Profit and loss, 23, 27, 31–32, 47–48, 538–39

Progress, 189, 327, 428, 520, 552, 580, 605, 612, 621, 642, 646, 667, 669–75, 715, 768–69, 777–78, 858, 878, 897, 966, 967, 1013, 1016

justice and, 158–59

leisure and, 158

Proletariat, 445–46, 676, 731, 841–51, 903–04

Property

as theft, 589, 664

attacked, 579–80, 660, 694

communality and, 655–91

deduced, 480

defended, 553, 580, 689

disappeared, 676

inequality of, 683

labor and, 664–65

legitimacy of, 663, 704–05

limit of, 681

man and, 50

origin of, 52

of services, 660

proletaires and, 676

protected, 535

relational, 667, 679

value and,

See also Landed property; Value

Proprietors, 445, 568, 642

attacked and defended, 656

compensation to, 579, 587

services of, 587

Protectionism, xvi, 63, 197, 243–44, 259–61, 287, 333–36, 337–40, 348–49, 388–92, 399–408, 417–23

concentrated benefits of, 172

enforced, 24–25

free trade vs., 171, 345, 351–60

legislated, 25–26

profit and, 47–48

system of, 346

transition from, 353–54, 415

two modes of, 218

United States, 58

wages and, 247–50

See also Tariffs

Protectionists, 788

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 110, 136, 138, 152, 161, 163, 165

competition, 618n

contradiction, 618–19, 621

interest, 583

mutuality of services, 662

property, 709

rent, 579, 589

Proudhonians, 86

Providence, 43, 48, 93, 159, 167, 730, 811, 962n

Provisions, 631

Public interest, 43, 179, 181–82

Public relief, 57, 65, 72

Public services, 18–19

Public works, 16–18

Purchase, 528

Railway, negative, 269–70

Rarity. See Value

Raw materials, 285–94, 504

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume, 76–77

Reason, 173, 743

Redistribution

of industry, 32

of jobs, 40

of loans, 36

of wealth, 15, 16, 17, 27, 37–38, 47

Reformers, 658

Religion, 41, 316–17 965, 977–78

false, 979

political economy and, 1019–23

State, 67

Rent, 817–22

abused, 641

as artificial, 579, 587

as unjust, 695, 698

See also Value

Reproduction

means of, 883–85

Republic

kinds of, 73

virtues of, 81

Respiration, 482–53, 501, 558–30, 668

Responsibility, 743–44, 543, 915–16, 922, 961–88, 989, 1014

females and, 988

government and, 1004

object of, 972

sanctions of, 977

solidarity and, 963n

Result

effort and, 189–96

Retrogression, 180

Revolt, 53

Revolution, 87, 545–47, 923, 931

cause of, 102

French, 80

justification for, 138–39

Rhodes, 75

Ricardo, David

capital, 642

labor, 606

rent, 698

value, 596

wealth, 611

Rights

delegated, 927

employment, 46–48

individual, 50, 926

Risk

assumption of, 833–35

Roads, 818

Rivoli, rue de, 14, 47

Robespierre, Jean Jacques

government, 80

lawgiver, 82

Romanet, Viscount de, 173, 198

Rome

France and, 133

virtue, 75

Rothbard, Murray N., xii, xiv

Roubaix, P.A.H. Mimerel de, 58, 91

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 310

authority, 461–62

disciples, 55

equality, 510–11

evil, 500n

foresight, 603

government and society, 914

custom, 667

lawgiver, 74–76, 475, 1002

liberty, 465

national purpose, 949

nature and man, 29

property, 679

political economy, 452

sociability of man, 990

social contract, 463, 473

state of nature, 514, 519

want-satisfaction, 494, 495

Rumilly, Gauthier de, 221

Ruskin, John, 137, 147, 152, 165

Sciences

social, 301–02

Saint-Chamans, Auguste, Vicomte de, 4, 245–46, 252–53, 280

wealth, 614–15, 617, 621, 622

Saint-Cricq, Barthélemy, Pierre Laurent, Comte de, 90, 193–94, 286

Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 80

Saint-Simonianism, 208

Saint-Simonians, 24

Sale, 528

Salentum, 70, 72

Salerno, Joseph T., xv

Sanctions, 977–83

Satisfactions, 479, 511

as the end of human efforts, 512

Savages

story of, 164

Savings, 32, 45–46, 148, 871–75

definition of, 871

interest and, 874

money and, 871–72

spending and, 872

time and, 873

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 143, 329

creation, 506, 517n, 564

land, 579, 588, 700

taxation, 913n

utility, 586–87

value, 586, 600

wealth, 610, 611, 621

Scarcity, 593

abundance vs., 175–83, 343–44

favoring producers, 176

theory of, 179, 246

Scialoja, Antonio, 700

Science

classified, 480

faith and, 969

function of, 1005

progress of, 592

strengthened, 485

unassailable, 502

Scrope, George Poulette, 698, 701

Security, 318–19

consequences, 51

national, 5

Seen and unseen, 1–48, 917–18

Self-control, 509

Self-defense, 50, 79, 89, 979

Self-interest, 24, 105, 112, 536, 538, 685, 749, 810, 953–54, 997–1207

substitutes for, 688

Selflessness, 807–22, 1000

Self-sacrifice, 276–77

Selfishness, 52

Senior, Nassau William

rarity, 593

rent, 579, 699

Sensibility, 477, 488

Sentimentalist schools, 500n Serres, Oliver de, 72

Services, 20

common (gratuitous), 690, 918–19

complications in, 593

defined, 484

determinants of, 557

disproportion in, 453–54

imaginary, 573–74

judge of, 745

law of, 640

lending, 146

mutual, 20, 23, 445

natural and human, 588–89

private and public, 18–19, 911–35

received and rendered, 125, 129

reciprocity of, 143, 145, 557, 663, 744

socialistic, 19

transmission of, over time, 636

warrant to, 455, 634

See also Value

Sheep

heads of, analogy to interest, 163

Sin

original, 990

Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de, 614, 617, 861

Sisyphism, 191–93, 196

Sisyphus, 190n

Slavery, 98, 100, 312–13, 666–67, 663, 932

mental, 782

United States, 58

universality, 52

Smith, Adam

agriculture, 696

capital, 583

labor, 523, 583, 600, 702, 863

land, 698, 708, 712

unproductive classes, 507, 578

value, 507, 557, 581, 620

Social contract, 463

Social mechanism, 553

Socialism

confused, 66

constitution of man and, 458–59

defined, 60

degrees of, 46–47

disguised, 66

dream of, 138

elements of, 971

experiments, 68

humanity and, 919–20

legal plunder, 59

merchants and, 21–22

puerility of, 1011–12

refutation of, 60

salvation in, 550

sincerely believed, 63

social engineers, 67–68

varieties of, 1004–05, 1006–07

world, 745

Socialists, 436–37, 445, 683, 696, 704ff., 741, 749, 940, 961

aphorisms of, 807–22

greed and, 985

insurance and, 828

overthrowing political economy, 438

responsibility and, 984

wages-system and, 829, 839

Society

artificial, 451–70, 540, 544, 942

as debtor, 125

defined, 18

dependent on exchange, 513

enlightened, 79

experiments, 68, 82

government vs., 914

invented, 514

isolation vs., 498, 519, 746–47, 869–70

motive force, 82–83

object of, 78

parable of the traveler, 93

primitive, 824

progress and, 1010

reorganized, 110

solidarity and, 992

wants and powers, 515

Solidarity, 908, 963n, 989–96

artificial, 990

Solitude. See Isolation

Solon, 75, 78

Sophisms, 300–04

Sparta, 75, 78, 80, 110

Speakers, 96

Spending

government, 40

opinions, 41

private vs. public, 16, 37–38

protectionist, 26

Spoliation, 446–47, 544, 663, 780–81, 882, 913–14

efforts in, 956

moral consequences of, 956–57

politics and, 782

privilege and, 783

production vs., 953

resistance against, 956

sacrilege and, 782

socialist principle and, 813

theories defending, 934–35

State. See Government

Statistics, experimental, 825

Stirling, Patrick James, xv–xvi

Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, 557, 594, 622

Student

example of, 455

Subsidies, 11–12, 218, 374–78, 385

Suffering, 13, 487–89, 500, 520, 970, 1009–10

exceeding enjoyment, 457

mission of, 489

Suffrage, 465

Sugar culture, 194–95

Sun, 228–32

Superstition, 314–15

Supply and demand

laws of, 31, 155, 162

Syllogisms, 177

Sympathy, 536, 538, 573, 810

Tailors, 200

Tariffs, 720, 756, 932

as obstacle, 235–39

differential, 233–34

protectionist, 176, 182, 267

reciprocity in reduction of, 239–42

reduction of, 235–38

revenue-enhancing, 173, 216

See also Protectionism

Tastes

diversity of, 803–04

morals and, 512

Tax gatherer, 381–86

Taxation, 215–20, 413–14, 616, 800, 818, 930

disadvantages, 8–11

effects, 7

exemption from, 96–97, 102

funding the army, 6

incidence of, 801

intervention by, 12–13

as loss, 912–13

new, 104

rain and, 8

reform, 106

services received and, 921–22

spending and, 37

as spoliation, 913–14

subsidies and, 15

thieves and, 9

unseen, 17–18, 37–38, 39

See also Tariffs

Technology, 715Telemachus, 71

Terminology, 507–08

Terror

as means of republican government, 81

Theaters subsidized, 11–16

Theory

practice and, 251–57

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 414

doctrine, 91

education, 85

Thirst, 501, 560

Thoré, Théophile, 136, 137, 161

Thornton, Mark, xvii

Thrift, 41–46

Time-preference, 638

Tocqueville Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de, 440, 1011

Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de, 525

Trade, 115–16

attacked in principle, 199

creating two interests, 178

equity of, 144

gains and losses from, 118–19, 120

mutually beneficial, 212, 255

reciprocity of services, 143

restraint of, 24–29

war and, 428–30

See also Free trade

Translators, xii, xv–xvii

Transportation, 192–93, 235, 671

Tribute, 19–20, 297

Truths, 741, 962n

incontrovertible, 497

Tyranny

capital over labor, 168

Uncertainty, 835, 837, 846–47. See also Fixity

United States, 58, 711, 746, 932, 949

Constitution of, 101

Universal suffrage

demand for, 84, 86, 87

importance of, 57

incapacity and, 56

objections, 56

University of Edinburgh, xvi

Usufruct, 707–08

Usury, 136, 979

Utility, 261, 502

approximation to gratuitous, 592

distinct kinds of, 559, 623

gratuitous, 478–79, 483–84, 524, 590, 623, 656, 661, 689, 753, 765, 777–78

materiality and, 586

onerous, 478–79, 524, 777–78

tendency to become gratuitous, 552, 623–24, 670, 684

Utopias, 488, 636, 640, 799, 943, 1015

imagined, 472

variety of, 461

Utopians, 102, 110

Value, 551–808, 564–65, 567–68, 568–69, 578–79, 581n, 583–85, 586–93, 588–89, 596, 661, 664, 665, 666, 679, 694, 696–97, 747–48, 750, 790, 795, 863

accidents relating to, 557–58, 576

accounting and, 556

accumulation and, 596

annihilated, 673

as material, 507, 562, 577–78

basis of, 504

bread and, 564–65

capital and, 583, 590, 591, 633–34

coal and, 567

competition and, 747–48, 750

conservability of, 582, 595

definition of, 473, 556, 564, 741

determinants of, 537

diamonds and, 561–62

effort and, 560, 673

equal, 144, 145

erroneously conceived, 554, 555

exchange and, 555

fluctuations of, 736–37, 865–66

from service to product, 599–804

fundamental to political economy, 551

ice and, 567

in use and in exchange, 619

infinite divisibility of, 163

isolation and, 555

judgment and, 557

labor and, 288, 290–91, 292

law of, 562

measure of, 576, 596–97, 598

money as representative of, 160

nature and, 567–68, 578–79, 581n, 588–89, 696–97, 734

primitive form, 603

property and, 661, 665, 679

rarity and, 593

rent and, 566

services exchanged, 517, 556, 561, 565, 577, 581, 735, 864

tendency to diminish, 553, 673

theories of, 576–95, 599–80

understanding of, disputed, 439

utility and, 505, 559, 586–93, 621–22, 664, 790

value and, 574

water and, 725–26, 736–37

wealth and, 610–13

wine and, 616

Vengeance, 995–96

Vested interests, 59

Vigilante protectionism, 24–25

Violence, 28–29

Virtue and vice, 72, 73, 77, 78, 81

Voltaire, François Marie Aronet de, 990

Voluntary action

forced vs., 298, 318

Vengeance, 995–96

Voting

responsibility and, 56

right of, 57

See also Universal suffrage

Wage fund, 32, 33, 46

Wages, 823–70

abolition of, 830

as slavery, 829

bargaining over, 831

driven to zero, 638

inequality and, 766

iron law of, 762

natural, 358

protectionism and, 247–50

rates, 131

Walking

analogy to money and wealth, 112

Want-satisfaction, 51, 487–722

elasticity of, 493, 495–96, 498, 502, 674–76

means of, 20

nature and labor and, 501

order of, 12, 489–90, 668

variation in, 492

See also Value

War, 116–17, 261, 275–77, 296, 312, 947–59

end of, 959

effects of, 957–58, 994

origin of, 955–56

spirit of, 958

trade and, 428–30

wealth and, 616

Water

property and, 679–80

See also Value

Wealth, 490–92, 509, 609–28, 615, 738

accumulating and diminishing, 613, 767

actual (effective) and relative, 610, 624

as demand, 537–38

basis of, 552, 580

compared, 597, 612, 668

contempt of, 110

defended, 495

defined, 128, 609–10

desire for, 625–26

distribution of, 31, 131, 649

of enjoyment (natural) and of value (social), 614–15, 621–22, 677, 683

equality of, 57, 65, 72, 78

esteemed, 307

exemplified, 110–11

labor as, 193, 503

means of acquisition of, 626

morality of, 624–28

morals and, 490–92

money vs., 111ff., 144

redistribution of, 15, 16, 17, 27, 37–38, 39, 47

sign and measure of, 129

studied, 481

Welfare, 57, 65, 72

See also Wealth, redistribution of

Well-being, 15

Wells, David A., xvii, xviin

Wheat, 669–70, 726–27

farming, 199–200

Wine. See Value

Winemaking, 188

Work. See Labor

Workshops, national, 47

Xerxes, 460

Youth

appealed to, 433, 449