The Rise and the Fall; L.E. Read

Although analogies are tricky devices, they can, on occasion, as292 FALL sist in bringing the mind into range of an abstruse matter that may have an important lesson to teach. So, let's see if we can apply the rocket analogy to the rise and fall of individuals, nations, civili zations. Dean Inge inverted an old prov erb and pointed out that "nothing fails like success." A famous prize fighter put the same idea more dramatically, "The bigger they come, the harder they fall!" But are these conclusions necessarily true? Now and then - not often we observe an individual who gets himself up topside and stays there, despite the "law" that says indi vidual failure is an inevitable af termath of personal success. But when it comes to nations and civilizations we look in vain for exceptions; the record is clear: what goes up has always come down! Nor is the assessing of col1967 THE RISE AND THE FALL 293 lective rises and faUs conuned to the historians. Most of us, regard less of which side of the ideological fence we are on, concern ourselves with the fate of "our country" or the favorable and unfavorable trends of "America."

Individual Liberty the Key Before recounting examples of collective rises and falls, it is well to have in mind what significantly rises and falls. The one important feature to keep the eye on is the rise and fall of individual liberty. If the rise and fall of political pow er and coercive dominance -lib erty's opposite - were the criteri on, then we would be forced to conclude that impoverished Russia has risen beyond any nation that has ever existed, an absurd deduc tion. Detecting the general rise and fall of liberty in a nation does not require that we examine the record person by person. It can be easily spotted by merely observing where liberty's concomitant - general well-being, economic as well as cul tural - has risen or fallen. Any where such well-being is increas ing, there we know that freedom also is increasing. The undulations of city-states, nations, civilizations began more than 6,000 years ago with the rise of Sumer. It fell so flat and its cities became so deeply embedded in the desert sands that historians knew nothing of it "for the past 2,000 years - not until archeolo gists made some accidental discov eries about a century ago. And only during the past twenty years has anyone been able to decipher their cuneiform characters and, thus, to learn about the remark able achievements of the Sumeri ans. l Egypt had her heyday.

There was the rise and fall of Carthage. Edith Hamilton writes, "A new civilization had arisen in Athens, unlike all that had gone before."2 Parenthetically, so important was Athens that many of the world's people are said to be part Greek. And, without question, all civilizations have contributed to our individual inheritance. But Athens joined the growing list of failures; she fell from her preeminence. Gibbon left us a notable record of the decline and fall of the Ro man Empire. After Rome was added to the scrap heap, we witness the rise and fall of Kiev, Venice, Amster dam, and a host of other cultures, 1 Samuel Noah Kramer, From the Tablets of Sumer (Indian Hills, Colo rado: The Falcon's Wing Press, 1956) 1 293 pp. 2 Edith Hamilton, The Greek Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1964), 212 pp.

294 THE FREEMAN May including the mighty British Em pire. Nowhere at any time can we find an exception to this rise-and fall pattern. And there is a good deal of well founded suspicion that the U.S.A. - the mightiest of them all in in dividual liberty and overall well being - has lost her thrust and is proceeding upward largely on mo mentum, that fateful interlude be fore upending and plunging down ward into the historical has-beens. Is this suspicion unwarranted? Will our nation be the exception to this evolution-devolution caval cade? Can we expect the U.S.A. to break this monotony, to prove the fallacy of this cyclical theory of history? Have we the orbital se cret? Or will "the bigger they come, the harder they fall" apply to our political economy as it has to the others? Assume there are grounds for this suspicion. Is there something, even at this late stage, that can be done about it?

facing the Problem Christianity answers this ques tion affirmatively - man can trans cend himself and break with the past - and thus this belief has been the unique promise of West ern civilization. Of three points I feel certain: (1) these ups and downs of city-states, nations, civ ilizations are Heaven's or Na ture's or Evolution's diagrams, presented over and over again, writ bold and enormously large, that all but the blind may see them; (2) we must observe, study, and learn the lessons they teach; and (3) the upending in the case of our country is not necessarily inevitable; the question is, can we intellectually meet the challenge that is unique to our times and situation? As Demosthenes de clared long ago, "The time for ex tracting a lesson from history is ever at hand for those who are wise." Upending or not depends entirely on the amount of wisdom that can be brought to bear!

Getting topside is one thing; staying there is quite something else. Nor is it too difficult to see why. Reflect on our Pilgrim Fathers and other newcomers who followed. Theirs was, as we well know, a case of "root hog, or die." But their plight, as similar plights the world over, bore the seeds for its alleviation: no way to go but up. Overcoming obstacles flexes the faculties and makes for strength; there is a common de sire to achieve; self-reliance flow ers, induced by having nothing else to rely upon; inventiveness is mothered by necessity; there is a spread of such survival virtues as thrift and honesty. There were other seminal or originative drives which, in certain favorable conditions, put poverty in the 1967 THE RISE AND THE FALL 295 background and led, eventually, to a state of material and cultural well-being. A part of the explanation "the certain favorable conditions" - as to why these seminal drives brought results superior to those previously and elsewhere experi enced was that, beginning with the late eighteenth century,· sev eral economic facts of life were discovered and extensively prac ticed: specialization, freedom in transactions, and the free mar ket or marginal utility theory of value. But even more basic and fundamental was the unprecedent ed limitation placed on coercive political power, that is, the remov al of restraints resulting in the freeing or releasing of crea ti ve energy. This felicitous windfall stemmed from the concept that man's rights are an endowment of the Creator and not the state, a concept explicitly stated in the Declaration of Independence and fortified by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights: the spiritual antecedent of the American mira cle!

Yes, the U.S.A., relative to all previous instances, made it top side. But staying in this position demands an art never yet acquired in human experience. Consider the seminal drives that put us there. Up is no longer the sole direction; down has been added and is easier, requiring no mol'~ in the way of virtues than noth ing; just letting yourself go, as we phrase it. Affluent people have no material obstacles to overcome. Strength and toughness tend to weaken or atrophy in the absence of exercise. Thrift becomes "old hat," and what more is there to achieve when one believes he has it made? Necessity is turned off as a gener ator of creative activity. To top it off, "the certain favor able conditions" have decreased as material well-being has increased, playing havoc with the most pow erful seminal drive of all: self-re liance. Getting to the root of it, the idea that rights are an endow ment of the Creator has become old-fashioned; the state as god has been substituted for God! And this shift in fundamental concepts has witnessed, as we might expect, a removal of constitutional bar riers against state power. Self reliance, in these circumstances, gives way to a reliance on omnipo tent government.

That the seminal or originative drives -Nature's handmaidens which put us where· we are have all but spent themselves seems evi dent enough. And short of a wis dom wholly new to human evolu tion, we'll discover that we're not in orbit; that an upending is upon us; and that the U.S.A. is 296 THE FREEMAN May just another in the evolution-dev olution pattern, that is, one more diagram writ bold as a lesson for some future and, may we hope, wiser people. But why should we not be the wiser people? To do the best we can in expanding our awareness, perception, consciousness - intelli gence - is what's expected of us; it's clearly man's destiny. Why wait for some future people? Thou sands of Americans with minds potentially up to the task are among us. Realization of potenti alities is thwarted only by a multi tude of distractions, trivia that any such person can easily detect for himself. The time and energy all of us fritter away - our inat tention to the really important matters of life - is appalling.

What is the wisdom required to avert an upending? I do not know; you do not know; no one knows!3 Therein is to be found my point. Looking for salvation, the wisdom in others or in organi zations and institutions has no more promise than is to be found in political parties. It is this very looking elsewhere, this shiftless, disastrous, let-George-do-it pro3 The best outline I have been able to contrive of the areas where understand ing must be sought is the chapter, "The Human Situation," in Deeper Than You Thin.k (Irvington, N. Y.: The Founda tion for Economic Education, Inc., 1967), pp. 28-44. clivity that draws an absolute blank. How can there be any wis dom in anyone of us when every one is looking for it in someone else? The Task Is Ours The first fact to keep in mind is that all wisdom has its origin and manifests itself through dis crete individuals and, insofar as you and I are concerned, only through you and me. Next, is to understand that whatever shows forth from either of us, regard less of how intelligently and dili gently we labor at the task, can be no more than tiny fragments of light or enlightenment. And last is to entertain the conviction that only in a proliferation of the search for Truth - on the part of everyone who has the potentiality for abstract thought and the capa bility to think things through can individual fragments of wis dom add up to a sum total suffi ciently large to avert another his torical upending.

This, in my view, is the lesson the bold diagrams have to teach. They seem to decree that settle ment for anything less than our best is out of the question: that's the price; take it or leave it; no higgling and haggling. If we fail to get the message, there'll be a people, eventually, who will. The fret is, of course, that while 1967 THE RISE AND THE FALL 297 you and I may do our best - will anyone else? Will everyone who is capable of this type of thinking? It doesn't seem likely, but it must be remembered that neither you nor I see very far. The message of history's rise and-fall sequence, given to us over and over again, is, indeed, writ bold. But some of the me,ssage is in fine print. The little I can read of it runs somewhat as follows: • The only w'ay for an individual to inspire others to do their best is to do his own level best. • The rise and fall of the quality of individual lives ac'count for the rise and fall of city-states, na tions, civil,izations.

• When selecting teachers for self, or children, or for one's fel low c'ountrymen, be certain that the teachers are students them selve,s. Noone can aid others in their improvement who is not ex per"'iencingself-improvement. • Be skeptical 0 f all programs promising to improve the lot of mankind that do not begin with your own improvement. • Do not be misled by the cliche, "Self-improvement is fine but it's too slow; bime is running out." The only concern an individual should have about time is his own husbandry of it. • He who favors liberty would never think of masterminding the good society. Then let him not try to plan the rearrangement of a bad soc'iety. He is as inc'apable of the latter as the former. True prac'ticality consists in each man probing for Truth and upholding what is revealed to him. A good society emerges only from c~ount less, individual stands for right eousness.

True, the message is writ bold but, then, there is the fine print which gets ever finer and increas ingly more difficult to read as one proceeds. Nonetheless, it ungrudg ingly yields to all who are worthy and reveals an ever deeper wisdom in response to devout and persist ent probing. And, assuredly, some where in the dim recesses of the message is to be found that wis dom which will make it possible for man to transcend himself, to break with his past, and to upset the monotonous rhythm of the rise and the fall. If we will aim at our own ful fillment, we can confidently leave the masterminding of nations, civ ilizations, and the world to the Creator. Ortega read rather far into the fine print and there was revealed to him what the personal dividend is: "Every Iiving crea ture is happy when he fulfills his destiny, that is, when he realizes himself, when he is being that which in truth he is." ~ KARL MARX, whose politico-eco nomic doctrines rule the lives of more than a billion persons and profoundly influence the rest of the world today, deemed labor the source of all production and gave short shrift to such factors as cap ital and management. But we know now that Marx was wrong, that the plodding effort of labor alone consumes nearly all the wealth it produces, and that all significant creations of new wealth may be traced to the courage, vision, in telligence, and organizational skills of the entrepreneur.