Faith of Our Fathers; C. Carson

CLARENCE B.CARSON HISTORY, it has been said, is a seamless cloth. The thought is apt. You cannot eli p a thread within it and attempt to extricate it without uri'raveling the whole. There have been efforts to tell the history of the United States with the role of religion either excised from it or altered ,within it. One ,common"al .. tenition occurs in those textbooks which claim that the Pilgrims' and Puritans came to America for freedom of religion. They did not. They came in order to be able to practice their religion. The difference is by no means mere ly a quibble. Freedom of religion, as Dr. Carson has wrilten and taught extensively, specializing in American intellectual history. His most recent book, The Rebirth of .Liberty: The Founding of the American Republic 1760-1800 is now available in a 350-page attractive Bicenten nial paperback at $3.00 from the Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.

10533. 732 it is now understood;' is a secular concept. It is probablD':evenmore highly valued by thoseyvho have no religious faith than by active be lievers. To be able to practic~ one's faith is only ofvalue to.himwho has a faith to practice. It is a sacred, not a secular, value. The Puritans at the time of settlement·,,-e6uld' no more conceive of the .desirahility -of freedom of religion than .r:l'reasury officials today can conceive of/the desirability of freedorti of counter feiting. My point is that books on American history often ei ther secularize religious values, treat them as alien, or leave them out of account. Yet, without these religious foundations there could have been no United States as it was and is. There is no knowing American history without grasping its underpinnings in Judeo-Chris1976 FAITH OF OUR FATHERS 733 tian faith. America as it was and is cannot even be ~successfully imag ined without the thread of faith woven into the cloth of history.

Biblically Based and Christian Settlement of America American history cannot be imagined without the powerful evocati ve phrases of the King James Version of the Bible, or without the story of our origins in Genesis: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on· the ;'face of the deep. And the Spirit of Gqd moved upon the face of the waters .. Genesis 1: 1-2. 0r, with<:?ut the account of man's place in the creation: And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. Genesis f· 26-27. -The fundamental character of all proper law is' revealed in the Ten Commandments. Though two of them do command appropriate af firmative action, the remainder are prohibitive in nature. They are brief, concise, and are readily under stood. A United States without the Ten Commandments in its back ground would have been a United States without transcendent law upon which. to build: 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image. 3. ,Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kIll. 7,. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. 10. Thou shalt not covet. Excerpted and numbered from Exodus 20: 3-17. Most of those who settled in the New World were Christian, nominally or devoutly as the case might be. Their attitude toward life had been winnowed through and condi tioned by the Christian perspective. This meant many things, but one of its meanings is never to be ignored by the historian: That good ultimately triumphs over evil, that life is not necessarily tragic but that it is potentially triumphant when it is in accord with God's wilL America without the assurance of this Revelation could not have been as it has been: 734 THE FREEMAN December In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God; all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.

John 1: 1-5 (RSV) This assurance comes through in the beautiful promises of the Beatitudes: Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall· be called the sons of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are you when men revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for so men persecuted the prophets who were before you. Matthew 5: 3-11 (RSV) Roman Catholicism The Christian religion was for a thousand years of its history repre sen ted primarily by the Roman Catholic Church. Within that fold many doctrines were shaped and many great preachers and teachers held forth. While the Catholic Church was suspect to some of the Founders of the United States, it is nonetheless the case that ~he Faith of Our Fathers found· many of its underpinnings in that faith. Here is a statement from the monastic ideal of the Middle Ages: This treasure, then, namely Christ, our God and Lord, who was made for us as both redeemer and reward, He Him self both the promiser and the prize, who is both the lif~ of man and the eternity of the angels-this, I say, store away with diligent care in the recesses of your heart. On Him cast the anxiety of any care whatsoever. In Him delight through the discourse of zealous prayer. In Him refresh yourself by the nightly feasts of holy meditation. Let Him be your food, and your clothing no less. If it should happen that you lack anything of exter nal convenience, do not be uncertain, do not despair of His true promise in which He said "Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and all things shall be added unto you ... :' Peter Damiani (Eleventh Century) Protestant Reformation Even more, however, is the United States inconceivable without the Protestant Reformation. Most of 1976 FAITH OF OUR FATHERS 735 the colonies were settled by one or more offshoots of this movement.

The emphasis upon I;'eason, Scrip ture, and decision by the in di vidual-hallmarks of the Re formation-was never more dra matically stated than by Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms in his refusal to recant: Since your Majesty and your lordships ask for a simple reply, I shall give you one without horns and without teeth; unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scriptures or by plain reason. " I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I can do no other. Martin Luther (Diet of Worms, 1521) The tendency in Protestant lands, however, was to have one estab lished church. Those who did not want such an establishment, or wanted a different one, were often persecuted in their home lands. Some of these sought refuge in' America. The Pilgrims were the first of such English groups to do so.

The character of the faith of one of their leaders, William Bradford, comes through in this selection from his writing: What cotdd now sustain them but the Spiri t of God and His grace? May not and ought not the children of these fathers rightly say: "Our fathers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto the Lord, and He heard their voice and looked on their adversity;' etc. "Let them therefore praise the Lord because he is good: and His mercies endure forever." Yea, let them which have been redeemed of the Lord, shew how He hath delivered them from the hand of the oppressor. When they wandered in the desert wilderness out of the way, and found no city to dwell in, both hungry and thirsty, their soul was overwhelmed in them. Let them confess before the Lord his lovingkind ness and His wonderful works before the sons of men.

William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation. The Great Awakening, At the outs.et, many of those who settled in the New World were di vided from one another by religious differences. The fact that most of them were Protestant served at first more to divide than to unite them. Over the years, doctrinal antipathies moderated. Perhaps the single most important of the moderating influences was the Great Awakening. In the middle of the eighteenth century a great revival spread through the colonies. Though it did provoke some divi sions within denominations, its ten dency was to shift the emphasis from points of doctrille to the experience of con version and a spiritual attitude toward life. Denominations con tin ued to 736 THE FREEMAN December proliferate but their differences became more a matter of modes of organization and( tastes as to ritual than of dogma and doctrine. The Great Awakening provided a widely shared evangelistic base for Protes tant Christianity. The tenor of this evangelism appears in this excerpt from a sermon by Jonathan Edwards: I invite you now to a better portion.

There are better things provided for the sinful miserable children of men. There is a surer comfort and .more durable peace: comfort that you may enjoy in a state of safety and on a sure foundation: a peace and rest that you may enjoy with reason and with your eyes wide open; having' all your sins forgiven ... ; being taken into God's family and made his children; and having good evidence that your names were written on the heart of Christ before the world was made .... J ona than Edwards The God of Creation In the great documents of the American Revolution there is often an explicit reliance upon natural law and an implicit underlying dependence on the inheri ted religious faith. The God of nature and the God revealed in Scripture was the same God. There were, however, differences in the interpre tation of Scripture, differences which did not extend to the natural law. Hence, the appeal in the Declaration of Independence was to the God of Creation: When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them .with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness .... Declaration of Independence, 1776 The practice of having a written constitution is American in origin. It was grounded in their British heritage and colonial experience, but it was particularly informed by their Christian and Protestant religion. The Founders were people . of the Book, the Bible, the recorded word. As Protestants mainly, they attached an unusually high impor tance to Scripture and to its careful exposition. It was, to them, the highest authority. The United States Constitution became for them, out of this tradition, the highest authority' within the coun try. It was written, precise, and was to be carefully interpreted and observed.

1976 FAITH OF OUR FATHERS 737 A Subtle Parallel One part of the Constitution has been especially revered over the years. It is the first ten amend ments, commonly called the Bill of Rights. Some of its antecedents are generally understood to be the Mag na Carta and the English Bill of Rights. But its most profound anteceden t is usually ignored. It is more difficult than it may at first appear to imagine that the First Ten Amendments have played the role they have without the prior posi tion of the Ten Commandments in the Judeo-Christian religion. It is not just that each of them numbers ten, though they do. It is considera bly more. They are similar in form. The Ten Commandments usually begin with "Thou shalt noe' The First Ten Amendments are equally prohibitive in their language: "Con gress shall make no law ... , No Soldier shall ... , shall not be vio lated ... , Excessive bail shall not be required ... ;' and so forth. More, the Ten Commandments forbid indi viduals to do acts that would be harmful to anyone. The First Ten Amendments forpid· government to do acts arbitrarily detrimental to our life, liberty, and property. The Ten Commandments proceed from our Maker to us. The First Ten Amendmen ts proceed from the makers of government to it. Can it be doubted that they draw subtle force from the parallel?

The Faith of Hamilton The Founding Fathers were not particularly renowned for their piety. But the springs of religious faith often ran deep within them, to break forth only on extraordinary occasions. So it was with Alexander Hamilton. It was his fate to meet his death in a duel with Aaron Burr. Perhaps "fate" is the wrong word; he took a course which exposed him to such a death if Burr so chose. Hamilton believed that dueling was wrong and knew that it was against the law. Yet, when challenged he felt that he must participate. The last note to his wife written on the night before the duel contained these thoughts, among others: ... The scruples of a Christian have determined me to expose my own life to any extent, rather than subject myself to the guilt of taking the life of another. This much increases my hazards, and redoubles my pangs for you. But you had rather I should die innocent than live guilty. Heaven can preserve me, and I humbly hope will; but, in the contrary event, I charge you to remember that you are a Christian. God's will be done!

The will of a merciful God m list be good .... On the day of the duel both Hamilton and Burr raised their pistols to the ready position on command. Burr then aimed and fireddirec tly at Hamilton. Hamilton fired into the air, as he had said he would do. Hamilton died 738 THE FREEMAN December from the wounds inflicted on him. It is difficult to imagine America without men devoted to principles founded upon their faith. Washington's Farewell N or should we imagine an America withou t the guidance of Washington's Farewell Address. Nor would that address have been the same without its references to religious underpinnings: Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness-these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them.

A volume would not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obliga tion desert the oaths which are instru ments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar ,structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. George Washington, Farewell Address But, then, the United States of America could. hardly be conceived without the Faith of 01J.r Fathers. , IDEAS O~ LIBERTY Sacred Rights of Mankind THE SACRED RIGHTS of mankind are not to be rummaged for among old parchments or musty records. They are written as with a sunbeam, in the whole volume of human nature, by the hand of Divinity itself, and can never be erased or obs~ured by human power. This is what is called the law of nature, which being coeval with mankind and dictated by God ,himself, is, of course, superior in obligation to any other. No human laws are of any validity if contrary to this. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times.

ALEXANDERHAMILTON YOU CAN'T SELL FREEDOM TOA STARVING MAN RIDGWAY K. FOLEY, JR. Mr. Foley, a partner in Souther, Spaulding, Kinsey, Williamson & Schwabe, practices law in Portland, Oregon. OF ALL THE CLICHES denigrating liberty, the most pernicious consists of the comment, designed in any of its varying forms to terminate the conversation entirely, that "your ideals and ideas may be laudable, but you can't talk liberty to a man with an empty belly or whose children want for food and clothing." This essay proposes to in vestigate the validity of that response. * * * * Freedom consists of the absence of organized, coercive restraint against individual human action.! It is indivisible in two respects: (1) restraint in one aspect of life affects creative action in other categories; (2) restraint of one member of society adversely affects all other men. Consider the first postulate. One cannot enjoy meaningful liberty of association or freedom of speech while suffering under economic or poli tical bondage. Freedom of speech or press offers an illusory value if the potential speaker or writer cannot purchase air time on radio or television, or a soap box, or newsprin t from the governmen tally controlled factory, or a sound truck, 1 For a detailed discussion see Foley, Ridg way K., ,Jr., "Individual Liberty and the Rule of Law," 21 Freeman'357-378 (June 1971), 7 Will. L.J. 396-418 (Dec. 1971l, and Foley, Ridgway K., Jr., "A Rationale For Liberty," 23 Freeman 222-229 (April 1973).