Input Slavery and Output Slavery; I. Gottlieb

Ira Gottlieb Input Slavery and Output Slavery THE production of goods comes about due to the processing of basic mate rials into forms more desirable to users. Basic inputs, such as labor and raw materials, undergo a crea tive interaction and a new product emerges that is hopefully more val uable than the combined values of the inputs. Throughout history, the labor input often was obtained by means of enslaving the worker. The pyramids of Egypt were built with slaves, and much of the cotton of the Old South was picked with slaves. Today in the United States, absolute input slavery is abhorred. A vast majority of the citizenry would be opposed to forcing anyone into work ing against his will for no pay. However, the majority opinion against slavery begins to shrink Mr. Gottlieb is pursuing a Master of Business Ad ministration degree with a major in finance at New York University. 378 when workers are paid for a task, even if they must work against their wills. During a major coal strike in the recent past, a multitude of voices were raised asking the President to order the strikers back to work.

In the absence of a contract, it is a basic right of an employee to refuse to work, just as it is a basic right of an employer to fire any striking worker and replace him with an individual more willing to do the job. The employee «has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself," as John Locke said in Two Treatises of Gov ernment. However, a job is not a physical property belonging to the employee, it is an abstraction which an employer creates (and therefore owns) to fulfill a need of an enter prise. The presence of a contract changes the situation because a set of mutually binding obligations is INPUT SLAVERY ANI> OUTPUT SLAVERY 379 brought into the picture. Each par ty depends upon the other for the carrying out of an agreed upon per formance, and gives security in re turn. An employer is assured of a labor supply with which he could make production plans, and an em ployee is guaranteed the job itself.

The breaking of a contract by either party, without a (Justifying" cause, can be considered a form of theft because it robs one party of the as sured security for which something was given in return. Therefore, the enforcement of a voluntary contract against either party should not be considered input slavery. Ownership Rights Output slavery involves the con fiscation of the products of the pro duction process from its rightful owner. A self-employed person is clearly entitled to the output be cause he provides the labor, capital, raw materials, creativity, and what ever else is necessary to produce the output. There is no right to that which another produces. This is where a conflict comes in. Many people who are opposed to input slavery (forced labor) are not opposed to output slavery. John Locke observed that ((The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his Labour with, and joyned to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property . . .

that excludes the common right of other Men." Locke's statement does not justify a Marxian Labor Theory of Value. That labor is the unques tionable proPerty of the worker can not be denied, but employees im plicitly agree to exchange their labor for a compensation other than the proPerty they work upon. By agreeing to exchange their labor for a given compensation, they trade their claims to that part of the final product which their labor helped produce. The value of their labor is subjectively determined by competi tive market forces. Beyond their wages, employees have no further claims to the goods produced. The inputs used in the process other than labor are usually the property of some owner. It is not virgin property the employee works on, but something which has al ready been claimed. The salary paid an employee was formerly property which the employer had owned and obtained through creative efforts and labor. An employee cannot have claims to such property of others except as covered in the employment contract. In the case of losses, the employee still has a claim, although no value has been added, because he has upheld his part of the contract and is due compensation.

380 THE FREEMAN Based on these factors, the out puts of the production process be long exclusively to the producer once contractual claims have been settled. As input slavery represents the enslavement of employee efforts, output slavery represents the plun der of employer efforts and labor. Protecting the Employer As said earlier, input slavery often is and should continue to be opposed. However, those who would strenuously oppose input slavery of the employee usually fail to recog nize output slavery imposed upon the employer. Examples of the latter include demands for the nationaliza tion of various corporate proPerties, improper restrictions on rights of property usage which steals the es sence of property, and claims that property does not exist for the own ers' but rather for the workers and a nebulous ~~public." In order to abolish slavery, em ployers who firmly favor property rights should be made aware of how compulsory labor laws violate the very concepts the employers sup port. By demanding that coal miners or railroad workers be ordered back to work under the Taft-Hartley Act, employers in effect would be agree ing that a Person's property should not be privately controlled. Of course, striking workers may still be fired.

Perhaps more importantly, those who support freedom should make both employees and the general citizenry aware of the fact that, without private property rights, freedom itself is impossible. Free dom of property usage, like freedom of speech, can only be protected if the right to all property is accepted and respected. If exceptions are made to fit particular circum stances, no one would be able to feel secure in his property or person. Only with a mutual respect for both input and output factors, is freedom of either possible. ® IDEAS ON LIBERTY The Zeal for Equality THE modern leveler rebels against the inequalities of merit, capacity, and virtue. Beginning with a just principle, he develops it into an unjust one. Inequality may be as true and as just as equality: it depends upon what you mean by it. But this is precisely what nobody cares to find out. All passions dread the light, and the modern zeal for equality is a disguised hatred which tries to pass itself off as love.

HENRI FREDERIC AMIEL A REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK JOHN CHAMBERLAIN VOLUNTARYISM AUBERON HERBERT'S The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State, and Other Essays, edited and with an introduction by Eric Mack (Lib erty Classics, 7440 North Shade land, Indianapolis, Indiana 46250, 426 pages, $9.00 cloth, $3.50 pa perback), is an astonishing book to come upon after all these years. What modern libertarians know as voluntarism, Herbert, who died in 1906, called voluntaryism (the fey" in the middle of the word gives it an odd ring to my ear). The creed of voluntaryism, as worked out by Herbert in a busy quarter-century of pamphleteering, speech writing and magazine editing, was thorough and logically convincing. A logical series of deductions from England's own individualistic theory of natural rights, Herbert's doctrine should have caused his countrymen to stand fast against the collectivist ideas seeping in from continental Europe. But the more that Herbert wrote, the less influence' he seemed to have.