America's Two Entities; K. McDonald

644 sion: that the U.S. was the chief threat to world peace and, by impli cation, to free people everywhere. These persuasions of the media are not peculiar to Canada. In the March issue of Chronicles of Culture, Paul Hollander noted, after traveling in Western Europe, that "Highly edu cated people appeared to entertain a view of the American political sys tem more appropriate to the per sonal dictatorship of Qaddafi of Li bya or Kim II-Sung of North Korea than to a system in which 'the chief executive' is subject to a vast net work of controls, restraints, and countervailing forces." The fact that America gets a bad press abroad may be due to the fact that it often gets a bad press at home. Negative reporting by U.S. news papers, magazines, wire services, radio and television networks finds its way into their equivalents throughout the world. The nation in which freedom of speech is as fiercely treasured as breathing tells the world everything it does. The good and the bad, the successes and failures, all are re corded. Nothing is hidden, or at least not for long. Sooner or later, corrup tion is exposed, even the corruption of power.

The freedom that makes all the re cording possible makes the U.S. an inviting target. Her domestic de tractors supply the ammunition to reinforce the attacks by her foes.

AMERICA'S TWO ELITES 645 Freedom in America How does this affect freedom in America? It deflects attention from Ameri ca's basic strength: the freedom of her citizens to exchange the product of their mental and physical skills. Indeed that freedom is contested by domestic critics who claim that the product, and the capitalist system that enables it to be produced, con flict with their ideas of "social justice." No account is taken of the process through which the product comes into being. Instead, the state, whose role in a representative democracy is to uphold the law before which all citizens are equal, has put its thumb on one side of the scales of justice. The many, who constitute potential majorities in elections, are preferred to the few, who don't. This inherent flaw in representa tive democracy is paradoxical. De mocracies were formed by people who saw that the good of the many was advanced by individuals of which the many consists. Not every one succeeds. But they who do, bring benefits to the rest. Whether as em ployers or inventors, engineers or philosophers, they add something that was not there before.

They owe their success, in large part, to the freedom with which de mocracy surrounds them. They are an elite, but a fluctuating one, an elite whose composition changes as individuals make their separate ways up or down the ladder. The paradox is that democracy de velops two elites: the elite that pro duces, in freedom, the sources of bet terment; and the elite that gathers to itself, also in freedom, the power to control other people's affairs. The second of those two is not con fined to democracies. In the extreme form that characterizes arbitrary rule, it has controlled most of the world's peoples throughout history. Today, and even after classing some marginal countries on the side of de mocracy, more than 60 per cent ofthe world's people are subject to arbi trary rule by elites. (Whether the rule is exercised by a personal dictatorship, as in Libya, or by a self-perpetuating oligarchy, as in the USSR, it needs an elite to prop it up. The elite is rewarded with favors beyond the reach of the ruled.

The desire to preserve elite status, and to make it hereditary, traps elites and rulers alike in the conspiracy.) The fact that, despite the Western media, and despite the propaganda of their own rulers, people from the 60 per cent try desperately to escape to America is a mark for optimism. Even if these refugees know about the second of America's two elites, those who control other people's af fairs, they know also that its mem bers will not knock on their doors in the night.

646 THE FREEMAN November Nevertheless for Americans, and for all who wish America well, it is that second elite which calls for examination. It consists for the most part of well meaning people who would defend freedom as stoutly as any. Indeed it may be their desire to defend the freedom of the less fortunate that impels them to control people's af fairs. Former Canadian Prime Min ister Pierre Elliott Trudeau ex pressed the sentiment when he wrote (in 1958) "I believe in the necessity of state control to maximize the lib erty and welfare of all, and to permit everyone to realize himself fully." The Basic Contradictory Tenets of Socialism The difficulty that confronts all self-styled democratic socialists, or social democrats, is that their tenets are contradictory. Their philosophy requires the state to control the economy, Le., to deny citizens the economic freedom which is insepar able from political freedom, while claiming to keep the latter intact.

They are condemned to a condition of what George Orwell called "Dou ble think [which] means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them." (1984) That does not make them any the less dangerous. Their adherents are prey to a trap of a different kind. Be mused by visions of a welfare state in which the sun shines every day upon smiling and contented people, they fail to see that taking without giving in return is a one-way street. At the end of it, there is little left to take. Like drug addicts, who seek tem porary relief at the risk of lasting damage, they take what the state of fers, yet see no relation between the scale of its offerings and the depre ciation of the currency in which the offerings are expressed. The resulting impoverishment leads the elite to call for more inter ventions by the state whose inter ventions caused it. But their philos ophy prevents them from admitting the connection between the two.

This, then, is the paradox of free dom: that an elite which freedom spawned poses the gravest threat to it. For there is no doubt that, un checked, the work of that elite will lead to more and more of the state's encroachments until the individu al's liberty, far from being maxi mized, will fast diminish. Warnings that these growing en croachments have only one end-in state control of Soviet-sty Ie dimen sions-are laughed out of court. America, after all, is a democracy. It is true that democracy is strong. It has the strength of people who partake of it willingly and would as willingly defend it, if necessary by arms.

1985 AMERICA'S TWO ELITES 647 But the defense it needs most is against ideas that would bring it down. The elite that would control affairs at home, and the elites that do control affairs in the dictator ships, differ only in degree, not in kind. The foreign observers' view of the United States of America, referred to earlier, persuades them that the two superpowers are much of a muchness, both too big and power ful, both dangerous. Superficially, the sinecures of public office in Washington, and the perquisites that accompany them, are not dis similar from those that attend the functionaries in Moscow. What seems to escape the observ ers is this palpable difference: that the Soviet government goes to bar barous lengths to stop its people from getting out; the U.S. government tries vainly to stem the flow of peo ple who are trying to get in. The promise of freedom that brought the millions to America in the past brings them still.

. Neverlheless the foreign observers have a point. America is not threat ened so much by the Soviet Union as by the pressures that confroriting the Soviet Union imposes upon Ameri ca's institutions. Confronting a state whose purpose is to expand its influence by military means is no light matter. Nor is it limited in time. Mounting a corre sponding military defense, perhaps for generations, imposes a heavy burden on the economy. Moreover, the allocation of American resources to military purposes, and the accom panying growth of government to gather and monitor those resources, will accentuate similarities between two political systems that are in fact distinct. Democracies and dictatorships are not ordinary foes. Between one and the other no compromise is possible. The first thrives on freedom, the sec ond dare not allow it. The Importance of Optimism Freedom is the issue. The freedom to exchange ideas, and the products of ideas, is the basis of America's strength; denial of that freedom is her enemies' weakness.

America, too, is weakened by the elite that encroaches on freedom at home. Just as defense against the foreign enemy is rooted in freedom, so is the domestic enemy vulnerable to the ideas that freedom generates. The challenge is to tailor those ideas, and disseminate them, in ways that will counter, and dis credit, the forces that threaten freedom. To return to The Freeman's ques tion, optimism is a component of freedom. It was optimism that brought the millions to America, and it is the freedom they found and prospered from that will secure America's future. @) Dean Russell • Livingin Two Chinas • THE economy of the Republic of China on Taiwan is largely based on private ownership and production for-profit. The officials are elected and are responsible to the wishes of the people in general. The economy of the communist government on the mainland, the People's Republic of China, is based on total government ownership of all resources and all means of produc tion. That system of social owner ship, Le., planned production by everyone for the benefit of all, nec essarily requires a dictatorship to run it.