Freedom in the Dock; H. Baetjer, Jr.

70 FreedoDl in the Dock by Howard Baetjer Jr. ,.1t"IIII1I1III11II1'mn ...81"'I ..........:I:n:fII:ltt~ltto~.-...~-I~~~~§ "What you're talking about is surviv al of the fittest, right? Laissez-faire capitalism-where the strong make it and the weak die; is that it?" The accu sation bursts forth from a tenth-grader in an American history class. She has been'listening intently to my description of the limited gov ernment, private property, unhampered market philosophy, and is visibly pained to hear so barbarous a system advocated. Have I no con cern for the weak, for those who don't have the skill or training to make it in capitalism? Respected guest lecturer a moment ago, I have suddenly become a prisoner at the bar, ac cused of hard-heartedness. The jury is a classroom full of bright fifteen-and sixteen year-olds. They appear to think my prospects bleak, but they settle back into their chairs to hear the defense.

I begin by pointing out that capitalism, in a limited sense, is a system in which the fittest flourish and the least fit disappearas long as one is talking about business enterprises. A Howard Baetjer is on the staff at FEE. company prospers as long as it provides con sumers some good or service they want at a price they will pay. But if its competitors should cut costs and charge less for a similar product, or offer a better product at a good price, that company must adapt or lose cus tomers. It must improve its own product, de velop cost savings of its own, or even go into a different product line. But if it doesn't adapt, it goes out of business. In practice, approximately half of all compa nies fail within the first five years; the ineffi cient or outdated continually give way to the newer and better. Many of yesteryear's giants -Kaiser Steel, Sperry & Hutchinson, Cerro, Bendix, Pullman, and others-have vanished, while a few of yesteryear's infants have risen to prominence. Economist Joseph Schumpeter aptly called this process "gales of creative de struction." From this standpoint, the market place is as ruthless as nature in the wild.

But this ruthlessness applies only to business enterprises-abstractions without feelings or families. It does not apply to people. When a company fails, its workers and proprietors alike lose their employment ... for a time. But the only thing actually to disappear is' the abstrac tion we call the company. Its buildings and capital equipment survive, bought by other companies. The people who worked there ad just: they find new jobs or start other compa nies for whose products there is more demand. This distinction between companies and people is crucial. In fact, because capitalism permits only the fittest companies to flourish, it dramatically assists even the least skilled people to prosper.

As consumers, the least skilled benefit greatly from capitalism. In a market economy, businesses compete to reach the largest possible markets. Thus they strive to produce more goods and services while cutting their costs of production. Among the biggest winners in ca pitalistic competition are companies that ex pand their markets by bringing their products within the price range of low-income people. As Schumpeter observed in Capitalism, So cialism, and Democracy, "Queen Elizabeth owned silk stockings. The capitalist achieve ment does not typic ally consist in providing more silk stockings for queens but in bringing them within the reach of factory girls in return for steadily decreasing amounts of effort. " Not many years ago the chairman of IBM es timated optimistically that before long, at least a hundred companies in America would be able to afford their own computers. He underesti mated capitalism: personal computers can now be purchased for under $100, well within the range of even low-income families. Thus capi talism tends steadily to increase the buying power of the less affluent and affluent alike.

The "gales of creative destruction" among producers are fair winds bringing vessels richly laden for consumers. Capitalism Benefits All Capitalism benefits the disadvantaged and unskilled as wage earners also. The market pro cess lifts wage rates for all levels of ability. As . businesses accumulate capital and utilize better machines, the output per worker increases. Hence the value of labor services increases, and employers, competing with one another for these services, must pay higher wages to attract the workers they need. For example, average real monthly earnings for American farm la borers increased six-fold from 1820 to 1950. Similar wage increases have occurred in non farm employment. Even for the severely handicapped or infirm, capitalism is the best available economic system. Such unfortunate people necessarily depend on the care of others in any system. But in controlled economies, production is meager; the able-bodied have little to spare for those who cannot work. In capitalism, production is 71 bountiful; there is an ever-increasing surplus with which concerned people can care for those unable to care for themselves. Americans con tribute an average of $650 a year to charities.

(U.S. News & World Report, April 28, 1986) This figure by itself exceeds the total annual per capita income of much of the non-capitalist world. How are people in non-capitalist nations to provide wheelchairs, artificial limbs, books on tape, and Special Olympics for their unfor tunate, when they have trouble feeding them selves? This is not to imply that the United States has or ever did have a consistently capitalist economy. The point is that the relatively large degree of capitalism in America has benefited all-consumers, workers, and the dependent. In human society the strife-filled "law of the jungle" is approximated in proportion to the amount of government intervention in eco nomic activity. The more political power and privilege are used to seize and dispense the fruits of human labor, the more people must act like the proverbial jungle's beasts, which vie for the limited amounts that nature provides.

They struggle among themselves in an appro priation process, grasping for what the govern ment has seized from ever fewer discouraged producers. In this shoving at the public trough, the strong prevail and the weak-the politi cally powerless-get pushed aside. In the market, however, people cooperate in a production process. Not limited to nature's bare provision, they transform natural re sources and produce an abundance of new goods. Each tries to provide what others want, to exchange for a portion of what others have produced. All contribute; all gain from others' efforts. I turn to the young woman who asked the question and give my summation: Yes, I'm ad vocating laissez-faire capitalism. But capi talism is not a system in which only the fittest individuals survive; it is a system of growing abundance for all. It is the economic system which best provides for the disadvantaged people we all are concerned about.

She nods ever so slightly, her expression softened. The bell rings and the jury rises. They are deliberating as they leave the classroom. I never get to hear the verdict. D 72 The Politics of Deficit Spending by Hans F. Sennholz D uring the first 150 years of U. S. his tory, it was a maxim of political economy that the federal government should balance its budget. The only exception was allowed in wartime when deficits were deemed to be unavoidable. But when the war emergency had passed, the federal government was expected to repay the debt as soon as pos sible. It was made to run surpluses for 28 con secutive years after the Civil War, and for 11 consecutive years after World War I. The debacle of the Great Depression together with the sway of Keynesian economics gave rise to a new belief that, in periods of economic decline and stagnation, budgetary deficits could serve to stimulate economic activity. But the deficits should be offset by surpluses in periods of prosperity so that the budget would remain in balance over the business cycle as a whole.