Alaska's Other Oil Spill; S. Jackstadt and D. R. Lee

An area of enormous natural beauty was polluted, large numbers of animals were killed, and hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent on the cleanup, not to mention the loss of 11 million gallons of petroleum. Media coverage of the spill as a major event is understandable. Yet, by far the greatest destruction of wealth associated with Alaskan oil has gone entirely un noticed. As a direct result of the actions of the Alaskan state government, a significant portion of the net value of Alaska's petroleum reserves has been wasted just as surely as if it were being deliberately spilled into Prince William Sound. This waste continues without attracting the slightest attention from the press. Interestingly,the explanation for governmental spillage of Alaska's oil wealth is closely tied to the explanation for the Exxon oil spill. That ex planation comes from the perverse incentives re sl:lltingfrom the use of property that is common ly, rather than privately,owned. In the absence of well-defined private property rights to a valuable resource, no one has much incentive to exercise proper care and restraint in the use of that re source. Those who make. careless and excessive use of a common property resource capture all the benefits from that use, with the costs deferred in time and diffused over the general public.

Prince William Sound is a clear example of a common property resource. It is commonly Stephen L. Jackstadt is an Associate Professor of Eco nomics at the University of Alaska, Anchorage. Dwight R. Lee is the Ramsey Professor of Economics at the University of Georgia, Athens. owned by the entire American public, with no one individual having either the motivation to in cur a cost to protect it from abuse or the legal right to charge others for its use. Therefore, the savings the oil companies realize from exercising insufficient care in shipping oil through the Sound, or being inadequately prepared to re spond to an accident, are captured completely by the oil companies. On the other hand, the envi ronmental damage to the Sound from an oil spill will be imposed on the general public, with the oil companies being less than fully responsible for this cost. The common property problem can also moti vate wasteful oil company decisions at the north ern end of the Alaskan pipeline. With several companies pumping from common petroleum pools on the North Slope, the temptation facing each is to pump as quickly as possible with little regard for the adverse effects of excessivepump ing on the total petroleum that can be recovered.

Each company captures all the gain from its ex cessivepumping, with the costs of reduced future recovery being spread over all the companies. The company that takes the long-run view by moderating its current pumping risks losing out to the excessivepumping of others. Fortunately these common property problems are"well recognized, and steps have been taken to reduce their wasteful consequences. Exxon is be ing required by the threat of legal action, govern ment sanctions, and by the pressure of public opinion, to pay for much, even though not all, of the costs of its carelessness. The bearing of this cost will certainly serve as a strong incentive for Exxon, and other oil companies, to exercise more caution in the future. Also, the oil companies op erating on the North Slope have largely solved the common property problem of excessive re covery rates by forming a consortium in which the ownership shares of the petroleum recovered from a pool are determined independently of the recovery rate, with one company making the de cision on that rate.

GovernmentRevenueas a CommonPropertyResource It is widely,and correctly, recognized that gov ernment action is required if common property problems are to be adequately overcome. Gov ernment plays an important role by enforcing pri vate property right arrangements when they emerge (as in the case of the North Slope oil fields) and by imposing sensible restrictions on the use, and penalties on the abuse, of resources when private ownership is impractical (as in the case with Prince William Sound). But what has not been widely recognized is that government is often the major source of common property problems and, as a consequence, the greatest threat to the value of our natural resources. A significantportion of the value of natural re sources goes to government in the form of royal ty and severance taxes. The burden of these taxes affects how much of a resource can be recovered profitably, and the use of the tax revenue affects the value derived from the resource. And both the tax burden and the use of the tax revenue are determined in a common property setting every bit as destructive of resource wealth as any other uncontrolled common property setting.

The ownership of government revenue is not determined by well-defined property rights. In stead it is a common property resource which is allocated on the basis of political competition among various interest groups. This competition favors relatively small groups, actively organized around a narrowly focused interest which is, or can be, served by some government program. Each of these interest groups is in a position completely analogous to that of an individual ex ploiting a common property resource. The inter est group that manages to pump more out·of the public treasury secures all of the benefits, but pays only a minisculeportion of the costs. The in centive for an interest group to moderate its de9 mands on the public treasury for the long-run good of all is lacking completely. Such modera tion will not be rewarded with reciprocal modera tion on the part of other interest groups, and will be seen as a useless sacrifice. The result is a wasteful specialinterest race for more govern ment spending now, with little thought given to its long-run consequences.

Typically,specialinterest waste in government spending is moderated somewhat by the resis tance of the taxpaying public. The "somewhat" has to be emphasized here since taxpayers consist of such a large and diverse group of individuals with no one taxpayer likely to be heavily bur dened by the costs of any particular government program. For this reason, it is difficultto mobilize taxpayers in order to resist any given program, no matter how wasteful it may be. But taxpayers are aware of their tax burdens and, without explicitly organizing, can send politicians a clear message at the polls that there are limits to the tax bur dens that will be tolerated. The AlaskanCase In Alaska, however, taxpayers have little moti vation to resist the transfer of private wealth into common property state revenue. Since the dis covery of oil on Alaska's North Slope in the late 1960s,well over 80 percent of the state's tax rev enue has come from taxes on oil. These taxes are paid almost entirely by consumers and investors who do not live in Alaska. Not surprisingly,fiscal restraint is an alien concept to Alaskan politi cians. When faced with constituent pressures to increase spending, politicians in Juneau have seen little reason to resist. Why risk aggravating those who can vote you out of office when they can be accommodated by increasing the taxes of those who cannot?

Since 1968 the Alaskan legislature has in creased taxes on oil 12 times. Even though Alas ka had by far the highest taxes in the nation on oil production, the 1989 state legislature in creased the state taxes on Prudhoe Bay produc tion by 25 percent, and by about 60 percent on production out of the nearby Kuparuk oil field. The Alaskan state government is capturing over 50 percent of the net return generated by the re covery of North Slope oil, which is 70 percent more than the share received by the oil industry.

10 THE FREEMAN • JANUARY 1990 These oil revenues are fueling state spending at unprecedented rates. Alaska is far out in front of the rest of the nation in per capita state spend ing. In 1986 per capita state spending in Alaska was $7,309-two-and-a-half times that of its near est rival, Wyoming, and nearly five times the na tional average. The higher cost of livingin Alaska can account for only a relatively small share of these differences. The wealth contained in North Slope oil has been treated as a vast common property resource by Alaska's politicians and their specialinterest clients. Predictably, the motivation has been to grab as much as possible with little worry about waste or regard for the future. The politicians and special interests are surely aware that the oil fields are a depleting resource, and that current rates of state spending cannot long be continued. They must be aware that the long-run advantage of all would be served by re ducing spending today so more could be saved to finance the continuation of reasonable spending levels in the future. Indeed, if state spending had been kept at a reasonable level over the last 20 years, that level could by now be maintained in definitely from the interest on what would have been saved. But each special interest also knows, as does every exploiter of a common property re source, that the money it does not capture today for its spending program will instead be captured, and immediatelyspent, by another specialinterest.

BudgetaryBlackHoles There is no way the Alaskan state government can spend the tremendous oil revenues on pro grams that make sense economically. But given the huge common property pool of oil revenues at their disposal, the politicians in Juneau are well aware that spending vast amounts on wasteful programs makes sense politically.Not surprisingly, the state of Alaska is literally spilling oil wealth throughout the state on one economic black hole after another. Consider some examples. In 1978 the state initiated a program to pro mote barley farming in Alaska. Over $50 million has been spent by the state on the project, pro viding farmers with loans that were not repaid, building access roads to the anticipated batley fields, purchasing railroad hopper cars to trans port the barley, and constructing grain elevators to store the anticipated barley production, most of which was never grown. While taking money from the state government for the purpose of growing barley, Alaskan farmers were at the same time taking money from the federal govern ment in return for not growing barley. The state spent $5.8 million on a barley processing terminal in the town of Seward before halting construc tion. If the terminal had been completed, at a projected cost of $8.2 million, it could have pro cessed all the barley grown in Alaska during its peak production year in 4.5 hours.

While public school students in other states are taking an occasional field trip to a nearby attrac tion, many Alaskan students are flying off to Eu rope at public expense. The Bering Strait School District, for example, received a $300,000grant from the Alaskan Department of Education in 1980 under a program that sponsors what are known as adventure-based education projects. This grant was used to provide students with a European tour. While the $88,414travel cost for the trip was expensive, it was less than the $106,034spent on "consultant fees" paid to the adventure-based educational "specialists" who arranged the trip and accompanied the students to Europe. The Alaskan state government has become an active supplier of below-cost and poorly collected loans. The Alaska Renewable Resources Corpo ration (ARRC) played a minor, but interesting, role in this loan activity.Established in 1978, the stated purpose of ARRC was to provide venture capital to those who attempted to utilize Alaska's renewable resources to develop such businesses as timber harvesting, seafood, fur farming, and wild berry candy. Being reluctant to discriminate against proposals just because they may be con sidered a bit bizarre, the ARRC has made loans for such purposes as developing dog-powered washing machines. It should come as no surprise that as of 1985, ARRC had written off $13 mil lion in bad loans and investments, and a report by the legislative auditor classified another $16 million in loans as of "doubtful collection."

Unfortunately, ARRC loans make up only a small percentage of subsidized loans the state of Alaska uses in its effort to promote economic de velopment. The success of Alaska's overall loan program offers little encouragement for those who see industrial planning by government as the ALASKA'S OTHER OIL SPILL 11 Centerfor the PerformingArts, Anchorage. best way to channel investment funds to emerg ing growth industries. As of the end of 1987,over $233 million in loans made by the Alaskan state government were in default and another $1 bil lion were delinquent. The state of Alaska has not been content to confine its industrial efforts merely to making loans. The state acquired a meat plant for $3.5 million in the mid-1980s-and it has been losing money ever since. A state-owned dairy is another financial black hole. Despite the fact that the An chorage School District is required to purchase milk from the state dairy at a price which is 7 per cent above the prevailing market price (a markup which costs the school district approximately $25,000 per year), the dairy is persistently in the red (it lost $887,000in 1987 alone).

Performing arts centers, sports arenas, and convention centers, built in towns and cities throughout the state, do little more than stand as monuments to government extravagance and waste. An example is the $70 million performing arts center constructed with state money in An chorage. Independent auditors say, that under the rosiest of revenue projections, the center will lose over $1 million annually. This projection consid ers only operating costs, ignoring completely the capital cost of the facility. There are an almost inexhaustible number of examples that could be given of wasteful spend ing by the Alaskan state government. The above examples, along with the figures presented earlier on per capita state spending, are compelling evi dence that the state of Alaska distinguishes itself in terms of the sheer magnitude of governmental ly induced waste. When it comes to wasteful gov ernment spending, no other state in the United States can challenge Alaska.

The explanation for Alaska's wastefulness is not to be found in the venality of Alaskan politi cians and officials, any more than the oil spill in Prince William Sound can be blamed on the cor ruption of oil industry executives. In both cases, the outcomes are the result of people responding in predictable ways to the incentives that exist in the presence of common property resources. If there is a difference between the conse quences of decisions on the transportation of petroleum by oil industry executives and deci sions on the use of petroleum wealth by Alaskan politicians, it comes from the fact the former are far more subject to the constraints of public opin ion than are the latter. Almost everyone is aware of the waste resulting from the Exxon oil spill, as they will be of the waste from any future spill; and this public awareness serves as a powerful in centive for the oil industry to make careful use of our oceans and waterways. Almost no one is aware of the far greater waste resulting from the political exploitation of Alaska's oil wealth. And because this Alaskan oil spill is going unnoticed by the media, and therefore by the public, the politicians responsible for it continue their im provident ways with impunity. D 12 The Investor as Hero by WilliamB. Irvine R ecent stock market crashes have been a disaster for American investors. In the Crash of '87, they saw the aggregate value of their investments fall by $1 trillion in less than a month; and in the Friday the 13th crash of last October, their investments sustained a $200 billion loss in a single hour.