Fortunately, It's Just a Game; C. Allen

money and property to me!" No doubt the real meaning for him was in the time he and I had spent together, but I can't help con sidering the subtle effects that Monopoly may have on his views about the world of wealth and wealth creation, as well as the effects playing it had on me as a child. According to the Monopoly insert, the game was originated by Charles Darrow in 1934 during the Great Depression. To Mr. Darrow, who was unemployed, and to thou sands of others, the game's "exciting prom ise of fame and fortune" provided amuse ment and hope. The object of the game is to become the wealthiest player through buy ing, selling, and primarily renting property. Monopoly remains today the leading pro prietary game in the United States and Western world. Wanting, intuitively, to measure the ef fects of exposure to the game, I called my parents to ask them what they remembered about playing it. Essentially, they told me that the game let them dream about becom ing rich and having more than anybody else.

It was about trying to get on top by taking other people's money in the form of rent. Mostly, it was about being lucky enough to become wealthy. Monopoly seemed to them a game of real life, because the rich would take anybody's money if they could. In short, becoming a winner meant that some one else had to lose. I realized that before becoming a student of economics, I, too, held the belief that when the rich get richer it is always at the expense of others. Just how much of this attitude may have 227 228 THE FREEMAN • APRIL 1995 come from playing Monopoly is anyone's guess, but it may be worth identifying the implicit assumptions in Monopoly which could foster erroneous beliefs about wealth creation. One inherent assumption is that luck is the main factor in building a fortune. Luck directs a player to the more lucrative places on the board and only luck can land a sucker on another player's property with a grand hotel. No choices about where to stay and what to pay! Market competition and choice do not temper the rise or fall of the rich, nor does the productivity of the players enter as a factor.

Another assumption is that the acquisi tion of more and more assets will benefit only the greedy property owner. Successful buying and building in the game never cre ates new opportunity and new wealth for anyone other than the property owner. At no time does a wave of the invisible hand channel self-interest into the service of oth ers. Rather, more dollars of profit reduce other players' wages each and every time their tokens land on an owned and devel oped piece of property. The wealth-creation process is equal to the poverty-creation process in Monopoly. Probably the major problem in the game is that the little econ omy is made up of only two groups of people: those trying to become real estate owners who can develop their property and those who unluckily must land on the prop erty and pay the high rents set on the cards. Nowhere can a customer be found! Now the purpose of this essay is not to propose a ban on the playing of Monopoly.

But surely it is worthwhile to consider its subtle influence on players' attitudes-an influence that may undermine potential un derstanding and appreciation of the mar ket's ability to generate new wealth. Unless one's children play Monopoly with aware ness of the game's limited and untrue as sumptions, they may take on negative biases against the allocative functioning of the market. They may, in fact, come to believe that governmental mechanisms that pro tect the poor from the wealthy should take priority over the Constitutional protection of property rights, including the implied right of transfer of one's property to others by voluntary and mutual agreement. The productive effort of hard work is essential to wealth creation-certainly not the same activity as merely' 'passing GO and collect ing $200." But that understanding is not enough. Children need to realize that pro ductive resource allocation is critical in income generation. And how are resources best allocated? By allowing folks the free dom to trade and enter into contract with one another, not by forcing victims of chance to buy products (or pay rent) that they don't choose to buy.

Though this year's Christmas list won't include Monopoly games for any of the other children I know, I don't think I could convince my son to give it up. Until a wiser game-maker develops a game that can par allel the emotional appeal of Monopoly, I will make it a point to play with him again, and each time I do, I will include questions which will allow dialogue about real world economics. Such conversation may include reasons why developed property is profit able (investment) and what it means when "the bank pays dividends" (interest). It might also be fun to pose hypothetical sit uations such as, "What would happen if a property tax were imposed on all improve ments?" and "What would happen if an income tax were placed on all unearned income?" and "What would happen if all prices rose by five percent and were ex pected to rise again soon?" In this way my son would learn valuable lessons not only about wealth creation, but about the effects of government policies and inflation upon incentive structures, which influence all players' behavior-in Monopoly, of course, but also in real life. D A Matter of Principle Values or Virtues?