Opportunity Cost and Hidden Inventions; D. Lee

That an amazing invention has never been found in some secret warehouse does nothing to reduce people's belief that such things exist; they're hidden, aren't they? The reality is that the opportunity cost of hiding a valu able invention is so great that inventions worth more than they cost are quickly made available. Hidden inventions exist only in eco nomically uninformed imaginations. Dwight Lee is Ramsey Professor of Economics and Private Enterprise Economics at the University of Georgia. 50 The Hidden Carburetor A popular hidden-invention claim concerns a carburetor that would greatly increase the gas mileage of ordinary automobiles. Assume that while tinkering in your garage you devel op a carburetor that allows the heaviest car to get 150 miles per gallon-your mileage may vary slightly, depending on how you drive. Would you hide this invention? Surely not, because the opportunity cost would be enor mous. The cost would equal the amount someone would be willing to pay for the rights to the carburetor. And who would offer you a lot of money for your invention? When I ask students this question, the answer is, usually, a big oil company. When I ask next what the oil company would do with the car buretor, the answer is, invariably,hide it.

The trouble with this answer is that it assumes the oil company ignored its opportu nity cost after buying the carburetor. Sure, if the carburetor were sold, the oil company would lose some gasoline sales. But if the carburetor proved socially valuable-costing less to produce and use than the cost of the gasoline saved-it would be profitable for the oil company to sell it anyway. Remember, with a patent the oil company could acquire a monopoly on the carburetor for 17 years and charge a price about equal to the amount the buyer saves in gasoline purchases (the pre sent value of the savings over the life of the carburetor). So even if only the oil company lost gas sales because of the carburetor, its revenues would not be reduced and its profits would increase as long as producing the carburetor cost less than producing the gas it saves. Since some, probably most, of the lost gas sales would be those of other oil companies, the profits from making the carburetor available would be even greater.

Of course, once the carburetor was on the market the patent might not be enforced per fectly as competitors offer substitutes. In any event, the patent would eventually expire. Then competition would drive the carburetor price down to near the cost of production, and the oil company's profits might decrease. But trying to hide the carburetor would still be a mistake. First, the immediate increase in profits the carburetor would generate for a few years could easily be far more valuable than the future profits lost. Second, if the oil company didn't make the carburetor available, some other company (not necessarily an oil compa ny) surely would. Then the profits from oil sales would be lost anyway, without the off setting profits from carburetor sales. There are real profit advantages in being the first to mar ket a new product or invention: getting the immediate patent-protected profits and estab lishing a reputation for providing a quality product that is valuable after the patent has expired.

However,not all inventions that do amazing things get to market. For example, in the 1930s a Mr. Pogue invented the Pogue carbu retor, which greatly increased mileage by heating and vaporizing the gas before it went into the combustion chamber. Unfortunately, the carburetor had a tendency to explode, so some of the improved mileage was straight up. This invention was more costly to use than it was worth, so there was no opportunity cost to "hiding" it. Light Bulbs and Tires Other inventions commonly claimed to be hidden are long-lasting light bulbs and tires. Indeed, light bulbs and tires can be made to last longer than most of those we buy. But the problem isn't that such products are hidden. For example, light bulbs can be made to last 51 indefinitely by increasing the thickness of the filament inside. Unfortunately, the thicker fil ament requires a lot more electricity. So there's a tradeoff between durability and elec tricity usage, and the market responds to peo pIe's desire to make such tradeoffs in sensible ways. Light bulbs that are relatively easy to change do not last as long as those that are difficult to change, such as those in refrigera tors and in high ceilings. Also, when it would be dangerous for lights to go out frequently, as in automobile headlights, the bulbs are built to last a long time.

Similarly, tires can be made to last longer, but they would be more expensive, less com fortable, and often less safe. The market responds to the tradeoff people choose among cost, comfort, safety, and durability, so the tires on the family car are not as rugged as the ones on heavy earth-moving equipment. It should be pointed out that light bulbs and tires of all types last longer than they used to. Better ways of making economical light bulbs and safe, comfortable tires have been devel oped, and the opportunity cost of hiding those improvements in the form of forgone profits made sure they were brought to market. Given the proliferation of new products and innovations in recent years, some of which threatened large and profitable companies like IBM and AT&T, it is hard to understand the persistent belief that valuable inventions are being hidden. If an economic system based on the pursuit of profit caused valuable inven tions to be hidden, then great products unavailable to Americans should have been plentiful in the former Soviet Union, where profit didn't guide economic activity. But as everyone should realize by now, it has been the other way around. Wonderful products and innovations that Americans take for granted were unavailable in socialist economies.

This is not surprising. By suppressing profits, socialism reduces the opportunity cost of keeping new products out of the hands of the public, whether by design or by default. As long as we allow the pursuit of profits in the marketplace, the cost of hiding new socially valuable inventions will be so high that we don't have to worry that they will be hidden. D I Lost My Jobl-C1an I Keep My Principles? by Mark Reboul I accidentally discovered a great party trick: Get laid off from your job, tell someone about it, listen to them decry capitalism, wait for them to observe that you're entitled to col lect unemployment, and then tell them you'd really rather not. It is incredible how indignant some people become when they hear me say that. They don't even ask why I might want to stay away from it. They just keep saying over and over again, "Mark, it's your money. Don't you understand, you're entitled to it. Your employ ers have been paying in for you for all the years you've been working, and now it's time for you to collect!"