INDEX.

Africa, South, 59, 229, 236.

Agriculture, 62–63, 77–78, 144, 171, 243, 261–262. See Preferential Tariffs.

America, 5, 7, 23, 24, 157, 164, 180, 195, 198; Exports of, 16, 41, 139, 205; and Protection, 50, 54, 59, 60, 63–66, 116–117, 152, 217, 272.

Argentina, 16, 251.

Asquith, H. H., 195.

Australia, 29, 229, 232, 235, 256. See Preferential Tariffs.

Austro-Hungary, 16.

Balance of Trade, 15–27, 40–42, 275.

Balfour, A. J., 85, 121, 123, 163, 188.

Banking, 11, 12–13, 21–22, 175–176.

Barrow-in-Furness, 59.

Bateman, Sir A. E., 197.

Belgium, 15, 165, 205, 220.

Bell, Hugh, 155, 158.

Bills of Exchange, 11, 13, 25, 33, 42.

Bills of Lading, 11.

Board of Trade, 20, 23, 42, 124, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154, 166, 171, 172, 182, 196, 204, 205, 208, 227, 275.

‘Boarding Expenses,’ 24–25.

Bowley, A. L., 182, 201, 208.

Brabrook, E. W., 174, 175.

Brailsford, J., 156.

Bullion, Imports of, 9. See Gold.

Business Methods, 263.

Cairnes, J. E., 70.

Canada, 31, 32, 60, 77, 168, 169, 232, 235, 252–254. See Preferential Tariffs.

Capital. See Investments.

Carnegie, Andrew, 97, 164.

Chamberlain, J., 121, 151, 156, 166, 167, 181, 188, 195, 196, 209, 211, 221, 225, 232, 236, 237, 244, 257, 265, 278–280.

Cheapness, 4, 51, 122, 144–145.

Chili, 16.

Clare, George, 35.

Clark, J. B., 71–72.

Coal, Export of, 5, 8, 202–205.

Cobden, Richard, 161, 265.

Colbert, 61, 86, 124, 184.

Colza, 88.

Competition, 2–6, 263, 271;

‘Unfair,’ 148, 150, 167.

Co-operative Societies, 175.

Corn Laws, 61, 65, 115.

Cotton, 3, 8, 32, 177, 214.

Demand, Elasticity of, 158–159.

Denmark, 15, 194, 262.

Depression of Trade, 186–188.

De Tocqueville, A., 272.

Diamonds, Import of, 9.

Distance, a natural protection, 5.

Drawbacks, 92, 138.

Dumping, 119, 144–159; Retaliation on, 160–169.

Duties. See Imports and Exports.

Edgeworth, F. Y., 191.

Education, 261.

Egypt, 16, 218.

Employment, 51–52, 200–215.

Equation of indebtedness, 30.

Equivalence of Imports and Exports, 28–35, 42–44.

Excise, 46, 100–101.

Exports, of United Kingdom, 8–9; Excess of, 16; Invisible, 19–22; affected by Loans, 22–24, 29; as test of Prosperity, 179–185; Stagnation of, 186–199; and Employment. See Employment.

Farrer, Lord, 81.

Fawcett, H., 68, 110, 146.

Flux, A. W., 220.

Food, Taxation of, 77–78, 85, 117, 137, 237–244.

Foreign Exchanges. See Bills.

Foreign Trade, 5, 7, 9–14, 31–35.

France, 5, 15, 27, 61, 62–63, 74, 80, 124, 126, 174, 184, 205, 223, 261.

Free Trade, Universal, 6, 47–48; Meaning of, 45–46, 261; Britain’s Policy, 49, 120–121, 269; the end of Retaliation, 123.

Freight. See Shipping.

Friendly Societies, 175.

Germany, 5, 6, 15, 124, 125, 131, 139, 141, 152–153, 158, 166, 172, 182, 195, 196, 198, 205, 220, 223, 261.

Gide, Charles, 27, 43, 183.

Giffen, Sir Robert, 19, 20, 23, 27, 36–37, 170, 173, 181, 190, 206.

Gifts, as Imports, 26.

Gladstone, W. E., 217.

Glasgow, 102.

Gold, in payments, 11–12, 14, 16, 42, 192–193.

Grey, Earl, 250.

Grey, Sir Edward, 211.

Guyot, Yves, 74.

Hamilton, Alexander, 56.

Holland, 15, 124, 153, 205.

Hours of Labour, 177, 201–202, 264.

Immorality, Political, 90–91; Commercial, 91–92.

Imports, of United Kingdom, 8; Excess of, 15, 17–27, 41; Equivalence of Exports and, 28–35, 42–44; Duties on, 16, 46–47, 98.

Income Tax, 39, 40, 98, 108, 113, 132, 156, 172–173.

Income, National, 213.

Index Numbers, 191.

India, 23, 145, 218.

Infant Industry Argument, 56–60, 65, 101, 112.

Insurance, 18, 21.

Investments, Foreign and Colonial, 22, 27, 29, 37–39, 251; Municipal, 102, 180–181.

Iron. See Steel.

Italy, 15, 24, 25, 126, 194, 205.

Japan, 15, 62, 194, 195, 279.

Jevons, W. S., 187, 191.

Kartell. See Trusts.

Laurier, Sir Wilfred, 220, 221, 250.

Lawson, 7.

Life, the end of Production, 2–5.

Linen, 8.

List, Friedrich, 56.

Loans. See Investments.

Machinery, Exports of, 8.

Manufactures, Taxation of, 86–88, 137–138.

Marshall, Alfred, 212, 265–266.

Matheson, Ewing, 35.

Mill, J. S., 58, 209.

M‘Kinley, President, 69.

M‘Master, Professor, 64.

Morley, John, 267.

Most Favoured Nation Clause, 127–128, 134–135.

Municipal Enterprise, 41.

Napoleon, 49, 61, 64, 190.

Navigation Act, 216.

New Zealand, 217, 229, 236, 256.

Norway, 5, 15, 194.

Oldham, C. H., 159.

Parker, Sir Gilbert, 246.

Pauperism, 170–171.

Pauper Labour Argument, 70.

Payment in Trade, 11–14.

Peel, Sir Robert, 120, 125, 216, 243.

Percentages, Fallacy of, 194–195.

Political Influence, 73, 74, 90–91.

Portugal, 15, 194.

Preferential Tariffs, 216–218, 227–244; Canadian, 219–226; and Agriculture, 245–248; and Empire, 249–259.

Prices, Changes of, 171–172, 191–194.

Profit, the motive of Trade, 10, 33.

Prosperity, Tests of, 170–178; and Exports, 179–185.

Protection, Meaning of, 47; as Prohibition, 69; as National Policy, 50–51, 219; against Cheapness, 53–55, 92; as Apprenticeship, 57; Historical, 60–66, 67–68.

Rabbeno, U., 66.

Raw Materials, 78–85, 137, 177–201, 236.

Reciprocity, 120. See Preferential Tariffs.

Retaliation, 118–143; on Dumping, 160–169.

Revenge, 118–119.

Ricardo, J. L., 124.

Roosevelt, President, 69.

Ruskin, John, 119.

Russia, 16, 125, 139, 205.

Sauerbeck’s Index Number, 191.

Savings, National, 36, 173–175.

Services, 1–4, 17–27.

Shakespeare, W., 48.

Shearman, T. G., 106.

Shipping, 8, 9, 17–20, 28, 33, 40, 63, 176, 272, 275–280.

Ships, 5, 8, 26, 152–153.

Sidgwick, H., 58.

Smith, Adam, 16, 61, 84, 118, 124.

Spain, 5, 15, 16.

Steel, 5, 8, 116, 144, 149, 152–158, 163, 180.

Steel Trust, 60, 150, 158–159, 166, 183.

Sugar Convention, 131, 145, 151.

Sumner, W. G., 69, 88, 114.

Sweden, 15.

Switzerland, 24, 81, 126.

Tariff, shuts in home goods, 42–43; Complex, 68, 89; Principle of, 69–75; Scientific, 76–88; Injury of, 119–121, 133, 142. See Preferential Tariffs, Retaliation.

Taussig, F. W., 66.

Taxation, a Price, 93, 97, 99; for Revenue, 46–47, 77; for Protection, 47, 69, 75, 93–117, 132, 237–244; Indirect, 98, 109, 113. See Income Tax.

Thomas, D. A., 203.

Tools, 86–87.

Trade, Nature of, 1–6.

Trade Current, 28.

Trade, Foreign. See Foreign Trade.

Trade Unions, 4, 70, 175, 271.

‘Triangular Exchange,’ 35.

Trusts, 101, 146–149, 158–159,

161, 166, 182, 263. See Steel Trust.

Tupper, Sir Charles, 60, 221.

United States. See America.

Uruguay, 16.

Venice, 19.

Vested Interests, 60, 62–66, 88, 140–142.

Wages, 171, 204, 264; in America, 69–70; in Germany, 172.

Walsh, C. M., 191.

Wheat, 8, 32, 34, 144, 237–244.

Wool, Imports of, 8, 79, 82, 255.

Woollens, Exports of, 8, 168.

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