Index

Compiled by Roger E. Bissell

Abbas, Ali Ismail, 99n29Atkinson, Edward, 106Adams, Charles, 89Atlas Foundation, 47Aegean, 220Aulard, Alphonse, 225Afghanistan, 110Auschwitz, 75Alaska, 217Australia, 20–21, 60Albania, 105–6Austria, 42, 111, 116, 215, 219–20, 222,

Albornoz, Bartolome de, 48225, 239–40Algeria, 111Austrian Empire, 104, 215, 222. See

Amanpour, Christiane, 105also Austria-HungaryAmerican Civil War, US Civil War, Austrian Habsburgs, Habsburgs of

63, 89, 115, 214. See also Confeder-Austria-Hungary, 36n24, 104,

American government, United States Empire, 36n24, 135, 215–16, 218, government,101, 105–6, 114, 120, 220–22, 239, 241170, 226, 229, 233, 249n20. See also Austrians (economic school), 7, 42, 46, under United States59, 77, 91, 165–66, 189, 245Amsterdam, 23, 36–39, 39n28authentic liberals, 49, 65, 72, 82, 111–12Anglo-American, 55, 224authentic Marxists, 203American colonies, 50, 54ConstitutionAustrian states, 245Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian ate States of America; Southern 215

Anglo-Saxon, 32, 52, 224Aztecs, 20Anglocentrism, 65

Anti-imperialist League, 106

Antwerp, 23, 36, 38Babeuf, François-Noël, 182–83Applebaum, Anne, 209–10Bacon, Francis, 78, 189Appleby, Joyce, 56Baechler, Jean, 21–22, 34, 34n23Arab-Israeli War of 1967, 117Bakunin, Mikhail, 198, 198n17, 199,

Arab (Shiite, Sunni) Muslims, 240199n18, 200, 200n21Aragon, 25Balfour, Arthur, 241n3the Cortes, 25Balfour Declaration, 241Argentina, 134Baltic Sea, 33, 213, 239Aristotle, Aristotelianism, 45, 204Bangladesh, 120Ashcraft, Richard, 55Bank of England, 74Ashton, T. S., 131, 141Baptists, 130

273

274 Ralph Raico

Bastiat, Frédéric, 48, 77, 79, 79n33, 90, 138, 140–41, 143, 195, 206, 208, 210,

101, 101n36217–19, 222–24, 224n13, 225–31.,

Bauer, Peter, 23–24, 24n11, 31224, 238, 240–41, 244. See also Eng—Bavaria, 213–14landBay of Pigs invasion, 119British colonists, British immi—Bazard, Amand, 187grants, 109, 229Bohemia, 185British Empire, British imperialism,

Belarus, 20937, 96, 96n21, 102, 110, 217–19

Belgium, 25, 35, 112, 222, 224–25, 244, British government, 109, 155, 224,

256217, 219, 224, 230, 244

Bellesiles, Michael, 208, 208–9n38British invasion of Iraq in 2003,

Bernier, Francois, 32–34125n22Bernstein, Eduard, 44, 44n7, 200–1British military, 217Bethlehem Steel (US arms company), British monarchy, 230

219British Parliament, 29, 115–16, 130,

Bill of Rights, 62–63, 81, 232, 252–55. 223–24.

See also United States: US Constitu—Charles I, 50–51tionCharles II, 53

Article IX, 253Cromwell, Oliver, 51, 53

Article X, 253Elizabeth I, 37

First Amendment (Article I), 252Gladstone, William, 97, 103right to bear arms (Article II), 252Glorious Revolution (1688), 55

Birdzell, L. E., Jr., 135, 137James II, 55Bishop of Rome, 20mid-Victorian Britain, 97. See also Bismarck, Otto von, 8, 14, 116, 165, English Victorian society213, 213–14n5, 214, 216, 219–20, Whiggish British society, 188

246–47, 247n17, 248William and Mary, 55

Black, Hugo, 232British East India, 67blacks, 115, 123, 257Brougham, Henry, 61Blackstone, William, 252, 252n24Bryan, William Jennings, 228, 230Blair, Tony, 125, 125n22Bryant, William Cullen, 93Blanqui, Adolphe, 80–81, 84Buchanan, James (“Jim”), 66, 90–91,

Boer republic, 11591n9Boer War, 109, 115Bulgaria, 220Bolsheviks, 166–67, 198, 202–4, 241Bullock, Lord Alan, 171Bonald, Louis de, 188Burke, Edmund, 78, 188Bourne, Randolph, 19, 96, 97n22Bush, George W., 114, 229, 243n5, 244,

Bovard, James (“Jim”), 123–24255Branch Davidians, Waco massacre, 256, Byzantine Christianity, 27

256n28.

Braudel, Fernand, 141Calhoun, John C., 92Breaugh, Martin, 138n4Calvinists, 36–37, 70Brecht, Berthold, 157Cambodia, 218Brezhnev, Leonid, 168Cameroons, 217Bright, John, 97–99, 102–3, 146. See alsoCanada, 44–45, 52, 120, 123

Richard Cobdencapitalism, 83, 87, 95, 98–99, 103,Britain, Great Britain, 52, 54, 66, 128–29, 134, 137, 140–41, 145,71–72, 74–75, 77–78, 81, 101, 104, 147–48, 150, 154–55, 160, 162

109, 111, 115–16, 125, 128–30, 132, anticapitalism, 67, 149, 157–59, 163

“der tag,” coming of “the day” Comintern, Communist Interna-

(doomsday for capitalism), 201, tional, 171, 206201n24Communist Manifesto, 79–80, 154,laissez-faire, laissez-faire capitalism, 184, 199. See also Marx, Karlpure capitalism, 13–14, 42–44, Communist Party, 73, 20657, 60, 98, 146communist salami tactics, 124modern capitalism, 141, 193Soviet communism, 74, 81, 153, precapitalist, 141166, 168, 208–9Carpenter, Ted Galen, 115, 117war communism, 166, 203, 208

Castro, Fidel, 109, 121Comte, Auguste, 69, 82, 189, 190n3

Catholic Church, 25, 27, 31, 37, 46, 61, Comte, Charles, 82, 85

63, 68, 76, 84, 124, 180, 188, 191–92, Condorcet. See Marquis de Condorcet238, 247Confederate States of America, Ameri-anti-Catholic bias, 46, 58can Confederate States, 36, 115,censorship, 124tion; American Civil WarChadwick, Owen, 70–71Congregationalist Church, 63Cato Institute, 115253–54. See also Southern Constitu-China, 21, 28, 30n18, 34, 34n23, Constant, Benjamin, 66, 70, 78, 82, 85, 99–101, 109, 120, 219, 24585n44, 181, 252Communist Party of China, 206constitution, 55, 252. See also France: Opium Wars against China, 99Confederate (Southern) Constitution; peasant uprisings, 30n18Constitution of 1791; United States: Shandong Province, 131US Constitution; Weimar Constitu—Cheney, Dick, 243, 243n6Conquest, Robert, 114n3, 204, 210Chile, 119conscription, 35, 232–34Chafuen, Alexander, 47Congress of Vienna, 213, 237

Christian, Christianity, 23, 25–27, 31, tionChinatown, 131

69–70, 105, 180–81, 183, 192, 208, contracts, 24, 34, 54, 66, 91, 253. See

Church of England, 99, 130, 144219, 240also social contractCorn Laws, 98, 102–3, 145Anti-Corn Law movement, 54Churchill, Winston, 117, 212, 239Cowling, Maurice, 69Cicero, 159Creel, George, 23civil liberty. See under libertyCrimean War, 98, 103–5, 110Clapham, J. H., 131Croats, 104, 205, 220class conflict, 77, 79–83, 86, 89–92,95–96. See also under liberalismclassical liberalism. Dark Ages, 28, 142. See also Middle See under liberalism

Clinton Health Program, 248Agescliometricians, 137Darwinian, 108Coase, Ronald, 147Debs, Eugene V., 232–35Cobden, Richard, 15, 67, 67n4, 97, Declaration of Independence, 54

100–3, 120, 124–25, 146Declaration of the Rights of Man and

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 34of the Citizen, 62, 81Commodore Perry, 34de Marco, Antonio de Viti, 91communism, 52, 73, 95, l21, 129, 139, democracy, 29, 50, 52, 63–64, 93–94,

154, 157, 166–67, 168n19, 171, 109, 113–20, 122, 124, 149, 168,194–96, 198–204, 206–8, 210–12, 229, 231, 238, 250. See also socialism:238, 245, 257democratic socialism2 7 6 Ralph Raico

mass democracy, mass electoral empiricism, 45, 75, 77, 163–64, 194democracy, democracy of the Enfantin, Barthelemy-Prosper, 187taxpayers, 29Engels, Friedrich, 131, 154, 174, 184, modern welfare democracy, 148194–99, 199n20, 200. See also Marx,universal democracy, 113, 120KarlDemocratic Party. See under United England, 23, 29–30, 30n18, 31, 37,States39, 41–45, 49–50, 52–57, 61, 65–67,

DeRosa, Marshall, 25469, 74, 78, 85, 90n5, 99–100, 103–5,

Descartes, Rene, 38, 78, 188109–10, 112, 116–17, 122, 125, 128, de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Des-130, 132–34, 138, 140, 142–45, 183, tutt, 82195, 206, 213, 216–17, 219, 223,Dewey, John, 43, 73, 157223n11, 224–25, 227, 230, 252n24, d’Holbach, Baron, 78254. See also BritainDickens, Charles, 142Asquith government, 116Diderot, Denis, 78, 174Blair government, 125n22DiLorenzo, Thomas (“Tom”), 89English Civil War, 50Dirlewanger, Oskar, Dirlewanger Bri—English government, 103gade, 99n30English imperialism, 102division of power, 27English school (of economics), 47,

Djilas, Milovan, 95n19, 19983Dorwart, Reinhold August, 245–46House of Stuart, 50Doyle, Michael, 116n9King John, 30–31Dunn, John, 71Levellers, 49, 51–52, 52n16, 53–54,

Dunoyer, Charles, 8272, 94DuPont (American arms company), 219Lord John Russell, 62Duranty, Walter, 208Lord Palmerston (Henry John Durkheim, Émile, 225Temple), 62, 112

Manchester school, Manchesterthe East, 21, 31–34liberals, “Little Englanders,” École Polytechnique, 18797–100, 102–3, 107, 109, 248economic development, 14, 23–24, Royalists, Tories, 50, 130

24n11, 34, 56, 60Social Democratic Party (England), egalitarianism, 94. See also socialism45Egypt, 103, 229Wat Tyler’s rebellion, 30n18

Egyptian government, 103Whigs, 61–62, 92, 111, 188, 253pharaoh, 27Enlightenment, 174, 188, 211

Einaudi, Luigi, 92, 92n10French Enlightenment, 19, 59, 174,

Einstein, Albert, 225179, 188, 192Eliot, T. S., 75Scottish Enlightenment, 59, 179

Elster, Jon, 173Episcopal Church, 63emperor, 27, 247, 254Eritrea, 218

Emperor Frederick II, Hohen—Estates-General, 24, 36staufen, 31ethnic cleansing, 105emperor of China, 28Europe, 7, 13–14, 19–24, 24n11, 25, emperor of Japan, 2727, 31–32, 34–37, 39, 41, 44, 47–49,

Emperor Theodosius, 25–26, 26n1255, 60–61, 63, 65, 70, 72, 81, 86, 92,

Habsburg emperor, 10492n10, 94, 96, 100, 104–6, 111, 120,

Holy Roman emperor, 31123–24, 129, 133–35, 137, 142, 157,

Roman emperor, 27162, 213–14, 216n14, 217–222, 225,

231, 233, 237–38, 245–46, 250–52, French Revolution, the Great255, 257Revolution, 25, 54, 62–63, 81–82,

Eurocentric, 19111–12, 132, 134, 144, 181–82,

European (economic) miracle. See 188–89, 192, 225, 237, 252

“Wirtschaftswunder”Girondins, 111–12

European intellectuals, 166Lorraine, 216

European war, 202, 222, 234. See Louis XIV, 34, 50also World War ILouis XVI, 58

Evans, E. J., 140Napoleon, 63–64, 82 132, 142, 165extreme nationalists, 238Napoleon III, 63, 90, 247“extreme right wing,” “hate group,” 124Napoleonic Wars of 1815, 130,

145, 237

Fabian Society, 76, 138Post-French Revolution, 25fascism, 50, 124, 154, 171, 206–7. Reign of Terror, 63, 112, 182, 188See

Ferguson, Adam, 59Third Republic, 90France, Anatole, 157Ferguson, Niall, 218also Revolution of 1848, 90National Socialism

Ficino, Marsilio, 46“Norman yoke,” 52Franklin, Benjamin, 66, 66n3Franks, 85Frederick the Great, 57Florida, 121“freedom fries” (French fries), 233n32. foreign policy, 100, 102–3, 116, 121 – See also “liberty cabbage;” “liberty 22, 125steak”“democratic leash,” 116feudalism, 24, 85, 92, 109, 191, 193Frankfurter, Felix, 232Frankfurt school, 171feudal class, 34, 103Ferrara, Francesco, 90, 90n5Frank, Anne, 39

Fourier, Charles, 158, 184–85188, 214n5“Fourier Complex,” 158, 184n51free trade, 34–35, 39, 66–67, 92n10, Fourier’s socialism, 18598–99, 101–2, 107foreign trade, 51, 9956, 83, 90, 92, 114, 118, 144, 146, free market, 13, 16, 23, 38n28, 42, 51,

Fourteenth Amendment, 62–63. See free trade imperialism, 101also Bill of Rights; United States: US North American Free Trade Agree-

Constitutionment, 102

France, 19, 24, 32, 34, 38, 44, 57–58, Freud, Sigmund, 225

63, 78, 81, 85–86, 90n5, 101, 101n36, Friedman, Milton, 7, 66, 163, 165

111, 116, 122, 129, 132, 134, 141,168, 174, 180–83, 187, 195, 206, 214, Galbraith, John Kenneth, 43

216–19, 221–23, 223n12, 225, 237, Galicia, 215

245, 247, 251–52, 256Garden of Eden myths. 141

Alsace, 216General Sherman, 254anti-French sentiment, 195n11genocide, 19–20, 105–6

Antoinette, Marie, 58Germany, 31, 43–44, 57, 73–75, 116,

Bourbon Restoration, 82127, 134, 157, 200, 202–3, 206–7,

Constitution of 1791, 57, 81213–16, 218–21, 223–30, 233, 237–

Corsica, 25642, 245–47, 250, 252. See also under

French Indochina, 218National SocialismFrench philosophes, 28, 58, 176, 180Berlin, 218, 223–24

French physiocrats, 66, 78, 246Dresden, 198, 198n172 7 8 R a l p h R a i c o

Federal Republic of Germany, West government bureaucrats, 245

Germany, 171, 248government-funded programs, gov-

First Reich (Holy Roman Empire), ernment grants, 43, 93, 247–48

214government interventionist, govern-

Frankfurt, 213ment interventionism, 34, 126–27

German city-states, 213government monopolies, 51, 80

German Social Democratsgovernment privilege, 84, 92

German South West Africa, 217government regulation, 201, 245

German states, 25, 214, 245, 252limited government, 251–53, 255

Hamburg, 213Lockean government, 54, 178

Hohenstaufen, Frederick II, 31revolutionary government, 51, 64

Hohenzollern dynasty, 229–30, 247world government, universal gov-

Left Bank of Rhine River, 112ernment, 120

Nazi Germany, 224, 242Gray, Alexander, 183, 187, 194

Second Reich (under Bismarck), The Great Depression, 127–28German Reich, Imperial Ger—The Great War. Reichstag, 116, 202Gray, John, 70

Third Reich (under Hitler), German 106, 114, 162, 179, 190–92Reich, Nazi Germany, 213–14, city-states, 115224. See also National Socialismclassical Athens, 115Weimar Republic, Weimar Consti—many, 116, 213Greece, Greeks, 27, 61, 85, 97, 97n25, See World War Itution, 157, 229Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie, 46Greek Christianity, 27

Wilhelm II (kaiser), 216, 219, 222

Grotius, Hugo, 49

Ghana, 129

Guatemala, 119

Giddens, Anthony, 190n3

Gypsies, 215globalist, 122

Gordon, Thomas, 54, 54n23, Habsburgs, 36, 104, 215Godkin, E. L., 106

Gottfried, Paul, 249–50Spanish Habsburgs, 36, 36n24, 48–49government, 50–51, 54–56, 56n29, Hamburger, Joseph, 69–7061n38, 80, 82, 84, 86–87, 93–94, Trenchard, JohnAustrian Habsburgs, 36n24See also

99–102, 102n40, 104, 107–9, 113, Hamilton, Alexander, 93, 253

116–18, 124–25, 129, 132, 144, 156, Hammond, Barbara, 138

170, 199, 207, 225, 244, 246–47. Hammond, J. L., 138See alsoHarding, Warren, 235 American government. See also under Hart, David, 100Britain; Confederate Statesof America; Egypt; England; Italy; Hartwell, R. M. (“Max”), 132, 148–49

NATO; Poland; Russia; Transvaal; Hayek, Friedrich A., 7–8, 13, 43, 59,

United States77–78, 114, 126, 128, 131, 148,bourgeois government, 206150–54, 158, 167, 171, 189, 244–45central government, centralized Hedges, Chris, 226government, 52, 63Hegelian, 154, 184, 194communist government, 206Heine, Heinrich, 193federal government, national Heraclitus, 97, 97n25government, 62, 86, 170, 249n20, Herbert, Auberon, 43253–54, 256Hexter, John, 29foreign governments, 100Hicks, John, 22

Higgs, Robert (“Bob”), 97, 165n13, Irish famine, 135, 140–41

168–70, 211–12, 227, 231Republic of Ireland, 135n34

Hirschman, Albert O., 79, 81, 86Islam, 21. See also Arab MuslimsHobbesian state of war of all against isolationist, 61, 100, 127, 231, 242. See all, 54also noninterventionistHobhouse, Leonard, 43–44Israel, 105, 117Hobsbawm, Eric, 137Italy, 73, 90–91, 116, 116n10, 134, 154,

Hobson, J. A., 43–44200, 202, 207, 213, 215–16, 218, 220,

Holcombe, Randall, 253223, 229, 251, 256Holland. See North NetherlandsCalabria, 134Holmes, Stephen, 42 Colosseum, 27Holocaust. See under National SocialismHouse of Savoy, 216n7Holy Roman Empire, 213–14. See also Italian city-states, 29, 36, 254

Germany: First Reich“Italian Problem,” 207

Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 7, 80, 257Lombardi, 220, 256Horkheimer, Max, 171Milan, 256Holy See, 28n14Italian Republic, 92, 92n10

Hughes, H. Stuart, 171207–8, 229–30Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, 77, 248Naples, 25, 32, 134, 145Huffman, Gerhard, 157Mussolini, Benito, 154, 201–2,

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 15, 110, 246Northern Italy, 36, 112Hume, David, 59, 78, 166, 179Southern Italy, 134Hungary, 25, 215. See also Austria—Sicily, 25. 32. 134. 216, 229HungaryVenezia, 220husband-dominated family, 140

Hussein, Saddam, 125

Jacksonian, 54, 92–93

Iberian Scholastic school, Iberian Jacobins, 112, 144, 183, 198Jamaica, 130School, Spanish school, late Scholas—Japan, 27, 34–35, 101, 217, 232, 242tic school, 47, 49Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 57, 93, 93n13, imperialism, 85, 103, 106, 109, 111, 124149, 218–19. See also free trade impe—Jeffersonian, 54, 56, 92–93rialism. See also under Britainliberal “Jefferson orthodoxy,” India, 21, 32, 120214n5British East India, 67, 111Jeffrey, Francis, 61individualism, 43, 77–78Jews, 31, 38, 61, 75, 106, 199n20, 200, Indonesia, 120, 129200n21, 215, 241Industrial Revolution, 16, 21, 28, 111, Amsterdam Jew, 38–39. See also113, 126, 128–29, 131–33, 135, Spinoza, Baruch137–39, 139n11, 140–42, 144–45, Budapest Jew, 31148, 171–72, 258Iberian (Portuguese and Spanish) “democratization of consumption,”

141Jews, 38industrialization, 16, 111, 128–29, Orthodox Jews, 68

132–34, 141, 143Johnson, Lyndon, 117intelligentsia, 66, 72, 166Jones, E. L. (Eric), 20, 60Iran, 119Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 148Ireland, 135, 135n34Joyous Entry of Brabant, 25

Diaspora of the Irish, 135

2 8 0 Ralph Raico

Kant, Immanuel, Kantianism, 45, 99, 231–32, 235, 245, 255. See also social-246, 246n15ism: democratic socialism; Levellers

Karp, Walter, 228Anglo-American liberalism, 55, 94

Kennedy, John, 119antiliberalism, 158Kennedy, Paul, 23antiwar liberalism, 106Keynes, John Maynard, 43, 72–77, 81, bourgeois liberalism, 52, 81

177classical liberalism, 14, 19, 22, 41,

Khrushchev, Nikita, 150, 150n38, 167, 54. 61, 72, 77, 79, 81–82, 87,

20294–95, 97–98, 100, 106–8, 111,

Kirk, Russell, 52113, 116, 120, 130, 143, 145–46,

Kitch, Edmund, 147148, 163, 238, 246, 251–52, 255,

Koenigsberger, H. G., 29257Kolakowski, Leszek, 195, 205French liberalism, 7, 16, 78, 80,

Kors, Alan, 1982, 89Kosovo, 105–6German liberalism, 7–8, 214n5,

Kossuth, Lajos, 104245, 247–48, 251Krupp (German arms company), 219laissez-faire liberalism, authentic

Kuczynski, Jurgen, 139liberalism, radical liberalism,

Kuwait, 24013–14, 42–44, 48, 53, 65, 92,

92n10, 112, 213. See also libertari-La Boétie, Étienne de, 243anismlabor theory of value, 59, 83liberal class conflict theory, 86, 90, laissez-faire, 13, 42–44, 57, 60, 74, 93, 95–96. See also class conflict126–29, 146, 246. See also under capi—liberal revolutions, 62, 252talism; liberalism; societyManchester school liberals, 98–99,

Landes, David, 22248Langton, Stephen, 31old liberalism vs new liberalism,

Lansing, Robert, 230–3143–44Laos, 218“state hatred,” 64Laslett, Peter, 55libertarianism, 7–9, 13, 16, 22–23, 45,

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 199n2091, 97, 100, 113, 120, 124, 143, 146,

Layne, Christopher, 115146n28, 148, 251. See also liberalism: League of Nations, 127–28, 227n21, laissez-faire liberalism238, 241libertarian movement, 53–54

Lebanon, 240Liberty Fund, 100Lecky, W. H., 71liberty, individual liberty, 7–8, 17, 19,

Lee, Robert E.26, 52, 54–55, 63, 66, 66n3, 68, 70,

Leggett, William, 92–9581, 108, 118, 178, 244, 257Lenin, 14, 76, 114, 114n3, 165–67, civil liberty, 66, 66n3, 114, 120,

171, 187, 195–96, 198, 201–3, 205–7, 143–44, 232, 232n30

207n36Liberty Bonds, 244

Marxism-Leninism, 166“liberty cabbage” (sauerkraut),

Levasseur, Thérèse, 175233n32Levin, Ira, 251“liberty steak” (hamburger), 233n32liberalism, 7, 19–20, 22, 30n18, 45–46, Libya, 218

49, 54, 54n23, 55, 57–58, 61–68, Lieberman, Joseph, 105

70–76, 78, 80–81, 94, 96–97, 99–100, Lilburne, John, 51

106, 110, 112, 116, 121, 155, 166, List, Friedrich, 65

177–78, 180, 191, 214n5, 228–29, Lithuania, 213, 239

Livingston, Don, 227mercantilism, 34, 37, 56, 72, 133. 245

Locke, John, 38–39, 45, 49, 53–54, merchant, 30–31, 34, 83, 100, 144, 159,

54n23, 55, 76, 109, 166, 177–78177

Lord Acton, 13, 19, 25–26, 71, 254Merchant Adventurers company, 51

Lord Rothschild, 241n3Middle Ages, 8, 14, 16, 23–24, 24n11,

Low Countries, 24–25, 29, 35. See also25, 27–29, 31, 46, 52, 142, 188, 192.

Belgium; NetherlandsSee also RenaissanceDukes of Burgundy, 35–36High Middle Ages, 28. See also Ludwig von Mises Institute, 7–8, 11, under Saint Thomas Aquinas14–16, 41, 47, 81, 177, 243, 247, 251, late Middle Ages, 33, 36, 45, 48

254, 256–57militarism, 14, 96, 98, 229

Luxemburg, Rosa, 201Mill, James (Lord Palmerston), 62Lycurgus, 179Mill, John Stuart, 45, 65–67, 67n4,68–72, 75, 77, 103–4, 108

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 61, 71, Milton, John, 143–44

143–46Ministry of Truth, 125. See also

MacMillan, John, 116n10“memory hole”MacPherson, C. B., 52, 52n16Mirabeau (Victor de Riqueti, marquis

Madagascar, 218de Mirabeau), 246, 246n14Magyars, 104Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 46Maistre, Joseph de, 188Mises, Ludwig von, 7–8, 13, 21, 41, 43, male-dominated labor unions, 14059, 97, 133, 153, 158–60, 165n13,

Malia, Martin, 166 – 67, 195, 205167, 173, 184n51, 204, 213, 213–Malthus, Thomas Robert, 77, 83, 14014n5, 225, 255

Malthusian poverty trap, 21, 140Mises Institute. See Ludwig von Manchester school liberals. See under Mises Instituteliberalismmodernize, 35

Mariana, Juan de, 47Mohammed, 165Marquis de Condorcet (Marie Jean Molina, Luis de, 47–48

Antoine Nicolas de Caritat), 58, 99, Molinari, Gustave de, 15, 89–91

111–12monopoly, trust, 51, 63, 80, 94, 126,

Marx, Karl, Marxism, 14, 16, 32, 128, 146

45–47, 65, 75, 79–80, 86–87, 95–96, Montenegro, 220

131, 137, 146, 154, 166–67, 173–74, Mont Pelerin Society, 13, 148–49

183–84, 187, 193–96, 198–99, Moravia, 215

199n20, 200, 200n21, 201–6, 211, Morgan, J. P., House of Morgan, 234

214n5. See also Engels, Friedrich; Morley, John, 116

Lenin: Marxism-LeninismMorocco, 219

“alienation” 195–96. See also under Moseley, Merritt W. Jr., 227n20rightsMoses, 179, 183

Paris Manuscripts, 194

Mathiez, Albert, 225National Socialism, Nazis, 72–73, 124,

Mazzei, Phillip, 57154, 157, 171–73, 207–10, 211–12,

McKendrick, Neil, 141–42238. See also Germany: Nazi Ger—McKinley, William, 228manyMcNamara, Robert, 242Goebbels, Joseph, 244McNeill, William, 24Hitler, Adolph, 127–28, 165, 171–

Mencken, H. L., 75, 227, 227nn20–21, 72, 208, 210, 213, 229–30, 244

233Holocaust, 105, 2082 8 2 Ralph Raico

SS, 99, 99n30Pareto, Vilfredo, 15, 79, 79n32, 90–91,

NATO, 106258Naumann, Friedrich, 43“Pareto optimality,” 90Netherlands, 25, 35–36. See also North—Paris Commune (1871), 183, 198ern NetherlandsParis Peace Conference, 122, 231, 238

Dutch, 29, 33, 35–38, 38–39n28, parliaments, 24–25, 29. See also under

39, 49, 109BritainDutch economic comeback, 37n25. Pearl Harbor, 242

See also “Wirtschaftswunder”peasant uprisings. See under China;Dutch ports, 227RussiaDutch Protestants, 181Perle, Richard, 243

Dutch Republic, 37–38Philippines, Filipinos, 106, 217, 233, revolt of the Dutch, 36–37, 49242

New Deal, 84n43, 127Pipes, Daniel, 203New Economic Policy, 167, 203Pipes, Richard, 202–3, 207, 207n36

New Guinea, 217Pirenne, Henri, 225New Testament, 26, 183Planned Parenthood, 124Nixon, Richard M., 235Plato, 183nobility, 24, 81, 85, 94, 103, 130, plutocrat, 94–95

187,191antiplutocrat tradition in America, nomenklatura, 9595noninterventionist, 67, 104, 112, 127. Poland, 25, 57, 134–35, 195, 207,See also isolationist207n36, 208, 239

North Caucasus Famine, 208Danzig, 239North, Douglass, 21, 168–70Great Poland, 239Northern Netherlands, United Prov—Polish Corridor, 239inces, 36Polish government, 195n12

Holland, 36–37Polish-Soviet war of 1919-20, 207

Groningen, 37Poniatowski, King Stanislaw, 57

North Sea, 23, 33, 227political decentralization, 14, 23, 27, 36

Nozick, Robert (“Bob”), 43, 146, radical decentralization, 22

146n28, 156, 203pope, papacy, 28, 28n14, 32, 175, 188,

191obligations and duties, 24, 217Pope Urban V, 28n14objective theory of value (labor input), Pope Urban VIII, 28n14

47. See also subjective theory of value population, 21, 29, 57, 86, 101, 115,

(utility)120, 129, 133–35, 135n34, 137, 140,

Old Testament, 183155, 172, 217, 220, 231, 233, 239,

Orange Free State, 109248–50, 253, 255Ottoman Empire, 219–20, 240limit of population, 133,140–41

Outlanders, 109population explosion, 133, 141Overton, Richard, 51–54Pound, Ezra, 154

Presbyterians, 130, 181, 227

Paine, Thomas (“Tom”), 54, 56, 56n29, Preston, Ronald H., 28n15

57, 61, 61n38, 99, 112Price, Richard, 54

Palestine, 229, 240–41Priestly, Joseph, 54Palmer, Alexander, Palmer raids, 234private property, 31, 33–34, 38, 45, 47,

Pan-Slavism, 220–2152–53, 72, 143, 149, 166, 176–77, 182

Pantaleoni, Maffeo, 91Progressive movement, 126, 214n5, 229

protectionism, 14, 67, 90rights, rights of individuals, individual protective tariffs, 91–92, 253–54rights, universal natural rights, 21, 23,

Protestant, 25, 36–37, 58, 180–81, 188, 26, 26n12, 30, 31–33, 52, 55, 59, 78,

19280, 94, 106, 108–9, 112, 114–15, 118,

Proudhon, 198, 200n21168, 176, 178, 190, 224, 232, 241,

Prussia, 57, 111, 213–14, 245–46. See 252, 252n24, 253–54also Germanyalienation of, 178. See also under

East Prussia, 222Marx, KarlPufendorf, Samuel, 49charters of rights, 25. See also Bill of

Rights, Declaration of the RightsQuakers, 130of Man, Magna Cartacivil rights, 55, 234. See also under

Raeder, Linda, 69–70libertyRaico, Ralph, 7–9, 11, 13–17, 30n18, human rights, 232n30, 120

46n8, 48n11, 58n32, 61n39, 73n19, countries, 229–30property rights, 30n18, 34–3692n10, 93n14, 96n21, 97n25, 99n30, 36n24, 37n25, 38n28, 41n1, 44n7, neutral rights, rights of neutral

Rand, Ayn, 46n8, 84n43, 133, 133n32, 184n51, 191n4, 208–9n38, 216n7, Rio de Oro, 217robber barons, 85, 126–27226n19, 232n30, 249n20Roberts, Paul Craig, 123–24, 195–96, 203153, 159, 203Robespierre, 182, 225Rawls, John, 43Rockwell, Lew, 7, 11, 14, 251Reeve, Henry, 61146n28, 149n37, 157n51, 159n53, rights” (abortion, birth control, etc.), 124165n13, 166n15, 178n41, 180n44, 108n45, 114n3, 134n33, 139n11, woman’s rights, “reproduction

religion, 38, 51, 63, 70–71, 102, 155, Post-Reformation, 2585n44, 102, 159, 179, 199Colosseum sacrifices, 27180, 189, 191–92Romanians, 104–5, 215, 221Reformation, 36, 188, 192Rome, Romans, 23, 27, 32, 48, 85, Roman Empire, Roman Republic,

Civil Religion, 180Roosevelt, Franklin, 43, 127, 228,establishment of religion, 62–63, 86228n23, 242, 244, 25freedom of religion, 62, 252Roosevelt, Teddy, 126

Religion of Humanity, secular Roover, Raymond de, 46religion, 190n3Rosenberg, Nathan, 135separation of religion and state, 52Rothbard, Murray, 7, 14, 46–47, 53,

Renaissance, 45–4657, 59, 61, 61n39, 77, 83–84, 84n43,

Italian Renaissance, 4690–91, 96, 97n22, 120, 165n13, 194,

Renaissance humanists, 28229, 255Republican Party. See under United Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 14, 16, 38n28,

States59, 69, 78, 174–83revolutionary movements, 157“The Lawgiver” vs “The Legisla-

Revolutionary War (American), 50tor,” 178–79Rhodes, Cecil, 110Ruby Ridge, Weaver family, 256, 256n30

Ricardo, David, 47, 77, 83Rumbold, Richard, 53Richter, Eugen, 7, 248Rummel, R. J., 113–14, 114nn2–3, 115, right centrists, center-right people, 122. 117–19, 122

See also “extreme right-wing”Russell, Bertrand, 154, 224–252 8 4 Ralph Raico

Russia, 24, 27, 31–32, 57, 74, 76, Serbia, Serbians, 105, 215, 220–22

98n27, 104–5, 134–35, 166–67, 195, Greater Serbia, 220

200–4, 206–10, 213–14, 216–18, Serbs, 104–6, 215, 220, 222

220–23, 239, 241, 245. See also Soviet Sharon, Ariel, 255

UnionShaw, George Bernard, 157

Catherine the Great, 35, 57Sherman Antitrust Law, 126

Great Russia, 220Sherman (General), 254

Minsk, 209Shiite Muslims. See Arab Muslims“October Revolution,” “Great Siberia, 199

October,” “Red October,” 166, 202Sinclair, Upton, 157peasant uprisings, 30n18Skidelsky, Lord Robert. 75–76, 81

Peter and Paul Fortress, 198Škoda (Austrian arms company), 219

Peter the Great, 35slavery, 33n21, 67–68, 80, 89, 96, 115,

Red Guards, 203123, 129–30, 177, 181, 199–200,

Russian dissident, 168n19slave labor camps, 208Russian Empire, 217–18, 238wage slaves, 193Russian Civil War, 203253–54, 256

Saint Petersburg, 35, 198, 222, 224Smith, Adam, 58–59, 59n34, 60, 65, tsar, 27, 166, 198, 202, 22377–78, 83, 106, 147, 166, 179Russian government, 220Slovaks, 104, 215, 221, 239

Ryan, Alan, 67White Russia. See BelarusSmith, Goldwin, 103Smith, Sydney, 61, 106

Smith, Winston, 125

Sabine, George, 66social contract, society of contract, 158,Sadler Report, 131n26

177–78, 181. See also Locke, John;Saint Ambrose, 25–26

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Saint Thomas Aquinas, 2894, 144–45, 150, 150n38, 153, 158, 160–61, 166–67, 171, 174, 176, Scholastic philosophy, 28–29. See 182–85, 187, 193, 196, 200–3, 206, also Saint Augustine, 26–27City of God, 27, 181socialism, 14, 44–45, 73, 75–76, 92n10,

Iberian Scholastic schoolThomism, 45214n5, 234, 238, 244–45, 247. See also

Saint-Simon, Henri de, Saint-Simo—liberalismnians, 78, 153, 184–85, 187–94American Socialist Party, 233–34

San Francisco, 19, 131Bohemian socialism, 185Satan, 141, 144democratic socialism, social Saudi Arabia, House of Saud, 240democrats, social democracy, 42,

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 80, 82–84, 9644, 65. See also Canada: Labor

Schlieffen plan. Party; England: Social Demo-See under von Schlieffen

Schneider-Creusot (French arms com-cratic Party; Germany: Social pany), 219Democratic Party; United States:

Schoeck, Helmut, 161–63Democrat Partythe School of Salamanca, 28, 46Marxist socialism, 200Schumpeter, Joseph, 42, 59, 59n34, National Socialism (Italian fascism,

91, 109, 109n46, 149, 149n37, 152, German Nazism), 75, 154, 157,

154–58, 165, 170171, 207, 211

Schurz, Karl, 107protosocialism, 180secession, 253–56utopian socialist, 78, 161, 174, Sen, Amartya, 170, 170n26183–84, 187

society, 20, 30n18, 35, 37, 43–45, Southern Constitution, 253. See also

54–56, 56n29, 57, 59–61, 61n38, American Civil War; Confederate

63–64, 68, 70, 72, 78–80, 83–84, States of America85, 87, 92, 95, 97, 107–9, 114, 118, Southey, Robert, 142–45

123–24, 126, 133, 145–46, 151, Soviet Union, 72–74, 76, 95, 113–14,

154–55, 158, 161–62, 165, 167–68, 114n2, 115, 119, 150, 150n38,174, 176, 176n33, 177–80, 184–85, 165–68, 168n19, 195, 201–3, 205–10

190–93, 196–98, 200–1, 204–5, 212, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 203

220–22, 249–50Red Terror of the Cheka, 206, 208agricultural society, 30“samizdat,” 167

American society, 92, 120Soviet communism, 74, 81, 208–9, ancient society, 191153, 166, 168, 208bourgeois society, 38n28Soviet gulag, 16

British society, English society, “Soviet man,” 70

English Victorian society, 70, Sozialpolitik, 214n5, 247n16125, 130, 188Spain, Spanish, Spaniards, 20, 35–37, capitalist society, Western society, 47–48, 61, 106–8, 108n45, 145, 200,

155, 162, 174, 184n51213, 217, 252, 256. See also under civil society, 21, 43, 45, 57, 64, 108, Habsburgs; Jews166, 176n33, 212armada, 37classless society, 95, 162Basques, 256communist society, 196, 198, 200, Castile, the Cortes, 24, 48, 108

204Catalans, 256consumer society, 150Philip II, 37

European society, 188Spanish Civil War, 200feudal society, 191Spanish Empire, 36–37free society, laissez-faire society, 49, Spanish Inquisition, 36

56, 84n43, 111, 114, 120, 166Spanish monarchy, Spanish crown,

French society, 8736, 48future society, 196Spanish Netherlands, 36

Greek society, 190Spanish Scholastics, 49, 59, 108. See liberal society, 145also School of Salamancamodern society, 110, 188, 191Spanish-American War, 106, 217, 228organic society, 190–92Spencer, Herbert, 53, 108–110, 117–18, planned society, 196–97, 201, 205122salon society, 175Spinoza, Baruch, 38society of status vs society of con-Stalin, Stalinism, 73–76, 114, 114n3, tract, 158117, 154, 165, 167, 205, 209–10static society, society of total stabil—standing army, 56, 96, 107, 202ity and adherence to the status state of nature, 54quo, 145, 188–89Stationers’ Company, 51utopian society, ideal society, 161, Stewart, Dugald, 60–62, 106

179, 184Stigler, George, 7, 150, 156, 163–65, sociology, sociologist, 41, 82, 107, 149, 168–69

154, 156, 161, 179, 189, 190n3, 225stock exchange, 34

Solon, 179Stone, Norman, 171Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 209Stromberg, Joseph (“Joe”), 80, 232Somalia, 218Stromberg, Roland, 225–27South America, 162Suarez, Francisco, 47, 492 8 6 Ralph Raico

subjective theory of value (utility), 47. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 57, 59,

See also objective theory of value 64, 77, 97, 111, 166

(labor input)Turner, Henry Ashby, 172–73

Sudetenland, 215, 239suicidal pacifism. 110Ukraine, 30Sumner, William Graham, 94, 107–8, Ukrainian famine, 73, 76, 208

120, 122unionized workers, 91

Sunni Muslims. See Arab MuslimsUnited Kingdom, 98n27, 101n36, Supreme Court. See United States: US 241n3

Supreme CourtUnited States, 29, 41–42, 45, 86, 92,

Switzerland, 112, 202, 225101, 104–8, 115–16, 118–20, 123–24,

126–28, 155, 169, 195n11, 199n18,Talleyrand (Charles Maurice de 209n38, 212, 225–26, 229, 231–32,

Talleyrand-Périgord), 237241, 243, 253, 255

Tanganyika, 217“American System,” 92Tawney, R. H., 225CIA, 119, 122taxation, taxes, 23, 25, 28, 28nn14–15, Democratic Party, 45

29–30, 30n18, 36, 47–48, 50, 52, 60, NSA, 119

62, 80, 83, 100, 107–8, 118, 120, 132, Pentagon, 98

145, 159, 173, 248, 250–51Republican Party, 121, 249

“tax-eating” classes vs “taxpaying” US Congress, 62, 122, 130 – 31, classes, 99137, 252, 255taxpayers, 24, 29, 50, 109, 120, 250US Constitution, 252–53. See also

Taylor, Harriet, 68–70Bill of Rights; constitution; Four-

Taylor, John, 92teenth AmendmentTempleton, Kenneth, 61n39US invasion of Iraq (2003), 125n22, terrorist, 105, 182195n11, 233n32

“terrorists” vs “freedom fighters,” US Senate, 127

222US State Department, 105, 228n25

Thierry, Augustin, 71, 82US Supreme Court, 232, 253, 255

Third Reich. See under GermanyUpper Silesia, 239Third Republic. See under FranceUSS Liberty, 117Thompson, E. P., 137–38, 138n4

Tönnies, Friedrich, 225Van Dyke, 25totalitarian, 31, 71–72, 78, 119Vickers (British arms company), 219

Toynbee, Arnold, 225Vietnam, 105, 129, 218, 242Transvaal, 109Vietnam War, 105, 242–43Transylvania, 215, 221Villalobos, Henrique de, 48Treaty of Versailles, 122, 127, 238–40Viner, Jacob, 28Trenchard, John, 54, 54n23. See alsoVitoria, Francisco di, 47, 49

Gordon, JohnVoltaire, 64, 174–77

Triple Alliance, 216, 218von Schlieffen, 221Triple Entente, 122, 217, 237–38von Schlieffen plan, 221, 223, 226

Trotsky, Leon, Trotskyists, 73, 144, 153, von Westphalen, 193

198, 203–5, 207

Truman, Harry, 244Waco Massacre. See Branch DavidiansTucker, Jeffrey (“Jeff ”), 211Walwyn, William, 51Tunisia, 216War Industries Board, 231

Washington (DC), 122, 212, 231, 244, neo-Wilsonian, neo-Wilsonianism,

250, 254, 257113, 229

Washington, George, 100, 212Wilsonianism, 112Waterloo. 62, 132Winstanley, Gerrard, 52Webb, Beatrice, 73, 74–76Wirtschaftswunder (European economic Webb, Sidney, 74–76miracle), 37, 37n25, 55, 60, 166, 168,

Weinberger, Otto, 90n5176, 180, 183, 187, 188, 193, 198–99, welfare state, 16, 148, 157, 213, 244–46, 201–2. See also under Netherlands248–49, 249n20, 250Wolfowitz, Paul, 243

Polizeistaat, 245World War I, First World War, 96, 116,

“social state,” 248122, 127, 157, 166, 211–13, 215–18,

Wells, H. G., 158224, 226, 231–32, 233n32, 241Western Christendom, Latin Christen—First Battle of the Marne, 226dom, 29, 157World War II, Second World War,White Russia, 209. See also Belarus37n25, 92, 92n10, 105, 122, 127, 129,

Wiesel, Eli, 105171, 199, 231–32, 232n3, 237, 239,

William Volcker Fund, 61n39242Wilson, Edmund, 214

Wilson, Woodrow, 14, 127, 174, 226–Yugoslavia, 105, 199, 220

27, 227nn20–21, 228–29, 230n26,231, 233–35, 237–38Zionists, 121, 241

“Fourteen Points” speech, 237Zola, Émile, 157