Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books and articles range from simple descriptive accounts to highly sophisticated mathematical analyses, but all are informative and worth reading. No reference appears more than once, although many contributed to several chapters of this book.

CHAPTER I

Alchian, Armen A., “Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory,” Journal of Political Economy, LX (June 1950).

———, “Information Costs, Pricing, and Resource Unemployment,” Western Economic Journal, VII (June 1969).

———, and William R. Allen, University Economics, 2d ed, (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1967).

Andreano, Ralph L., Ed., The New Economic History: Recent Papers on Methodology (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1970).

Becker, Gary S., “Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory,” Journal of Political Economy, LXX (Feb. 1962).

———, Human Capital (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964).

Dick, Trevor J. O., An Economic Theory of Technological Change: The Case of Patents and United States Railroads, 1871–1930 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1970).

Easterlin, Richard A., “Economic Growth,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Fabricant, Solomon, “Productivity,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Fischer, David Hackett, Historians’ Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).

Fogel, Robert W., “The New Economic History: Its Findings and Methods,” Economic History Review, XIX (Dec. 1966).

———, “The Specification Problem in Economic History,” Journal of Economic History, XXVII (Sept. 1967).

Friedman, Milton, Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1953).

Hayek, Friederich A., “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review, XXXV (Sept. 1945).

Hexter, J. H., “The Rhetoric of History,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Johnson, H. G., “Towards a Generalized Capital Accumulation Approach to Economic Development,” in M. Blaug, Ed., Economics of Education 1: Selected Readings (Baltimore; Penguin Books, 1968).

Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1970).

Lipsey, Richard G., and Peter O. Steiner, Economics, 2d ed. (New york: Harper and Row, 1969).

Machlup, Fritz, “Patents,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Meyer, John H., and Alfred H. Conrad, “Economic Theory, Statistical Inference, and Economic History,” Journal of Economic History, XVII (Dec. 1957).

Morgenstern, Oskar, On the Accuracy of Economic Observations, 2d ed. (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1963).

Mortensen, Dale T., “Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve.” American Economic Review, LX (Dec. 1970).

Nelson, Richard R., “The Economics of Invention: A Survey of the Literature,” Journal of Business, XXXII (April 1959).

———, Ed., The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1962).

Popper, Karl R., The Poverty of Historicism (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964).

———, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965).

Rosenberg, Nathan, “Capital Goods, Technology, and Economic Growth,” OxfordEconomic Papers, XV (Nov. 1963).

Solow, Robert M., Capital Theory and the Rate of Return (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965).

———, Growth Theory (New York: Oxford University, 1970).

Stigler, George J., “The Economics of Information,” Journal of Political Economy, LXIX (June 1961).

———, “Information in the Labor Market,” Journal of Political Economy, LXX (Supplement; Oct. 1962).

Young. Allyn, “Increasing Returns and Economic Progress,” Economic Journal, XXXVIII (Dec. 1928).

CHAPTER II

Andreano, Ralph, Ed., New Views on American Economic Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1965).

Barnett, Harold J., and Chandler Morse, Scarcity and Growth: The Economics of Natural Resource Availability (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1963).

Becker, Gary S., “An Economic Analysis of Fertility,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Brady, Dorothy, “Relative Prices in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Economic History, XXIV (June 1964).

Camp, L. Sprague de, The Heroic Age of American Invention (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1961).

Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., “The Beginnings of ‘Big Business’ in American Industry,” Business History Review, XXXIII (Spring 1959).

———, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1962).

Davis. Lance E., “The Investment Market, 1870–1914: The Evolution of a National Market,” Journal of Economic History, XXV (Sept, 1965),

Denison. Edward F., “Some Major Issues in Productivity Analysis,” Survey of Current Business (May 1969), Pt. II.

Evans, George Heberton, Jr., Business Incorporations in the United States, 1800–1913 (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1948).

Fishlow, Albert, “Levels of Nineteenth-Century Investment in Education,” Journal of Economic History, XXVI (Dec. 1966).

———, “Productivity and Technological Change in the Railroad Sector,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800 (New York: Columbia University, 1966).

Fogel, Robert William, The Union Pacific Railroad (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1960).

———, Railroads and American Economic Growth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1964).

———, and Stanley L. Engerman, “A Model for the Explanation of Industrial Expansion during the Nineteenth Century: With an Application to the American Iron Industry.” Journal of Political Economy, LXXVII (May/June 1969).

Friedman, Milton, and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1963).

Gallman, Robert E., “Commodity Output, 1839–1899,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth. Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

———, “Gross National Product in the United States, 1834–1909,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800 (New York: Columbia University, 1966).

Hill, Peter J., The Economic Impact of Immigration into the United States (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1970).

Hoover, Ethel D., “Retail Prices after 1850,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Jewkes, John, David Sawers, and Richard Stillerman, The Sources of Invention, 2d ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969).

Jorgenson, Dale, and Zvi Griliches, “The Explanation of Productivity Change.” Review of Economic Studies, XXXIV (July 1967).

Kendrick, John W., Productivity Trends in the United States (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1961).

Kuznets, Simon, Capital in the American Economy (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1961).

———, and Ernest Rubin, Immigration and the Foreign Born (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1954).

———, et al., Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, United States, 1870–1950, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1957–64).

Lebergott, Stanley, Manpower in Economic Growth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).

———, “Labor Force and Employment, 1800–1900,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800 (New York: Columbia University, 1966).

———, “United States Transport Advance and Externalities,” Journal of Economic History, XXVI (Dec. 1966).

MacAvoy, Paul W., The Economic Effects of Regulation: The Trunk-Line Railroad Cartels and the Interstate Commerce Commission before 1900 (Cambridge. Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1965).

Martin, Edgar W., The Standard of Living in 1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1942).

McGee, John S., “Predatory Price Cutting: The Standard Oil (N. J.) Case,” Journal of Law and Economics, I (Oct, 1958).

Nadiri, M. Ishaq, “Some Approaches to the Theory and Measurement of Total Factor Productivity: A Survey,” Journal of Economic Literature, VIII (Dec. 1970).

North, Douglass C., Growth and Welfare in the American Past (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966).

Rosenberg, Nathan, “Technological Change in the Machine Tool Industry, 1840–1910,” Journal of Economic History, XXIII (Dec. 1963).

———, “Economic Development and the Transfer of Technology: Some Historical Perspectives,” Technology and Culture, XI (Oct. 1970).

———, “The Direction of Technological Change: Inducement Mechanisms and Focusing Devices,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, XVII (Oct. 1969).

Salter, W. E. G, Productivity and Technical Change, 2d ed. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1966).

Schmookler, Jacob, Invention and Economic Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1966).

Spann, Robert M., and Edward W. Erickson, “The Economics of Railroading: The Beginning of Cartelization and Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, I (Autumn 1970).

Stigler, George J., “The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market,” Journal of Political Economy, LXI (June 1951).

———, “The Economies of Scale,” Journal of Law and Economics, I (Oct. 1958).

Strassman, W. Paul, Risk and Technological Innovation: American Manufacturing Methods during the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca; Cornell University, 1959).

Sylla, Richard, “Federal Policy, Banking Market Structure, and Capital Mobilization in the United States, 1863–1913,” Journal of Economic History, XXIX (Dec. 1969).

Temin, Peter, Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1964).

Thomas, Robert Paul, “The Automobile Industry and Its Tycoon,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, VI (Winter, 1969).

U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Timesto 1957 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960).

———, Long Term Economic Growth, 1860–1965 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1966).

Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Consumer Behavior in the Nineteenth Century: Carroll D. Wright’s Massachusetts Workers in 1875,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, IV (Winter 1967).

Wrigley, E. A., Population and History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).

DIGRESSION

Andreano, Ralph, Ed., The Economic Impact of the American Civil War, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1967).

Barzel, Yoram, “Investment, Scale, and Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, LXXIX (March/April 1971).

Cheung, Steven N. S., “The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Nonexclusive Resource,” Journal of Law and Economics, XIII (April 1970).

Commons, John R., Legal foundations of Capitalism (New York: Macmillan, 1924).

David, Paul A., “The Growth of Real Product in the United States Before 1840: New Evidence, Controlled Conjectures,” Journal of Economic History, XXVII (June 1967).

Davis, Lance, and Douglass North. “Institutional Change and American Economic Growth: A First Step Towards a Theory of Institutional Innovation,” Journal of Economic History, XXX (Jan. 1970).

Demsetz, Harold, “The Exchange and Enforcement of Property Rights,” Journal of Law and Economics, VII (Oct. 1964),

———, “Some Aspects of Property Rights,” Journal of Law and Economics, IX (Oct. 1966).

———, “Toward a Theory of Property Rights,” American Economic Review, LVII (May 1967).

Fei, John C. H., and Gustav Ranis, “Economic Development in Historical Perspective,” American Economic Review, LIX (May 1969).

Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n. d.).

Hicks, J. R., A Theory of Economic History (London: Oxford University, 1969).

Hurst, James Willard, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin, 1956).

———, Law and Social Process in United States History (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1960).

———, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States, 1780–1970 (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia, 1970).

Kempin, Frederick G., Jr., Legal History: Law and Social Change (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

Lewis, W. Arthur, The Theory of Economic Growth (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955).

North, Douglass C., The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860 (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961).

———, “Institutional Change and Economic Growth,” Journal of Economic History, XXXI (March 1971).

———, and Robert Paul Thomas, “An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World,” Economic History Review, XXIII (April 1970).

Parker, William N., and Franklee Whartenby, “The Growth of Output before 1840,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Weber, Max, On Law in Economy and Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1954).

Weissman, Jacob, Law in a Business Society (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964).

CHAPTER III

Berry, Brian J. L., and Chauncy D. Harris, “Central Place,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Buchanan, James M., and William Craig Stubblebine, “Externality,” Economica, XXIX (Nov. 1962).

Coase, Ronald, “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics, III (Oct. 1960).

Feller. Irwin, “The Urban Location of United States Invention 1860–1910,” Explorations in Economic History, VIII (Spring 1971).

Fisher. Irving, Report on National Vitality: Its Wastes and Conservation (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909).

Higgs, Robert. “The Growth of Cities in a Midwestern Region, 1870–1900,” Journal of Regional Science, IX (Dec. 1969).

———, “Central Place Theory and Regional Urban Hierarchies: An Empirical Note,” Journal of Regional Science, X (Aug. 1970).

———, “American Inventiveness, 1870–1920,” Journal of Political Economy, LXXIX (May/June 1971).

———, “Cities and Yankee Ingenuity. 1870–1920,” in Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley Schultz, Eds., From Village to Metropolis; Essays on the City in America (New York: Knopf, 1972).

Hoover, Edgar M., The Location of Economic Activity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948).

Hoyt, Homer, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1933).

Isard, Walter, Location and Space-Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1956).

Lampard, Eric E., “The Evolving System of Cities in the United States: Urbanization and Economic Development,” in H. S. Perloff and L. W. Wingo, Eds., Issues in Urban Economics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 1968).

Losch, August. The Economics of Location (New Haven: Yale University. 1954).

Meeker, Edward F., The Economics of Improving Health, 1850–1915 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1970).

Pred, Allan R., The Spatial Dynamics of U. S. Urban-Industrial Growth, 1800–1914 (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1966).

Ravenel. Mazyck P., Ed., A Half Century of Public Health (New York: American Public Health Association, 1921).

Simon, Herbert A., “Effects of Increased Productivity upon the Ratio of Urban to Rural Population.” Econometrica. XV (Jan. 1947).

Smith, Stephen, The City That Was (New York: Frank Allaben, 1911).

Smolensky, Eugene, and Donald Ratajczak, “The Conception of Cities,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, II (Winter 1965).

Sydenstricker, Edgar, Health and Environment (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933).

Winslow, C.-E. A., The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public Health Campaign (New Haven: Yale University. 1923).

CHAPTER IV

Agelasto, A. M., et al., “The Cotton Situation,” in U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1921 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922).

Ball, C. R., et al., “Wheat Production and Marketing,” in U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1921 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922).

Bateman, Fred, “Improvement in American Dairy Farming. 1850–1910: A Quantitative Analysis,” Journal of Economic History, XXVIII (June 1968).

———, “Labor Inputs and Productivity in American Dairy Agriculture, 1850–1910,” Journal of Economic History, XXIX (June 1969).

Bogue, Allan G., Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University, 1955).

———, From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1963).

Bowman, John D., “An Economic Analysis of Midwestern Farm Land Values and Farm Land Income, 1860 to 1900,” Yale Economic Essays, V (Fall 1965).

Cheung, Steven N. S., “Private Property Rights and Sharecropping,” Journal of Political Economy, LXXVI (Nov./Dec. 1968).

———, “Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements,” Journal of Law and Economics, XII (April 1969).

Fite, Gilbert C., “Daydreams and Nightmares: The Late Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Frontiers,” Agricultural History, XL (Oct. 1966).

Fogel, Robert William, and Jack Rutner, “The Efficiency Effects of Federal Land Policy, 1850–1900: A Report of Some Provisional Findings,” University of Chicago Center for Mathematical Studies in Business and Economics, Report 7027 (June 1970).

Hayami, Yujiro, and V. W. Ruttan, “Factor Prices and Technical Change in Agricultural Development: The United States and Japan, 1880–1960,” Journal of Political Economy, LXXVIII (Sept./Oct. 1970).

Higgs, Robert, “Railroad Rates and the Populist Uprising,” Agricultural History, XLIV (July 1970).

Leighty, C. E., et. al., “The Corn Crop,” in U. S, Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1921 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922).

Lerner, Eugene M., “Southern Output and Agricultural Income, 1860–1880,” Agricultural History, XXXIII (July 1959).

Nugent, Walter T. K., “Some Parameters of Populism,” Agricultural History, XL (Oct. 1966).

Parker, William N., and Judith L. V. Klein, “Productivity Growth in Grain Production in the United States, 1840–60 and 1900–10,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800 (New York: Columbia University. 1966).

Parker, William N., “Sources of Agricultural Productivity in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Farm Economies, IL (Dec, 1967),

Rasmussen, Wayne D., “The Impact of Technological Change on American Agriculture, 1862–1962,” Journal of Economic History, XXII (Dec. 1962).

Rogin, Leo, The Introduction of Farm Machinery in its Relation to the Productivity of Labor in the Agriculture of the United States During the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California, 1931).

Rothstein, Morton. “America in the International Rivalry for the British Wheat Market,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLVII (Dec. 1960).

Russell, E. Zet al., “Hog Production and Marketing,” in U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yearbook, 1922 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1923).

Sheets, E. W., et at., “Our Beef Supply,” in U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1921 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922).

Strauss, Frederick, and Louis H. Bean, Gross Farm Income and Indices of farm Production and Prices in the United States, 1869–1937, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 703, 1940.

Tostlebe, Alvin S., Capital in Agriculture: Its Formation and Financing since 1870 (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University. 1957).

CHAPTER V

Abramovitz, Moses, “The Welfare Interpretation of Secular Trends in National Income and Product,” in Moses Abramovitz, et al., The Allocation of Economic Resources (Stanford: Stanford University, 1959).

Becker, Gary S., The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1957).

Budd. Edward C., “Factor Shares, 1850–1910,” in National Bureau of Economic Research. Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Davis, Lance, “Capital Immobilities and Finance Capitalism: A Study of Economic Evolution in the United States, 1820–1920.” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, I (Fall 1963).

Easterlin, Richard A., “Interregional Differences in Per Capita Income. Population, and Total Income, 1840–1950,” in National Bureau of Economic Research. Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

———, “Regional Income Trends, 1840–1950,” in Seymour E. Harris, Ed., American Economic History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961).

Engerman, Stanley L., “The Economic Impact of the Civil War,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, III (Spring/Summer 1966).

Fels. Rendigs, American Business Cycles, 1865–1897 (Chapel Hill, N. C.: University of North Carolina, 1959).

Gallman, Robert E., “Trends in the Size Distribution of Wealth in the Nineteenth

Century: Some Speculations,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Six Papers on the Size Distribution of Wealth and Income (New York: Columbia University, 1969).

Hayes, Marion, “A Century of Change: Negroes in the U. S. Economy, 1860–1960,” Monthly Labor Review, LXXXV (Dec. 1962).

Higgs, Robert. “Race, Skills, and Earnings: American Immigrants in 1909,” Journal of Economic History, XXXI (June 1971).

Hourwich, Isaac A., Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912).

Lebergott, Stanley, “Wage Trends, 1800–1900,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Long, Clarence D., Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890 (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1960).

Mishan, E. J., “The Postwar Literature on Externalities: An Interpretative Essay,” Journal of Economic Literature, IX (March 1971).

———, The Costs of Economic Growth (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967).

Nourse, Hugh O. Regional Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968).

Olson, Mancur, Jr., “Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force,” Journal of Economic History. XXIII (Dec. 1963).

Perloff, Harvey S., et al., Regions, Resources, and Economic Growth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1960).

Rees, Albert, Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890–1914 (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1961).

Sjaastad, Larry, “The Costs and Returns of Human Migration,” Journal of Political Economy, LXX (Supplement; Oct. 1962).

Solmon, Lewis C., “Estimates of the Costs of Schooling in 1880 and 1890,” Explorations in Economic History, VII (Supplement; 1970).

———, “Opportunity Costs and Models of Schooling in the Nineteenth Century.” Southern Economic Journal, XXXVII (July 1970).

Soltow, Lee C., “Evidence on Income Inequality in the United States, 1866–1965,” Journal of Economic History, XXIX (June 1969).