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534 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

INDEX

autarky transient value, 213 action category, 195 capital accumulation, 209–219 division of labour, compared to, capital accumulation, militarism and,

92–93 215 high degree of, 336, 468 capital investment interdependence, 96 capital accumulation, 53 less developed countries, 50 capital goods, 52, 209 relative importance of, 19 investment chains, 52, 241–242 specialization, 327 production process, 52 trend, 180 profit and loss, 246 worldwide exchange, 158 time-preference, 54

Baker, John Hamilton, 301 capital structure, see also language,

Blaug, Mark, 61 law, catallaxy, capital structure

Burke, Edmund Anglo-Saxon England, 240–241 common law, 80–83, 318 capital goods, 49 consequences, intended and complexity of, 249–250 unintended, 82 consumption, 242–244 hubris, intellectual, 83 global, 241 justice and social utility, 236 goods, order of, 48–51 law, unintended order, 14, 17 investment chain, 49

Caldwell, Bruce, 63–65 lengthy, summary of, 243–244 capital goods production structure, analysis of, analysis of, 211 51 capital accumulation and, saving, defined in terms of, 248

209–219 scarcity, 249 changing circumstances of, 212 shortening of, 249 order of, 210 Table 1.1, Higher Order Goods time, relationship to, 214 in Bread Production, 48

535

Table 1.2, Higher Order Goods, judge, qualification of, 101n35,

Rural North India, Mid-Twen- 101n45 tieth Century, 51 judicial decisions, 98n9

Table 5.1, The Time-shape of Mandeville, Bernard, 85–87, 180

Consumption, 244 Menger, Carl, 114 time-preference, 54 nature of, 40 trade cycle, 250 orderliness, type of, 14

catallaxy, 46–47, 177, 284–286, see principles of, 76, 99n13, 99n17 also language, law, catallaxy, capi-property rights, 100n32 tal structure rationality, 79–80, 102n47,

Chomsky, Noam, 12 102n49, 103n75

Coke, Sir Edward, 14, 73, 74–78, reason, with regard to judg—

287, 318 ment ability, 77, 99nn23–24, common law 100n33, 102n61 antiquity of, 73, 98n8, 99n22 social formation, 9, 13 arbitrariness, 78, 101n37 sovereign authority, 77, 99nn24– authority, sovereign, 77, 99n24, 26, 100nn29–30, 100n32

99n25, 100n26 statute, in contrast to, 14

Burke, Edmund, 14, 17, 80–83, Stewart, Dugald, 14, 90–91, 318

287, 318 structure, inherent, 98n11

Coke, Sir Edward, 14, 73, 74–78, systematic, 84

287, 318 uncertainty, 101n36 consequences, intended and undesigned social phenomenon, unintended, 79, 82, 101n39 84, 103n73

Constitution, English, 90–91 unintended order, 14 custom, as, 80, 85, 102n51, complex phenomena

104n85 analysis of, 35

Davies, Sir John, 97n3 cosmos, 39 enforcement, 100n29 falsifiability, 36

Ferguson, Adam, 87–90, 264, 318 nomoi, 39, 40

Fortescue, Sir John, 73 nomos, 39

Hale, Sir Matthew, 14, 78–80, pattern–prediction, 36–37

287 principle of the process, 36 historical phenomenon, as, 73 social process, 103n71, 103n73,

History of English Law, 100n33 social rules, 39

Hobbes, Thomas, 14, 77–78 social sciences, 30

Holdworth, W.A., 100n33 taxis, 39

Hume, David, 14, 84, 287, 318 thesis, 39 interdependence, 84 Confusion of Language in Political

James I (king), 76 Thought, The, 288 Index 537

Constitution of Liberty, The, 39, 264, assorted, 390–391

265, 287, 301 dresses, 386 consumption footwear, 389–390 beds and bedding stockings, gloves, etc., 386– beds, feather, 404 389 income, 407–408 dearth inventories, 407 birthrates, comparative, 371 capital structure, ends indepen-charity and, 366 dent social formation, 355 deathrates, 366 capital structure, extended, 354 English East India Company, cloth purchase 371

Best, Henry, 376 Everitt, Alan, 368

Everitt, Alan, 375 famine, 370, 371, 398n40 mass consumption, 376 grain self-sufficiency, 368

Patten, John, 375 grain supplies, 438

Shammas, Carole, 376 Habib, Irfan, 370

Spufford, Margaret, 379 harvest levels, 367 textile industry, 376 mortality data, 367 clothing output, non-food, 370

Palliser, David M., 372 population and, 365 quality, quantity & value, Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 371–

372–375 372 clothing accessories slavery, 371 buttons, 384–385 subsistence farming, 369 combs, brushes, mirrors, subsistence production, 370

390–391 wage-index, 368, 373 pins, 384 Walter, John, 368 ribbons and lace, 385–386 Wrigley-Schofield data, utilitarian, 383 367–368 clothing, better foodstuffs mass consumption, 392 Appleby, Andrew, 364, 365, price, 393–395 369 quality, decoration and orna-Bowden, Peter James , 356 ment, 392 breadstuff, 355 clothing production cereal trade, domestic, 364 draper, inventory, 382 diet, upper class, 361–365 home sewn, 382, 399n70 drink 357–358 prices, 382 food staples, mixed, 356–357 tailoring services, 382–383 grains, mass-consumption, 364 clothing, readymade Henry VIII, 362 538 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

imports, 360 –361 sheets, ordinary, 406

Lisle Letters, The, 362 soft, 403

Lisle, Alice, 362 tablecloth, 406

Maria, Henrietta (Queen), 363 Thirsk, Joan, 403 mass-consumption, 365 leisure activities

Outhwaite, Brian R., 367 alehouse, 422

Palliser, David M., 364 bowling, 422

Star Chamber, accounts of, Clark, Peter, 422

361–362 entertainers, professional, sugar, 358 –359 422–423 tobacco, 359–360 entertainment industry, 423 types of, 454 exchange relationships, 423 furniture gambling, 422 chairs, 411 games, indoor, 422 chairs, increasing use of , 430 music, 423 cupboards, 411 pursuits of, 422 inventories, 411, 413–415 services, 423 inventory, Lisle, 411 Shakespeare, 423 joinery, 409 –410 housing quality of, 409 asset, consumer, 424 tables, 410–411 asset, production, 424 typical, 409 Barley, Maurice Willmore, 429 wall hangings, 412 building technique, 425 household furnishings Carew, Richard, 424 beds, feather, 404 chair, increasing use of , 430

Carew, Richard, 404 changes and improvements, chair, increasing use of , 430 428 curtains, window, 404 chimneys, 424 decorative, 404 cost of, 429 fabrics, 406 cottage-building, 425

Harrison, William, 403 cottage, cob, 425 household size, 405 cottage, one room, 425 inventory, average, 405 cottage, single story, 425

Kerridge, Eric, 403 cottages, 424 linen, output of, 406 craftsman-built, 425 napkins, 406 flooring, 424 pallet, rough straw, 403–404 function, specialisation of, 424 price, value and, 404 Great Rebuilding, 429 sheets, linen, 404 growth of, 424 Index 539

Harrison, William, 424 metal items, specific, 417 hearth, 424 metals used, 417

Hoskins, William George, 429 metals used, by percentage, improvements, 424 418 inventories, 425–427 pewter, 415

King, Gregory, 429 utensils, 415 labour function, specialization value, average, 416–417 of, 430 wooden, 415 labourers, 425 pottery

Machin, Robert, 429, 430 bottles, 420 modernisation, 428 glassware, 420–421 outbuildings, 427, 429 Harrison, William, 420 permanent construction, mate-porcelein, 420 rials and, 429 published materials resources, additional, 430 inventories, 422 rooms, specialised 430 literature, popular, 421

Shammas, Carole, 427, 429 sales, 421 sleeping accommodations, 428 textile types

Smith, William, 424 clothing fabrics, 377 staircases, 427 food preparation, 403 storage, 424 furnishing fabrics, 379, 403

Table 8.1, Percent Of Labour-Husee, John, 378 ers’ Inventories (number of Kerridge, Eric, 377 rooms), 426 livery, 378–379

Table 8.2, Lincolnshire Inventories and House Size, 426 Thirsk, Joan, 403

Table 8.3, Forest of Arden varieties, 379 –381, 399n69

Inventories, House Size, woolen fabrics, 378 426 working fabrics, 378

Table 8.4, Wealth and House investments, chain of, 353–354

Size, South of England, 427 investments, kinds of, 354

Table 8.5, House Size and output, increased capacity of, 355 Service Rooms, Kent and output, range of final, 355 Derbyshire, 428

windows, glass, 424 production process, lengthening population, growth of, 353 metalware, domestic of, 354 composition of, 415 Table 5.1, The Time-shape of

Harrison, William, 415 Consumption, 244 hearth furniture, 417 time-shape, 242–244 inventories, 418–420 Counter-revolution of Science, The, kitchenware, 415, 417 264

Darwinism, Social 164, 182, 265 specialists, 453

Davies, Sir John, 97n3 trade agreements, 452

Dilemma of Specialisation, The, 30, transactions, interlinked, 452

264 transport investments, 452 distribution production, labourers, 438–439 activities, productive, 436 retail, part-time occupation, 438 clothing and craft goods, availabil-retail, itinerant, 440 ity of, 436, 439 Shammas, Carole, 436–438 credit, 437, 439–440 shops, availability, 437 distributive functions, 435 shops, permanent, 435–436 distributive network, 437 shops, range of goods, 441–443

East Anglia, rural, 440 Table 9.1, Percent of population,

Everitt, Alan, 453 distance travelled to market, levels of, 444–445 438

markets, periodic, 435 services, East Anglia, rural parishes, 441 merchants, 444–445 literacy, 452–453 Table 9.2, Retail and distributive

Norwich. Admissions into the sions into the Freedom, Table 9.3, Norwich, Admis-Freedom, 1501–1675 Con- 1501–1675,Consumer Goods sumer Goods and Services, and Services, Occupational Individual Occupations, pp. Groupings, 443

458; appendix payment, advance, 437 (Percent of 800 cases: see text), Table 9.4, Non-local Trade, perishables, 436 454 private trade networks trade networks, 445–448 cloth, 455 wholesale and retail, combined

Everitt, Alan, 453 activities of, 435 foodstuffs, types of, 454 wholesale marketing networks innkeeper, as broker, 453 beginning of, 448 inns, role of, 453 cloth, 455 inns, specialist, 453 fairs, 451–452 interregional trade network, leather and gloves, 455

452, 453 market towns, 448–451 leather and gloves, 455 metalware trades, 455–457 mercantile methods, 452 private trade, 452–457 see also metalware trades, 455–457 private trade networks order books, correspondence, quantities, 454–455 and accounts, 452 work for hire, itinerant, 436 pitched market, 452 economic phenomena quantities, 454–455 autarky, 92

Index 541

labour, division of Hale, Sir Matthew, 13, 14, 78–80,

Mandeville, Bernard, 91–92, 287, 318

180 Hayek, Friedrich August

Smith, Adam, 92–93 Austrian Chamber of Commerce, money supply and price 233

Economics and Knowledge Cycle Research, 233 , 32, Austrian School, characterization Hume, David, 94 Austrian Institute of Business

234–235, 260 of, 255 economics, subjectivist, 146–147,

149–151, 154, 161–162, 235 Baker, John Hamilton, 301

Elton, Sir Geoffrey, 199 capital structure, 55, 238–239, 307n20 Empedocles, 177 Edwards, Milne, 182 biography, academic , 232

Epistemological Problems of Econom- catallaxy, 46–47, 284–286 icscatallaxy/capital structure, 304 , 32, 147, 265, 278, 280

Facts of the Social Sciences, Thecomplex phenomena and falsifi- , 30, ability, 36 33, 264, 265 Comte, Auguste, 264 falsifiability and history Confusion of Language in Politi- criterion, 37 cal Thought, The , 288 organism, 38 connotation, 269 organization, 38 Essays in Positive Economics common law, 286–289, 300 , 296 competition, 44–46 Everitt, Alan, 368, 375, 453 Errors of Constructivism, The Coke, Sir Edward, 287, 318 , 265

Constitution of Liberty, The, 39, pattern-predictions, 38 264, 265, 287, 301

Ferguson, Adam, 16, 87–90, 181, cosmos, 283–284, 299

318 Counter-revolution of Science,

Fisher, Dr John, 5 The, 264

Fortescue, Sir John, 73 Darwinism, Social, 265

Freedom and the Economic System, denotation, 269

39, 263 Dilemma of Specialisation, The,

Friedman, Milton, 296 30, 264

General Theory of Employment, divided knowledge, 32

Interest, and Money, The, 296 economic centralization, totalitar-

God, society not given by, 177, ian results of, 263

225n110 economic empiricism, 296 goods, order of, 48–49 Economics and Knowledge, 32, Gordon, Barry, 5 234–235, 260

Gresham’s Law, 159 economist, as dangerous, 31

Grunberg, Karl, 232 equalibrian, static, 256 542 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

equilibrium, 43, 251–253, 260 Mises, Ludwig von

Errors of Constructivism, The, characterization of, 219,

265 233–234

Essays in Positive Economics, 296 criticism of, 234–237

Facts of the Social Sciences, The, rationalist utilitarianism,

30, 33, 264, 265 234–236 falsifiability and history, 37, 293 subjectivist economics, 235

Ferguson, Adam, 264, 318 Theory and History, 236

Freedom and the Economic System, natural sciences, applied, 294

39, 263 nomoi, 283–284

Friedman, Milton, 296 Notes on the Evolution of Systems

General Theory of Employment, of Rules of Conduct, 264

Interest, and Money, The, 296 pattern prediction, 294–295 government corruption, 300 phenomena, complex, 280 government spending, 303 phenomena, natural 266 government, 299–305 Planning, Science and Freedom,

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 263

264 Political Ideal of the Rule of Law,

Human Action, 234 287 imputation, 238 Pretence of Knowledge, The, 280

Individualism, True and False, price discovery, 261

Intellectuals and Socialism, The, price, 43–44 259 Prices and Production 264 price mechanism, 251

Investigations into Method, 238, 250

265 264 pricing process , 232,

Keynes, John Maynard, 296 discovery of, 261

Kinds of Rationalism, expectations, 260 264

Lausanne School, 252 insights, interrelated, 261–262

Law, Legislation and Liberty, price change, 259 288

Legal and Political Thought of social phenomena, as, 259

David Hume, The, 264 trade cycle, 259, 307n20 legislature, function of, 302 Principles of Economics, 231

Leoni, Bruno, 286 Principles of a Liberal Social

Logic of Scientific DiscoveryOrder, The, 288 , 261

Meaning of Competition, The private property, 287 , 261

Menger, Carl, influence of, 231 Privatseminar, 145, 233

Milsom, Stroud Francis Charles, production

301 inter-firm, 238, 306n16, mind, commonality and structure 306n17 of, 266 structure, 55, 238 Index 543

time-length, 238, 306n18 Socialism, 234 time-shape, 238 socialist calculation, 255–259 time-structure, 238 socialist calculation, private prop-

Pure Logic of Choice erty alternative to, 258 , 32, 261, 266

Pure Theory of Capital, Thesocialist economic philosophy, , 238,

249, 253 discussion of, 255–258

Reason, Freedom, Tradition Spann, Othmar, 231 , 264

Results of Human Action But Not Sraffa, Piero, 250 of Human Design, The, 265 statistics, aggregates, and quanti-

Road to Serfdom, The ties, 291–293 , 263

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 264 study of history, 31 rules, acting on, 281–283 subjectivist economics, 235

Rules, Perception, Intelligibility, taxis, 283–284

264 Theory of Complex Phenomena, rules, property, 287 The, 36, 280

Saint-Simonians, 263 theseis, 283–284

Scientism and the Study of Society, time-shape, 218

31, 33, 261, 264 Trend of Economic Thinking, The,

Shearmur, Jeremy, 303 30, 38, 254, 264

Social Darwinism, 265 Use of Knowledge in Society, The, social data, subjective nature of, 261

267 versus the Historical School, 29 social facts, subjective nature of, Vienna, University of, 231

33 von Wieser, Friedrich, 232 social formations, complex writings, characterization of von analysing, 274–276 Mises, 219 explanations, 273–274 Younger German Historical features of, 270–273 School, opposition to, 29, 145, history, theory precedes, 254

277–280 Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, interrelationships, 276–277 164 social animism, 274 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 94–95

London School of Economics, historical phenomena

Tooke Chair, 233 analysis of, 23 social order, study of, 289–290 praxeology, as analytical tool, 24, social phenomena, general analy-159, 161 sis of, 254, 263, 266 Sombart, Werner, 24 social sciences, as empirically theoretical constructions, 33 deductive sciences, 32 Historical School. See Younger Ger— social theory and historical fact, man Historical School

30 history and theory 544 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

complex phenomena, 35 exchange, 104n97, 105n102, social complexes, 35 105n104 social theories, 35 Ferguson, Adam, 16 structural relationships, 35 habit and custom, 23 historical reality, understanding of, Mandeville, Bernard, 15, 180

197–199 Mises, Ludwig von, on soci-

History of English Lawety, development of, 22–23, , 100n33

Hobbes, Thomas, 14, 77–78 178–179

Holdworth, W.A., 100n33 repetition and imitation, fundamental to social evolution, 23 Hugo, Gustav, 112 Hohenzollern, House of, 149 productivity, 104n95

Human Action, 32, 57, 147, 180, language, specialisation, 179–180 234 see also language, law, catal- laxy, capital structure human action, see praxeology analytical structure, 11–12

Hume, David Chomsky, Noam, 12 balance of payments, 16 Hale, Sir Matthew, 13, 287, 318 common law, 14, 84, 318 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 94–95

Hutchison, Terence W., 61–62, 119 historical study of, 15

Individualism, True and False, 264 inherent order, 12 input-output table invented or evolved, 94 indices, 51 Jones, Sir William, 13, 94–95, industry or industry group, 51 287

Intellectuals and Socialism, The, Mandeville, Bernard, 13, 318

259 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 13, 94 investment chains, 52 Sapir, Edmund, 95 physical flows of goods,51 systematic analysis, 15 production chain, 52 von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 13, 16, statistical and quantitative data, 95, 287

51 language, law, catallaxy, capital

Investigations into Method, 145, 232, structure

265 analytical aspect, 317

James I (king), 76 capital structure

Jones, Sir William, 13, 94–95, 287 analytical unit, 339

Kant, Emmanuel, 164 array, 339

Keynes, John Maynard, 296 capital instruments, 340

Kinds of Rationalism, 264 catallaxy, shared features of, labour, division of 339 civilisation, as historical expres- collection, 339 sion, 23 consumption output, 347 Index 545

cooperation, 349–350 English, 318 extension of, 346, 348 Ferguson, Adam, 318 goods, higher order, 320 Hale, Sir Mathew, 318–319

Hayek, Friedrich August, 321 Hume, David, 318 historical context, 343 rules, 332–335 historical structures, long, Stewart, Dugald, 318

341–351 undesigned, 335

historical structures, short, 340–341 unintended outcome, 335 investments, complementary commonality heterogenous, 342–343 actions, aspects of, 324

Lachmann, Ludwig, 322 actions, same as, 324 length, 321, 344–346, 348 complexity, 329

Menger, Carl, 320 ends independent, 325

Mises, Ludwig von, 321 formation, shared, 317, 322 production, time-structure of, history, 330

321 individuals actions, 323 summary, 350–351 rules, 324–326 time-shape, 349 rules, closed and open, catallaxy 327–329 changing content, 336 undesigned, 330–331 complex, 337–338 historical residue, as, 317

Ferguson, Adam, 318 language

Hayek, Friedrich August, 320 complex, 331–332 historical, 338–339 Ferguson, Adam, 318, 326

labour, division of, 336, 337 historical development, 332 Mandeville, Bernard, 318 Hume, David, 318 Hume, David, 318 Hale, Sir Mathew, 318

Menger, Carl, 319

Jones, Sir William, 318

Mises, Ludwig von, 319

Mandeville, Bernard, 318 rules, ends-independent, 337

Mises, Ludwig von, 326

specialisation, 337 regularities, 331 Smith, Adam, 318 undesigned, 339 rules, 331 common law Smith, Adam, 326

Burke, Edmund, 318–319 social order, open ended, 325

Coke, Sir Edward, 318 Stewart, Dugald, 318 complex, 335 undesigned, 332 customs, systematic articula- von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 318 tion of , 332 social formations, intended, 319 546 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

social formations, unintended, human action, two aspects of,

317, 319 110–112

Lausanne School, 252 individual, economizing, 156

Law, Legislation and Liberty, 288 individualism, 151 law, see also language, law, catallaxy, Investigations into Method, 145, capital structure 155, 265

Le Maistre, Antoine, 113 investment chain, 114, 119–125,

Legal and Political Thought of David 157

Hume, The, 264 investment chain, criticism of

Leoni, Bruno, 286 Menger, 125–139

Logic of Scientific Discoveryinvestment chain, historical ana- , 261

Loyn, Henry Royston, 199 lytical tool, 139 Mandeville, Bernard labour, sequential division of, 238 common law, 85–87 language, 107 consumer goods, production of, law, 107

16 law, and rise of authority, 116 division of labour, 15, 180 law, as custom, 115 language, evolution of, 13, 318 law, as rules for action, 115

McCloskey, Donald N., 60, 65–67 law, evolution of, 158

Meaning of Competition, The legislative compulsion, 118 , 261

Menger, Carl Methodensreit, 146

Aristotle, 119 money, as unintended order, 116 capital structure, 41, 48 money, evolution of, 18

causes, unknown, 156 national economy, as unintended order, 117 commodities, as money, 18 causal relationship, 135 national economy, 41

complex reality, discussion of, order, intentional and uninten-109 tional, 112–114, 139n18 data, nature of, 109 phenomena, historical and theo-common law,114 118–119 order, analyzing unintentional, economic formation, 200 retical aspects, 111, 200 economic phenomena, 107 Principles of Economics, 119, 134, goods-character, 156 135 goods, definition, 136 production structure, 119, 237 goods, first-order, how are they property rights, evolution of, 158 produced, 136 property rights, socialist calcula- goods, first, second, third order, tion and, 258

114 Smith, Adam, criticism of, 137 goods, higher order, 130–133 social and economic formations, historian, role of 111 16–18

Index 547

Stigler, George Joseph, 125–133 Elton, Sir Geoffrey, 199

Streissler, Erich, 133 Epistemological Problems of Eco- theorist, role of, 112 nomics, 32, 147, 265, 278, 280

Vaughn, Dr. Karen, criticism of ethnography, 171–172

Menger, 135 exchange, medium of, 173

Younger German Historical foreign investment, effect of, 216

School, criticism of, 29–30, general theories, historical materi-

107 als, 149

Methodensreit, 143, 145, 146, 155 goods-character, relationship of

Methodenstreit, 107 people and objects, 175

Milsom, Stroud Francis Charles, 301 goods, order of, 210

Mises, Ludwig von Great Society, 177, 184, 299

American Institutionalists, 147 Hayek, Friedrich August, charac- anti-Marxian, 144, 220n4 terization of, 233

Austrians, not interested in, 218 historical materials, deriving gen-Austrian School, joins, 143 historical entity, capital goods as,

Burkean standard, 182 eral theories from, 149 220n1 historical reality, understanding capital of, 197–199 accumulation, 215 accumulation, militarism and, theoretical concepts enabled historical research and narrative,

215 by, 149 discussion of, 52–55, 209 Historical School, objections to, capital goods 220n3 analysis of, 211 historical understanding, 169 changing circumstances of, historicism, political foundations

212 of, 149 order of, 210 historicist, as, 143 time, relationship to, 214, 217 history, interest in, 220n2 transient value, 213 homo agens, 152 capital structure, an historical homo economicus, 152–153, formation, 238 222n37 civilisations, rise and fall of , Human Action, 32, 57, 147

182–183 human action, see praxeological classicals, criticism of, 152 human characteristics, quintes- competition, 42, 203–204 sential, 41, 170, 172–173 consumer, competition and, 204 imaginary goods, criticism of, 154 consumption, future and current, income, 202

211 individual, sphere of spontaneous economic formation, 200 action, 183

investment, as embodiment of social cooperation, rules of, 181 knowledge, 218 social formations, comment on, labour, division of, 178 10 labour, division of, guaranteed social phenomena, acting indi- right, 204 viduals, 178 laissez-faire, 219 Socialism, 47, 146, 263

Loyn, Henry Royston, 199 society, development of, 22–23, market order, 200 177, 225n110 market process, 42, 201–203 stationary state, 251

Menger, Carl, influence of, 220n5 truth, absolute, 196 migration, human, 215 value, exchange, 152 moral rules, 181 value, paradox of 152

Nation, State and Economy, 146 value, use, 152

NationalökonomieVon Bohm Bawerk, Eugen, 143, , 57, 146 natural sciences, view of, 165–166 144, 152, 154, 232 organism and organisation, von Wieser, Friedrich, 143

20–21, 162 money phenomena, historical and theo-barter, 18 retical difference, 148 evolution of, 18 praxeology exchange, praxeological examina- categories of, 24–29 tion, 24–29 definition of, 195 Nation, State and Economy, 146 development of, 150–151 Nationalökonomie, 57 foundations of, 170–171 Natural Selection, 164 history, shaping of, 166–167 Nature, 164 role of praxeological analy-neoclassical economics sis,162 analytical and historical issues sociology and, 222n32 independent of, 58–59 subjectivist economics, 235 analytical tools outside of, 126 term, use of, 222n31 pure theory, 107 price formation, 42, 154 quantitative techniques and data, price structure, 200, 202 209 price, quantity, and statistics, scientific approach, 29

206–209 self-contained compartments, 236

Privatseminar, 145 trade cycle theory, 250 production processes, 211–212 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 112 production, allocation of Notes on the Evolution of Systems of resources to, 202 Rules of Conduct, 264 scarcity, 204–206, 218 Nozick, Robert, 63 social change, 181 Planning, Science and Freedom, 263 Index 549

Political Ideal of the Rule of Law, Kerridge, Eric, 465

287 labour-supply curve, 464

Popper, Karl, 37, 60, 261, 296 Malthusian, 463

Pure Logic of Choice, 32, 261, 266 nitrogen depletion, 463

Pure Theory of Capital, The, 238, Overton, Mark, 463

249, 253 population fluctuations, 465 praxeology Table 10.1, English Popula- analytical tool, 24, 159, 161, 162, tion, 464

176, 195–197 trade, interregional, 464 categories of idea, 197 agriculture, capital combinations categories of, 24–29 crop rotation, 465–466

development of, 150–151 grass formation, 465 foundations of, 170–171 implements, 468 definition of, 195 fruitgrowing, 466

role of praxeological analysis,162 livestock, 467 sociology and, 222n32 livestock, pasture management, history, shaping of, 166–167 ley-farming, 466 term, use of, 222n31 467

Pretence of Knowledge, The, 280 market-gardening, 466 price pasture conversion, 465 data, 206 seed trade, 466 defined in historical reality, 29 agricultural, investment structures establishment of, 207 autarky, prevalent peasant, 468 price formation, 154 Carew, Richard, 469

Prices and Production, 238 farm management, 468 Principles of a Liberal Social Order, goods-in-progress, 469 The , 288 Harrison, William, 469 Principles of Economics , 231 implements, 468 production monetisation, growth of, 469 agriculture price, quantity, and statistics, crop rotation, 468 206–209 exchange, 468 price-cost, 246 crop output, 469

Challis, Christopher Edgar, products, non-grain, 469

463 beer consumer goods, manufac-breweries, 470 tured, 465 Hatcher, John, 471 developments, 463 investment chain, 471–472 farming, subsistence, 464 poverty index, 471 husbandry, convertible, 465 production process, 470 550 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

quantity and price, 469 courts, personnel and fees, 505 wholesale brewers, 470 dispute settlement, informal, candles 512 see soap, candles glass exchange relationships, 509,

Clay, Christopher, 488–489 511 fuel, 486–487 grant of arms, 504 glassmaking, 485 higher standing, 503 monopoly, 487–489 instruments, 501–502 patent of monopoly, 485 inventories, 502 production chains, 487 judicial incomes, 506–508 production process, 485 jurisdiction and competition, production regions, 486 510 specialisation, 486 land law, 517 leather Lisles and Sir Edward Sey- mour land dispute, 512 capital combinations, 479–480 litigation and litigants, 503

investment chains, 479–480 Malynes, Gerard, 513 curriers, 479

regional, sources of, 478 profession, lower branch, 502–503 tanning process, 479 rawhides, 479 merchant arbitrators, 513 profession, upper branch, 502 types, 479 salaries, 506 legal

activity, 501 Cases in King’s Bench and Table 10.2 Classification of arbitration bonds, 513 Common Pleas, 1560 and arbitration, 512–514 1640, 504 assumpsit, 518 Table 10.3, Social Status of

Baker, John Hamilton, 505, Litigants, 1560 and 1640,

511, 518 505

Benson, Bruce, 514–515 Table 10.4, Social Status borough and local courts, of Plaintiffs and Defen— decline of, 508–510 dants,1560 and 1640, 505

Brooks, Christopher, 508–510 lime case transfers, restriction of, production, 489

511 uses, 489 changes, 516 metalwares, Staffordshire

Clark, Geoffrey, 510 cutlery, 491

Coke, Edward, 515–516 cutlery, capital combinations,

Common Pleas, 503 491–492 contract law, 517–518 cutlery, production chains, 493

Cornish, William Robert, 510 cutlery, Sheffield, 491 Index 551

harness and stock, 490 government oversight, 483 household goods, 490 industrial production, 483 regional production, 490 investment chains, 483–484 tools and equipment, 490 production process, 482 metalwares, West Midlands textile application, 482 agricultural implements, uses, 482

498–500 wool, finishing

braziers, 494 hoes, 500 fulling-mill, 475 axes, hatchets, billhooks and dyes, 476

capital combinations, 497 mosing mills, 476 knitting, 476 coppersmiths, 494 wool, investment chains,477 credit network, 496 wool, preparing and spinning distribution, 494 spinning wheel, 473 housewares, 494 spinsters, 474 investment chains, 497 yarn-masters, 474 iron supply, 500–501 yarn, 474 locksmiths, 495 yarnsmen, itinerant, 474 metalware districts, 494 wool, raw material nailmaking, 496 fallow wool, 472

population growth, 494 fell-wool, 473 outputs, 494 grades of, 473 saddlers’ ironmongery,

495–496 raw material, 472 scythemaking, 498–500 short and long, 473 sickles, shears, 500 sorting, 473 tin, 495 wool, weaving whirlers, kitchenware, 494 engine-loom, 474 salt kersey, 474

Clay, Christopher, 482 looms, 474 consumption, 480 process, 474–475 industrial, 480 velours, 474 investment chains, 481–482 production structure processing, 480 analytical unit, 51 production output, 480–481 final aim, 51 sources, 480–481 Hayek analysis of, 55–57 soap, candles price-cost, 246 investment chains, 484–485 starting-point, 52 production, 484 time-shape, change, 246 starch property rights, 100n32 552 Early Modern England | Sudha Shenoy

Reason, Freedom, Tradition, 264 complex phenomena and falsi-

Results of Human Action But Not of fiability, 36

Human Design, The, 265 complex, 35, 104n85

Ricardian theory, 251 division of labour, 9, 22, 91,

Road to Serfdom, The 95, 180, 184 , 263

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 13, 94, 264 economic formation, 35

Rowe, Denis, 5 economic order, overall, 114

Sapir, Edmund, 95 exchange, 91, 95 language, 9, 95, 180, 317 Sayles, George Osborne, 298 Rules, Perception, Intelligibility, 264 economic phenomena, 9, 277 law, 107, 317

Schmoller, Gustav money, 9, 114 moral rules, 9 analytical collectivism, 108 occupational skills, 95 building stones, 19 Shammas, Carole, 376, 427, 429, 436 market order, 9, 42 price formation, 9, 42 collectivism, discussion of, 108 production structure, 119

Younger German Historical reason, 180

School, 107

Scientism and the Study of Societyrelationships, persistent [sys- , tematic], 36, 95

31, 33, 261, 264 social being, 22

Shearmur, Jeremy, 303

Smith, Adam social theory, compositive, 272 social phenomena, 35 consumer goods, production of, specialisation, 91, 95 16 types of societies, 22 criticism, by Menger, 137 unintentional, 112, 113, 317 exchange and property, 175

labour, division of, 92–93 social groups wage-rates, 9

Social Darwinism, 164, 182, 265 actions produce groups, 40 social formations, inter-individual group selection, 40 analysis kinds of orders, 40 analytical category, 107 types of rules, 40 discussion of, 10, 16–18, 35 Socialism, 47, 263

Mises, Ludwig von, comment society, not created by God, on, 10, 41 225n110 types Sombart, Werner, 24, 168, 188 capital structure, 9, 317 Spann, Othmar, 231 catallaxy, 9, 317 statistics, 206 common law, 96, 114 Stewart, Dugald, 14, 90–91, 318 competition, 203 Stigler, George Joseph Index 553

capital, criticism of Menger, Younger German Historical School

126–127 analytical collectivism, 108 objectivism , neoclassical, 129 complex of individual economies, rank-order goods, criticism of, 117

125–133 criticism of, 19–20

Streissler, Erich future, prediction of, 148 criticism of Menger, 133 product innovation,133 government power, 149–150 subjectivism, 161, 176 Hayek, Friedrich August, opposi-

Theory and History, tion to, 19 236

Theory of Complex Phenomena, The historicist, as, 143 ,

36, 280 law, as deliberate, 16–17 time-shape, change, 246 Menger, Carl, discussion of, 16, time-shape, 218 107 time-shape, consumption, 242–244 Mises, Ludwig von

Trend of Economic Thinking, The, as historicist, 143

30, 38, 254, 264 criticism of Historical School, unintended order(s), 10, 11, 14, 113, 19–20, 144, 220n3

116, 117

Use of Knowledge in Society, The political science, economic , 261 aspects of, 150

Vaughn, Dr. Karen

Schmoller, Gustav, 19, 107, 143

Von Bohm Bawerk, Eugen, 143, 144, subjectivist theory, rejected, 148 criticism of Menger, 135

152, 154, 232 theory and history, relationship von Humboldt, Wilhelm between, 107 language, early study of, 13, 95, Mises, Ludwig von, criticism of

112 Historical School, 19–20, 144, language, organic analogy, 16 220n3 von Savigny, Friedrich Carl, 112 Weber, Max, 32, 151, 169 von Wieser, Friedrich, 143, 232 World Spirit, 164