Chapter 21 of 21 · Value, Capital, and Rent by Knut Wicksell
Index
INDEX
Amundsen, Arne, 13
Anderson, Dr., 38n.
Astronomy, 52
Average marginal utility, 74
Average wage, 141-2
Bessemer, 42-3
Böhm-Bawerk, and agriculture, 162; his theory of capital, 23, 38, 40, 46, 97-8, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105n.; his theory of capital-interest and wages, 53, 119, 120n., 123, 126, 128, 131; and capital goods, 118, 119; and the ground-rent, 146, 149n.; and interest, 21-2, 106-15, 133-5, 136, 142-4; mentioned, 5-6, 8, 17, 20, 168; and period of production, 10, 117, 119, 152; his theory of value, 48, 50; and wage fund theory, 145-6; and Walras, 168n.
Building sites, high values of, 42
Business man, and economic theory, 166
Calculus, 24
Canard, 52
Capital, Böhm-Bawerk’s theory of, 5-6, 17, 21-3; concept of, 97-106; doses of, 152; fixed and variable, 145, 146; formation of, 21, 109, 116, 141, 156, 165n.; free, 156; and ground-rent, 147, 148, 149, 150n.; and harmony economists, 41-2; increasing, 139-41, 144; and interest, 104, 113, 142; kinds of, 105, 162-3; and labour, 23, 36-7, 126-7, 127-8, 132-3, 152; and land, 40-1n.; marginal efficiency of, 12; means of subsistence as, 101-3, 115, 144; new, 120; private and social, 100-5; and rent goods, 162, 165; role of, in production, 94, 110, 115-17, 121, 167; and period of production, 137, 138; productivity of, 110, 111, 112, 113; as stored-up wealth, 98-9, 100, 101; use of outside business, 124; and Walras, 95-6, 167; and Wicksell, 9-10; per worker, 126
Capital-goods, 12, 99, 104n., 105, 106118-19, 162n., 167
Capital interest, Böhm-Bawerk’s theory of, 21, 53, 119; and concept of capital, 106; and the market, 168n.; and period of production, 131, 132-3; theory of, 20, 94, 96, 117; and ground-rent, 24-5, 149, 151-2, 160; and wages, mathematical presentation, 120-30; see also Interest
Capitalism, and Ricardo, 35
Capitalists, and increasing capital, 139-41; as entrepreneurs, 127-8; means of subsistence of, 103-4; and period of production, 128-30; and workers, 98
Capital-labour market, 127, 136n.
Capital profit, 36-7
Cartels, 70
Circulating capital, 96, 163, 165n., 167
Claims, and capital, 104
Clark, J. B., 6
Colonies, 109
Commodities, multiplicity of, 161
Community, enrichment of, 100
Comparative statics, 6
Competition, 36, 70, 94-5; see also Free competition
Compound interest, 122-3n., 142-3
Conditional equations, 150
Conrads Jahrbücher, 53n., 124n., 128
Consumable goods, as capital, 96, 98-9, 101, 102, 103-4, 105, 115; and interest, 106, 111-12, 113-14
Consumption, multiplicity of, 161 ; and production, 20, 158-9,161 ; variation in, 82-3, 84-5
Consumption loans, 104, 107n., 114, 115n., 149n.
Continuous quantities, 62
Contract curve, 69
Corn, and supply and demand, 91
Costs, law of, 94
Debts, and capital, 104
Demand, and production, 93 ; see also Supply and demand
Distribution, and free competition, 75-6, 160
Distribution of Wealth, The (Clark), 6
Disutility, 56
Division of labour, 116n., 117
Doses, of capital, 152
Durable goods, as capital, 10n., 96, 100-1, 105, 118-19, 163; and interest, 113-14; as sole capital, 167
Economic gain by exchange, 19
Economic laws, difficulty of formulating, 30
Economic profit, 67-8
Economic theory, 166; statics and dynamics of, 165; unity of, 6-7
Economists, early, 5 ; historical school of, 30-1 ; and population, 166
Edgeworth, 69
Education, 165
Élements d’économie politique pure (Walras), 167
Employment, theory of, 12
Enrichment, 100
Entrepreneur, and capital, 101, 102; profit of, 11, 94-5; subsistence of, 144; workers as, 23, 120-2, 127, 128, 130, 142n.
Equilibrium, in capital-labour market, 127-8, 132-3, 138; dynamic, 165; equations of, 127, 153, 156; and exchange of several goods, 77, 79, 81; and ground-rent, 149; in isolated exchange, 64, 65; in open market, 71, 73, 74n., 75; between production and consumption, 95, 158-9; between two economies, 153-5; and supply and demand, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91
Equilibrium price, ascertainment of, 160; and profit, 76n., 81-2; and supply and demand, 86, 87, 89
Essay on the Co-ordination of the Laws of Distribution (Wicksteed), 6
Exchange, between three, 78; between two economies, 153-5, and distribution, 76; economic gain by, 19; equations of, 18, 164, 165, 167; at given prices, 59-61; indirect, 77-8; and interest, 107, 114n.; isolated, 61-70; laws of, 161; mathematics of, 52-3; in the open market, 70-6; and production, 93-4, 95 ; of several goods, 76-82; and supply and demand, 83 ; theory of, 25-6
Exchange value, classical theories of, 94; and distribution of wealth, 43; and labour, 34-6, 39, 44-5 ; modern theory of, 32, 45-6, 156-8, 160; Ricardo’s theory of, 40; and utility, 33-4, 47-8, 50-1 ; and working time, 45n.
Expectation of life, 109-10
Famine, 109
Final utility, 47
Free competition, 19, 45, 75-6, 81-2, 129, 130, 132, 133n., 141, 167
Frowein, S. H., 13
Future, influence of, 92-3
Future goods, and present goods, 107-10, 111-12, 136
Geldzins und Güterpreise (Wicksell), 7n., 8
German economists, 29, 30, 31n.
Gide. Ch., 22
Ground-rent, abolition of, 150n.; and capital, 103; capital-interest, and wages, 151-2; theory of, 117, 119; and wages, 147-9, 150; see also Rent
Grundriss der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Mangoldt), 87
Grundsätze des menschlichen Verkehrs (Gossen), 32n.
Guilds, 31
Gutsche, Otto, 26
Harmony economists, 17, 40, 41-3
Held, Adolf, 41n.
Hicks, Prof. J. R., 8
Hildebrand, 30n.
Historical school, 30-1
Houses, as capital, 99, 100, 101n., 113n., 118-19n.; as rent-goods, 163
Income, fixing of, 158
Indirect exchange, 76-82
Ingram, J., 30
Interest, Böhm-Bawerk’s theory of, 21-2, 40, 107-13, 115, 133-5; and capital, 94, 97, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106; and capital-goods, 118, 119; and capital-labour equilibrium, 127-9; equalization of, 155, 160; and ground-rent, 148, 149n., 150n.; instantaneous, 143n. ; Jevons’s theory of, 142-4; and money, 98; natural rate of, 10-11, 12, 107, 142, 143n.; and period of production, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133-5, 136-41; and savings, 165n; and Walras, 167; Thünen’s theory of, 141-2; use theory of, 22, 113-14; and wages, 37-8; and Wicksell, 7, 9, 11, 12
Interest and Prices (Wicksell), 8n., 9n., 10n.
International trade, 154
Inventions, 117
Investment, net flow of, 12
Iron industry, 42-3
Jevons, Stanley, his theory of value, 8, 47; and capital, 21, 22, 110; and exchange, 19, 73-4, 81 ; and interest, 20, 136, 142-4; his law of indifference, 45, 70; and mathematics, 18, 52, 53, 58, 73; mentioned, 29, 32n., 46, 168; and workers’ means of subsistence, 101 ; and trading bodies, 73-4, 81, 83
Kahn, R. F., 8n.
Kapital und Kapitalzins (Böhm-Bawerk), 106
Kautsky, B. K., 46
Knies, 30n.
Kritik und Geschichte der Kapitalzinstheorie (Böhm-Bawerk), 111n.
Labour, and capital, 23, 36-7, 41-2, 102, 103, 115, 126, 127-8, 132-3, 152; distribution of, 125; division of, 116n., 117; and exchange value, 34-6, 39, 41, 44, 45, 49-50, 94; non-homogeneous nature of, 61-2; and prices, 37; productivity of, 117; and rent, 23, 38^10; supply of, 164; and supply and demand, 91 ; as only source of value, 41-2, 43-4, 45n.; and Walras, 95-6; see also Workers
‘Labour jelly,’ 44
Labour-saving machines, 117, 130
Land, abolition of private ownership of, 150n.; and capital, 23, 40-1n., 98-9, 100, 105, 115, 119, 152; and harmony economists, 42; improvement of, 162; quality of 162, 165; and rent, 38-9, 146, 147; and Walras, 95-6; per worker, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
Launhardt, 18, 19, 20, 53, 56-7, 64n., 67n., 73, 76n., 87
Law of great numbers, 83
Law of Population (Malthus), 29
Lending libraries, 101
Leslie, Cliff, 30
Loans, interest on, 107-8
Logic (Mill), 52
Mangoldt, 87
Marginal efficiency of capital, 12
Marginal productivity, 6
Marginal utility, and exchange between two economies, 154-5; and exchange at given prices, 60, 61 ; and indirect exchange, 77, 79; and interest, 107-8, 134-5; and isolated exchange, 62-70; mathematics of, 54-9; and the open market, 71-4, 76; and production, 93, 95; and supply and demand, 85n., 87n., 92, 94, 158, 161n.; theory of, 8, 40, 47-8, 51; of trading body, 73-4, 81
Market, and capital-interest, 168; equilibrium in, 158, 160; exchanges in open, 70-6; influence of, 112; and prices, 45, 51-2, 70
Marshall, A., 6, 29n., 69n., 100-1
Marx, Karl, 17, 41n., 44n., 45n., 46
Marxists, 35
Mathematics, 6, 18, 23, 24, 52-3, 56-7
Mathematische Begründung der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Launhardt), 57n.
Mercantile system, 101 Mill, J. S., 29, 33, 36, 39, 47, 52, 93
Money, and concept of capital, 97-8, 101-2, 105n.; creation of, 8, 9, 12; and exchange of several goods, 77, 79n., 81 ; marginal utility of, 60; Quantity theory of, 8-9, 11 ; and supply and demand, 90, 91; and Use theory of interest, 114n.
National capital, 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 155, 160
National income, 165
National subsistence fund, 103, 104
Natural interest, 10-11, 12, 107, 142, 143n.
Natürliche Wert, Der (Wieser), 17n., 24
Net profit, and increasing capital, 140-1
New capital, 120, 137, 141, 156
Over-employment, investment, 7
Pantaleoni, M., 108n.
Perishable goods, 108-9
Political economy, classical, 29, 31-2, 94; problems of, 106; and progression, 165-6; and terminology, 97; position of theoretical, 29-32
Population, changes in, 165; and capital formation, 141; optimum size of, 166; problem of, 40, 41n.; and saving, 165n.
Positive Theorie des Kapitals (Böhm-Bawerk), 21, 22, 97n., 102n., 103n., 111, 114n., 118n., 132n., 149n., 168n.
Positive theory of interest, 133-5
Present goods, and future, 107-10, 111-12, 136
Price, average, 60; exchange at fixed, 59-61, 75; and exchange between two economies, 154-5 ; and exchange of several goods, 79, 80; and labour, 37; and market, 45, 51-2, 70, 73, 75; market and ‘natural,’ 40; and Marx, 45n. ; and money, 9, 11 ; and rent, 39; subjective theory of relative, 8; and supply and demand, 83, 84, 85-7, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
Prices and Production (Hayek), 7
Primitive economies, 35, 109, 110
Principii di economia pura (Pantaleoni), 108n.
Principles of Economics (Marshall), 6, 29n., 69n., 101
Principles of Political Economy (Mill) 29
Private capital, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105
Private property, abolition of, 40, 45n.
Production, and capital, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 163; role of capital in, 22, 110, 115-17; increasing capitalization of, 139; and consumption, 20, 158-9, 161; divided character of, 163-4; equations of, 94, 165, 167; as a kind of exchange, 50; and exchange value, 49; gradation of, 124-5, 128n., 131, 134n.; laws of, 161; multiplicity of, 161; productivity of, 117, 120, 130, 131; of rent-goods, 165n.; and working time, 164; Walras’ theory of, 21, 93-6, 164
Production goods, 118
Production, period of, 10, 22; need to ascertain, 166-7; and capital, 115-17, 145, 146; and capital-interest and wages, 119, 120, 125, 126-8, 131-3; and division of labour, 117-18; and durable goods, 118-19; and exchange value, 45n.; and ground-rent, 147, 148, 152; and interest, 110—11,144 ; lengthening of, 128-30, 136-41 ; and positive theory of interest, 133-5, 136-41; and productivity of labour, 117; and wages, 38
Productive contribution, 24
Productive factors, relations between, 106, 112
Productive forces, free employment of, 156
Productivity, average per worker, 120, 121, 129, 147, 150; function, 157; increasing, 156; theory of capital, 22, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Profit, calculation of maximum, 123-4; and equilibrium price, 76n., 81-2; and exchange, 19-20; and increasing capital, 140-1 ; and Marx, 44; and period of production, 133n.; per worker, 131, 132, 141; and Walras, 94-5
Progressive economy, 165-6, 167
Proportions of exchange, between two economies, 154-5; in exchange of several goods, 78, 81 ; in isolated exchange, 62-9; in the open market, 70-1, 74, 75; in two-commodity economy, 156, 157, 158, 160; and supply and demand, 83, 85, 90, 91
Quantity theory, of money, 8-9
Rent, and capital, 103; and capital interest, 24-5; equalization of, 155, 160; Ricardo’s theory of, 37, 38-40, 94, 151; Thünen’s theory of, 151; and wages, 24-5, 146-50, 159-60; see also Ground-rent
Rent-goods, 10n., 99, 105, 119, 130, 152-3, 162-3, 165
Répartition des Richesses (Leroy-Beaulieu), 42
Retail trade, 59
Revenues, of Walras, 96
Revue d’économie politique, 41n., 168n.
Ricardo, and capital, 36-7; and interest, 9; and labour, 34-6; mentioned, 17, 29, 32, 94; and natural wage, 166; and rent, 38-40, 151 ; his theory of value, 40-1, 42
Robertson, Sir Dennis, 12
Robinson Crusoe, 48
Rodbertus, 45n.
Roscher, 30n.
Savings, 165n.
Say, J. B., 34
Scarcity, and exchange value, 49
Schulze-Delitzsch, 43
Self-defence, 43
Shackle, G. L. S., 5-13
Smith, Adam, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38n., 47, 51, 96, 100, 101n., 104, 116n.
Social capital, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105
Social conditions, 41n.
Socialism, 17, 31n., 34-5, 39-40, 43-6, 98
Socialist Law, of Germany, 31n.
Social justice, 43
Soil, improvement of, 162
Some Leading Principles of Political Economy newly expounded (Cairnes), 29, 36n.
Stationary economy, assumption of, 153, 161, 162, 163, 164-5, 167; capital in, 103, 104; interest in, 108, 109, 112, 113, 120
Statistics, 32
Stock exchange, 82
Stockholm, 17
Storage, 109n.
Subjective value, 8, 50, 109-10
Subsistence, calculation of maximum, 120-2; means of, as capital, 101-3, 115, 144
Supply and demand, 82-92, 94; equilibrium between, 75, 85, 87, 89, 158-9, 161; and exchange between two economies, 154-5; and interest rate, 135-6; surfaces, 92
Surplus products, values, 112
Surplus profits, 120
Surplus returns, 141, 147, 149n.
Taxation, 150n.
Terminology, 97
Theory of Political Economy (Jevons), 81n., 142
Theory of Rent (Ricardo), 29
Three-body problem, 52
Thrift, principle of, 51, 79, 148
Thünen, 22, 111, 112, 113, 141-2, 151
Time, economic significance of, 5, 7, 8, 10, 93, 94n., 95, 115
Trade, internal and international, 154-5
Trading body, marginal utility of, 73-4, 81, 83
Treatise on Money (Keynes), 7, 8
Uber Wert, Kapital und Rente (Wicksell), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10n., 13
Unemployment, 132-3
Unified theory, 12
Untersuchungen über die Theorie des Preises (Auspitz and Lieben), 20, 89n.
Use theory, of interest, 22, 113-14
Utility, and distribution, 76; and exchange value, 47-8, 50-1 ; gain of, 50, 62, 67-8, 75, 76n.; of money, 105n.; total, 54-9, 6367n., 68, 69, 108; and value, 33, 34, 44, 45; see also Marginal utility
Value, classical theory of, 32-41 ; and exchange value, 33, 47-8, 50-1; harmony economists’ theory of, 41-3; modern theory of, 8, 17-18, 94, 156-60; socialists’ theory of, 43-6
Wage fund theory, 8, 36, 145-6
Wages, average, 141-2; and capital, 101-3; and capital interest, 24-5, 37-8, 119, 135-6, 137-40; and capital interest, mathematical presentation, 120-30; and capital-labour equilibrium, 127-8; calculation of maximum, 120-2; and competition, 36; equalization of, 155, 160; high, 91; and increasing capital, 140-1; natural, 36, 37, 166; and period of production, 129-30, 131,132-3,134,139; and rent, 24-5, 147-9, 150, 151, 159-60; and Ricardo, 41n.; scaling of, 162; and supply of labour, 164; and wage fund theory, 145, 146
Walras, Leon, and capital, 167-8; and exchange, 19, 73, 75, 76n.; and mathematics, 18, 20, 52, 53; mentioned, 32n., 46; and production, 21, 93-6, 164; and savings, 165n.; and supply and demand, 83, 87, 89, 90; and theory of value, 8, 17
Warehouse stock, 101
Wealth, distribution of, 43
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 5, 101n., 116n.
West, Sir Richard, 38
Wicksell, Knut, 5-13
Wicksteed, 6
Wieser, 17, 24, 25, 47, 105, 106
Workers, average production of, 120, 121, 129, 138, 150; capital needed for, 96, 126, 131, 134, 137; and capitalists, 98; as entrepreneurs, 120-2,127, 128,130,142n.; and high wages, 91 ; and increasing capital, 139, 140, 141; land per, 147, 149, 150, 151; their means of subsistence as capital, 101-3, 115, 120, 121; number of, 125, 129, 131, 137, 165; and period of production, 129-30, 131; and Ricardo, 41n.; varying skills of, 161-2; and wage fund theory, 145; and socialists’ theory of value, 43-4; yield of last, 141-2 Working time, 45n., 164
Zwei Bücher zur socialen Geschichte Englands (Held), 41n.
Value, Capital, and Rent
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