Chapter 17 of 17 · Why American History Is Not What They Say by Jeff Riggenbach
Notes Chapter 1
1 Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 1.
2 Ibid., p. 6.
3 See http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/myers/novick_debate.html
4 William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (New York: Random House, 1951), p. 92.
5 Carl G. Gustavson, A Preface to History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), p.16.
6 Harry Elmer Barnes, A History of Historical Writing (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938), p. 370.
7 John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History (London: Longman, 1991), p. 31.
8 Ibid., pp. 37-38.
9 Ibid., p. 39.
10 Ibid., p. 34.
11 Bernard Shaw, The Doctor's Dilemma: A Tragedy (London: Penguin, 1946), pp.167-168.
12 H. L. Mencken, Minority Report: H. L. Mencken's Notebooks (New York: Knopf,
13 See http://poynter.org/dg.lts/id.45/aid.82799/column.htm
14 Barnes, op.cit., p. 370.
15 Tosh, op.cit., pp. 33, 65-66.
16 Ibid., pp. 136-137.
17 Barnes, op.cit., p. 267.
18 Ibid., p. 241.
19 Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 123.
20 Novick, op.cit., pp. 44-45.
21 Ibid., p. 45.
22 Peter Charles Hoffer, Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesisles, Ellis, and Goodwin (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 18-19.
23 Ibid., p. 19.
24 Ibid., pp. 21-22.
25 Claire Sprague, Edgar Saltus (New York: Twayne, 1968), p. 72.
26 James Hurt, "Sandburg's Lincoln Within History." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 20, No. i (Winter 1999), p. 55.
27 Tosh, op.cit., pp. 23-24.
28 See Douglas Martin, "Shelby Foote, Historian and Novelist, Dies at 88." The New York Times 29 June 2005. Online at http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/29/ books/29foote.html?pagewanted=all
29 White, op.cit., p. 122.
30 Ibid., pp. 83-84.
31 Hayden White, The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. ix-x.
32 Ibid., p. 4.
33 Ibid., p. 24.
34 Hayden White, Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 9.
35 The last of my three examples of metaphor is attributed to the French poet, novelist, and playwright Philippe Auguste Mathias de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-1889). The second example is taken from the title of a hit popular song of 1972, written and performed by the rhythm and blues band War.
36 Sartre published works of technical philosophy (Being and Nothingness), novels (Nausea), and plays (No Exit). Rand did the same (Introduction to Objectivist Epis-temology, Atlas Shrugged, The Night of January 16th). Gass's case is a bit different. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Cornell and calls his meeting with Ludwig Wittgenstein there in the 1950s "the most important intellectual experience of my life." (Fiction and the Figures of Life, p. 248) He earned his living as a philosophy professor for nearly fifty years, first at Purdue, latterly at Washington University in St. Louis, from which he retired in 2001. His publications have all been literary in character, including novels (Omensetter's Luck), short stories (In the Heart of the Heart of the Country), belles lettres (On Being Blue), and literary criticism (Fiction and the Figures of Life).
37 William H. Gass, Fiction and the Figures of Life (New York: Knopf, 1970), pp. 3, 5.
38 Ibid., pp. 7-9.
39 Ibid., p. 60.
40 Ibid., pp. 10-11.
41 Ayn Rand, The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature (New York: World, 1969), pp. 79, 50, 28.
42 Ibid., p. 23.
43 Ibid., pp. 31-32.
44 Ibid., pp. 34-35.
45 Ibid., p. 46.
46 Ibid., pp. 43-44.
47 Ibid., p. 22.
48 Ibid., p. 55.
49 Jean Paul Sartre, Literature and Existentialism (New York: Citadel, 1962), p. 32.
50 Ibid., p. 39.
51 Ibid., pp. 63, 40.
52 See his review of Peter Watson's Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud in the New Statesman for 28 May 2005. Online at http://www.newstatesman.com/ Bookshop/300000098646
53 Roy A. Childs, Jr., "Big Business and the Rise of American Statism," in Liberty Against Power: Essays by Roy A. Childs, Jr., ed. Joan Kennedy Taylor (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1994), p. 18.
54 Tosh, op.cit., p. 141.
55 Ludwig von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Third Revised Edition. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 49.
56 This phrase has long been associated with the American philosopher Nelson Goodman (1906-1998). Anyone interested in Ayn Rand's concept of sense of life would profit from reading Goodman's classic 1960 essay "The Way the World Is," reprinted recently in Peter J. McCormick, ed. Starmaking: Realism, Anti-Realism, and Irrealism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), pp. 3-10.
57 John Lewis Gaddis, The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 106-107.
58 Quoted by Linda M. Orlando in her short essay "Kenneth Roberts: Maine Writer, Historian," 22 April 2003. Online at http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/maine_people/99310
59 Quoted by Jack Bales, Roberts's biographer and most notable critic, in "At the Nadir of Discouragement: The Story of Dartmouth's Kenneth Roberts Collection," April 1990. Online at http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1990/LB-A90-Bales.html
60 Bales, op.cit.
61 Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy, 1933-1941 (Chicago: Regnery, 1952), p. 7.
62 Ibid., p. 568.
63 Thomas Fleming, The New Dealers' War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the War Within World War II (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 4.
64 Ibid., p. 89 [emphasis added]
65 James J. Martin, American Liberalism and World Politics: Liberalism's Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor (New York: Devin-Adair, 1964), p. xi.
66 Ibid., pp. xii, xv.
67 Friedrich A. Hayek, "The Intellectuals and Socialism" in The Intellectuals: A Controversial Portrait, ed. George B. de Huszar (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960), pp. 371, 380, 372.
68 Ibid., p. 371.
69 Ibid., pp. 372-373.
70 Ibid., pp. 376, 374
71 Martin, op.cit., pp. 1032-1033.
72 See Daniel Aaron and Townsend Ludington, "Chronology," in John Dos Passos, U.S.A. (New York: Library of America, 1996), p. 1246.
73 Ibid., p. 1247.
74 John Dos Passos, The Theme Is Freedom (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956), p. 1.
75 Aaron and Ludington, op.cit., p. 1246.
76 Dos Passos, Theme, op.cit., pp. i-2.
77 Linda W. Wagner, Dos Passos: Artist as American (Austin, Tx: University of Texas Press, 1979), p. xx.
78 Ibid., pp. xviii, xvix.
79 Martin, op.cit., p. 503.
80 Ibid., p. 939.
81 John Dos Passos, The Grand Design (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), pp. 416-418.
82 See John Dos Passos, "Americans Are Losing the Victory in Europe." Life 7 January 1946. Online at http://www.kultursmog.com/Life-Page01.htm
83 Dos Passos, Theme, op.cit., p. 232.
84 Ibid., pp. 233-234.
85 Aaron and Ludington, op.cit., p. 1255.
86 Wagner, op.cit., p. xxi.
87 Gore Vidal, "At Home in Washington, D.C." in At Home: Essays, 1982-1988 (New York: Random House, 1988), p. 6.
88 See "Making the Bestseller List," Online at http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/ex-hibits/rave_reviews/list_making.html
89 Fred Kaplan, Gore Vidal: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, 1999), pp. 686-687.
90 Ibid., pp. 738, 740.
Chapter 2
91 Harry Kloman, "Gore Vidal's American Chronicles: 1967-2000." Online at http://www.pitt.edu/~kloman/vidalframe.html
92 Donald E. Pease, "America and the Vidal Chronicles" in Gore Vidal: Writer Against the Grain, ed. Jay Parini (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), p. 269.
93 Gore Vidal, Burr (New York: Random House, 1973), p.14.
94 Ibid., pp. 55, 56, 58.
95 Ibid., p. 83.
96 Ibid., pp. 154, 160.
97 Ibid., pp. 58, 87.
98 Ibid., p. 177.
99 Ibid., p. 219.
100 Ibid., p. 257.
101 Ibid., p. 196.
102 Ibid., p. 351.
103 Gore Vidal, Lincoln (New York: Random House, 1984), pp. 153, 152.
104 Harold Bloom, "The Central Man: On Gore Vidal's Lincoln" in Gore Vidal: Writer Against the Grain, ed. Jay Parini (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), pp. 223-224.
105 Pease, op.cit., pp. 272-273.
106 Kaplan, op.cit., p. 740.
107 Bloom, op.cit., p. 224.
108 Pease, op.cit., p. 272.
109 Ibid., p. 272.
110 Kaplan, op.cit., p. 740.
111 Vidal, Lincoln, op.cit., pp. 38, 556, 356, 635.
112 Ibid., pp. 240, 391-392, 447, 448.
113 Ibid., pp. 430-431.
114 pp. 126, 273, 389, 437-438, 457-458, 459, 656.
115 Ibid., p. 347.
116 Gore Vidal, Hollywood: A Novel of America in the 1920s (New York: Random House, I99o),p. i8.
117 Kaplan, op.cit., p. 766.
118 Kloman, op.cit.
119 Andrew Sullivan, "The Greatest Generation (Revised)." New York Times 1 October 2000. Online at http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/10/01/reviews/001001.01sullivt.html
120 Gore Vidal, Empire (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 73.
121 Ibid., p. 72.
122 Ibid., p. 127.
123 Ibid., p. 129.
124 Ibid., p. 130.
125 Ibid., pp. 373-374.
126 Vidal, Hollywood, op.cit., p. 70-71.
127 Ibid., pp. 33, 69, 82.
128 Ibid., p. 376.
129 Ibid., p. 366.
130 Ibid., p. 367.
131 Gore Vidal, The Golden Age (New York: Doubleday, 2000), p. 166.
132 Ibid., pp.166-167.
133 Ibid., p. 167.
134 Ibid., p. 56.
135 Ibid., pp. 58-59.
136 Ibid., p. 172.
137 Ibid., p. 173.
138 Ibid., p. 195.
139 Ibid., p. 307.
140 Ibid., p. 262.
Chapter 3
141 Joseph R. Stromberg, "Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968): Progressive and Revisionist." 7 February 2000. Online at http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/ s020700.html
142 Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout" in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath, ed. Harry Elmer Barnes (Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1953), p. 7.
143 Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace" in Revisionism: A Key to Peace and Other Essays, ed. James J. Martin (San Francisco: Cato Institute, 1980), p. 1.
144 William Appleman Williams, "Confessions of an Intransigent Revisionist" in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992), p. 338. [emphasis in original]
145 Warren I. Cohen, The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. vii. [emphasis added]
146 Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. xiv.
147 Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace," op.cit., pp. 1-2.
148 Barnes, A History of Historical Writing, op.cit., p. 355.
149 Harry Elmer Barnes, History and Social Intelligence (New York: Revisionist Press, 1972 [1926]), p. 271.
150 Ibid., pp. 294, 293.
151 Peter Novick, op.cit., p. 178.
152 Ibid., p. 98.
153 Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities & Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 13.
154 Marguerite J. Fisher, "Harry Elmer Barnes: An Overall Preview" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader: The New History in Action, ed. Arthur Goddard (Colorado Springs, CO: Ralph Myles, 1968), pp. 1, 3, 4.
155 See Harry Elmer Barnes, ed. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, op.cit., p. 2.
156 Fisher, op.cit., p. 15
157 William L. Neumann, "Harry Elmer Barnes as World War I Revisionist" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., p. 262.
158 Cohen, op.cit., p. 2.
159 Neumann, op.cit., pp. 266, 268-269, 270, 272, 279.
160 Bacevich, op.cit., pp. 14-15, 11, 16.
161 Ibid., p. 11.
162 James J. Martin, "History and Social Intelligence" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., pp. 241, 246.
163 Cohen, op.cit., p. ix.
164 Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace," op.cit., pp. 10, 11.
165 Fisher, op.cit., pp. 17, 21.
166 Ibid., p. 21.
167 Bacevich, op.cit., p. 12.
168 Henry M. Adams, "World War II Revisionist" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., pp. 295, 303.
169 Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout," op.cit., p. 58.
170 Bacevich, op.cit., p. 23.
171 Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maximin, William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 37.
172 Novick, op.cit., p. 346.
173 Bacevich, op.cit., p. 23.
174 William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Dell, 1972 [1959]), pp. 206, 15.
175 Robert James Maddox, The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 15.
176 Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, op.cit., p. 239.
177 Maddox, op.cit., p. 16.
178 Bacevich, op.cit., p. 24.
179 Novick, op.cit., p. 418.
180 Joseph R. Stromberg, "William Appleman Williams: Premier New Left Revisionist." 16 November 1999. Online at http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s111699.html
181 Henry W. Berger, "Introduction" in A William Appleman Williams Reader, op.cit., p. 28-29.
182 Bacevich, op.cit., p. 24.
183 Maddox, op.cit., p. 13.
184 See, for example, William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1976), pp. viii-ix. See also David DeLeon, The American As Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 173.
185 "Introducing Revisionism: An Interview with James J. Martin." Reason January 1976, pp. 14-15.
186 Ibid., p. 14.
187 Llewellen H. Rockwell, Jr., "The Wisdom of LeFevre." July 2001. Online at http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=362&sortorder=articledate
188 Robert LeFevre, A Way to Be Free: The Autobiography of Robert LeFevre, Vol. 2. (Culver City, CA: Pulpless.com, 1999), p. 475.
189 Buhle and Rice-Maximin, op.cit., p. 117.
190 Novick, op.cit., p. 420.
191 Ronald Radosh, Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism (New York: Free Life Editions, 1978 [1975]), pp. 11, 25. 40.
192 Novick, op.cit., pp. 420, 179.
193 Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, A Basic History of the United States (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1944), pp. 316-319.
194 Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York: Free Press, 1963), p. 5.
195 Childs, op.cit., pp. 30-31.
196 Chris Haines, "Gore's Wars." Salon 14 January 1998. Online at http://www.sakm.com/books/int/1998/01/cov_si_141nt.html
197 Vidal, The Golden Age, op.cit., pp. 466, 467.
198 Gore Vidal, "Japanese Intentions in the Second World War" in The Last Empire: Essays, 1992-2000 (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 462.
199 At least one other author also saw its appropriateness between Barnes and Vidal. This is longtime University of Texas historian Robert A. Divine, whose Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace was published in 2000 by Texas A&M University Press. I am indebted to Jeffrey Rogers Hummel for information about this volume.
Chapter 4
200 Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1930), Vol. II, pp. 39-40.
201 William Appleman Williams, The Contours of American History (Cleveland, OH: World, 1961), p. 299.
202 William Appleman Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World: 1776-1976 (New York: William Morrow, 1976), pp. 113, 111.
203 Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War (Chicago, Open Court, 1996), pp. 3, 8.
204 Ibid., pp. 351, 21.
205 Ibid., p. 208.
206 Thomas J. DiLorenzo, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War (New York: Prima, 2002), pp. 131-132.
207 Ibid., pp. 133-134, 140, 147.
208 Ibid., pp. 132, 134.
209 Richard M. Gamble, Review of The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas J. DiLorenzo. The Independent Review Vol. 7, No. 4: Spring 2003, p. 613.
210 Novick, op.cit., p. 220.
211 Gamble, op.cit., pp. 614, 612.
212 Novick, op.cit., p. 92.
213 Beard and Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, op.cit., Vol. II, p. 617.
214 Novick, op.cit., p. 207.
215 Harry Elmer Barnes, The Genesis of the World War (New York: Knopf, 1926), pp. 658-659.
216 Harry Elmer Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice: De-Bunking the War-Guilt Myth (Colorado Springs, CO: Ralph Myles, 1972 [1928]), pp. 98, 101, 102, 105.
217 Cohen, op.cit., p. 77.
218 Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948), p. 593.
219 George R. Leighton, "Beard and Foreign Policy" in Charles A. Beard: An Appraisal, ed. Howard K. Beale (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976 [1954]), p. 168.
220 Barnes, History and Social Intelligence, op.cit., p. 514.
221 Novick, op.cit., p. 215. See also Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout," op.cit., p. 10.
222 Leighton, op.cit., pp. 166-167.
223 Ibid., p. 182.
224 Ibid., pp. 180, 183.
225 Harry Elmer Barnes, "Summary and Conclusions" in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, op.cit., pp. 636, 637.
226 Ibid., pp. 642, 643, 645.
227 Ibid., pp. 645-646.
228 Harry Elmer Barnes, "How 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' Trends Threaten American Peace, Freedom, and Prosperity" in Revisionism: A Key to Peace and Other Essays, op.cit., pp. 148-149, 154.
229 Murray N. Rothbard, "Revisionist of the Cold War" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., p. 324.
230 Ibid., pp. 327, 328.
231 Maddox, op.cit., p. 14.
232 Ibid., pp. 64-65.
233 Gar Alperovitz, Cold War Essays (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1970), pp. 72, 51, 73.
Chapter 5
234 Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History (New York: Norton, 2005), pp. 701-703.
235 Ibid., p. 733.
236 Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau, "The Movement's Themes; the Movement's Origins" in Beyond Liberalism: The New Left Views American History, ed. Irwin Unger (Waltham, MA: Ginn & Co., 1971), p. 334.
237 Carl Oglesby, "The World Before Watergate," Inquiry (May 29, 1978): 14. See also Jeff Riggenbach, In Praise of Decadence (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1998), p. 49.
238 M. Stanton Evans, "who drafted the Sharon Statement," the founding statement of Young Americans for Freedom, told interviewer Rebecca E. Klatch in 1983 that "[t]he impulse behind both organizations [yaf and SDs] was common libertarian-ism: both believed society was too regimented, government too big. There was a strong impulse toward personal freedom. Many of the SDS statements I agreed with." Nor was Evans alone among young "conservatives" in feeling this way. U.S. Congressman Dana Rohrabacher of Southern California (R-Huntington Beach) was active in yaf in his youth. He told Klatch that "[t]he two things that eventually split the youth of the right wing were the draft and legalization of marijuana. Those two issues were central issues.... Milton Friedman, who was the conservative guru... [was] in favor of marijuana being legal and... not in favor of the draft.... It's consistent with his free enterprise philosophy. Well, the libertarians started evolving into that and pretty soon you got into a situation where on the fundamental issues of the day... the libertarians were more in tune with what the left was advocating than [with what]... the conservatives were advocating." Rebecca E. Klatch, A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and the 1960s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 34, 156-157..
239 Murray N. Rothbard, For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (New York: Collier, 1978 [1973]), p. 46.
240 Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (New York: World, 1964), p. 151.
241 Lewis H. Lapham, "Civil Obedience." Harper's September 2005: 7.
242 Jeff Riggenbach, "Reason Interview: Murray Bookchin." Reason October 1979, p. 36.
243 Karl Hess, Dear America (New York: William Morrow, 1975), pp. 10-11, 12.
244 Murray N. Rothbard, "Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal." Ramparts, VI, 4, June 15, 1968. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard77.html
245 Don Lavoie, National Economic Planning: What Is Left? (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, p. 215.
246 Murray N. Rothbard, Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty (San Francisco: Cato Institute, 1979 [1965]), p. 7.
247 Ibid.
248 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Tr. Stuart Gilbert. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1978 [1856]).
249 Will Durant and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1967), p. 872.
250 Owen Connelly, French Revolution/Napoleonic Era (Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
251 Will Durant and Ariel Durant, The Age of Napoleon (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975), p. 34.
252 Ludwig von Mises, Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition (San Francisco: Cobden Press, 1985), p. 29.
253 Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought: An Interpretation of American Literature from the Beginnings to 1920 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930), p. 324
254 Connelly, op.cit., p. 3.
255 Lavoie, op.cit., pp. 16, 17.
256 David Osterfeld, ""Marxism, Capitalism and Mercantilism." (1991) Review of Austrian Economics, 5(1) pp. 107-116. Online at http://www.mises.org/journals/rae/ pdfrae5_1_5.pdf
257 Lavoie, op.cit., p. 218.
258 Murray N. Rothbard, "The Transformation of the American Right." 1964. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard13.html
259 Rothbard, Left and Right, op. cit.. p. 11.
260 Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., The Decline of American Liberalism (New York: Longmans, 1955), pp. ix, 33, 116.
261 Kenneth Roberts, The Kenneth Roberts Reader (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1945), pp. 182-183, 185.
262 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 36.
263 Ibid., pp. 39, 40, 40-41.
264 Ibid., pp. 42-43, 44, 45-46.
265 Ibid., pp. 46-47, 53.
266 Ibid., p. 41.
267 Gore Vidal, "Homage to Daniel Shays," in Homage to Daniel Shays: Collected Essays, 1952-1972 (New York: Random House, 1972), p. 443.
268 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 47.
269 Gore Vidal, Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 105.
270 Ibid., p. 106.
271 Murray N. Rothbard, "The Whiskey Rebellion." The Free Market, September 1994. Online at: http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbardi.html
272 Ekirch, op.cit., pp. 54, 51.
273 Actually, of course, many of the Federalists were liberals, too. George Washington was a liberal. So was John Adams. They were, however, as Ekirch puts it, "liberals of a more conservative persuasion," (p. 27) and they adapted much too readily to the entirely illiberal—the entirely conservative—ideas of certain of their fellow Federalists.
274 Ekirch, op.cit., pp. 29, 44.
275 Vidal, "Homage to Daniel Shays," op.cit., p. 435. The reference to "the Thirty-Seventh President" is, of course, a reference to Richard M. Nixon, who famously justified his adoption of wage and price controls by declaring that "We are all Keynesians now."
276 Ibid., p.436.
277 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 71.
278 Clyde Wilson, "The Republican Charade: Lincoln and His Party." 7 September 2005. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/wilson/wilson20.html
279 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 116.
280 Ibid., pp. 123-124, 124-125. [emphasis added]
281 Ibid., pp. 125-126, 126-127.
282 Murray N. Rothbard, ""Requiem for the Old Right." Inquiry 27 October 1980: 24-27. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard46.html
283 Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson—The Fierce Battles over Money and Power That Transformed the Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 53.
284 Thomas J. DiLorenzo, "More Trouble for the Lincoln Cartel." 7 September 2004. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo78.html
285 R. Hal Williams, "Grover Cleveland," in Paul S. Boyer, ed., Oxford Companion to United States History (Oxford, UK: Oxford UP, 2001).
286 Gregory J. Dehler, "Karl Rove's Inspired by McKinley—But It's Benjamin Harrison's Script He's Following." History News Network. Online at http://hnn.us/ articles/4576.html
287 Kolko, op.cit., pp. 61, 62.
288 Ibid., pp. 4, 5.
289 Glenn Porter, The Rise of Big Business, 1860-1910 (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1973), pp. 96-97.
290 Childs, op.cit., pp. 33, 39-40.
291 Kolko, op.cit., p. 181.
292 Ibid., pp. 128, 130.
293 Dehler, op.cit.
294 "McKinley, William." Encyclopedia Britannica. Online at: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049798
295 Williams, Contours of American History, op.cit., p. 364.
296 Ibid., p. 368.
297 See note 259, above.
298 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 172.
299 Martin, American Liberalism and World Politics, op.cit., p.79.
300 John Dos Passos, U.S.A. (New York: Library of America, 1996), pp. 564-565.
301 John Dos Passos, Mr. Wilson's War: From the Assassination of McKinley to the Defeat of the League of Nations (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), p. 31.
302 Ibid., p. 32.
303 Rothbard, For a New Liberty, op.cit., pp. 263-264.
304 Jim Powell, The Triumph of Liberty: A 2,000-Year History, Told Through the Lives of Freedom's Greatest Champions (New York: Free Press, 2000), p. 131.
305 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 197.
306 Dos Passos, Mr. Wilson's War, op.cit., pp. 32, 33.
307 Dos Passos, U.S.A., op.cit., p. 565.
308 Thomas Fleming, The Illusion of Victory: America in World War I (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 3.
309 Dos Passos, U.S.A., op.cit., p. 565.
310 Ibid., p. 566.
311 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 197.
312 Rothbard, Left and Right, op.cit., p. 21.
313 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 198.
314 Quoted in Ekirch, op.cit., p. 199.
315 Ibid., p. 199.
316 Dos Passos, U.S.A., op.cit., p. 567.
317 Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 123.
318 Foner, Give Me Liberty!, op.cit., p. 721.
319 Fleming, Illusion, op.cit., p. 472.
320 Quoted in Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, II, op.cit., p. 699.
321 Ibid., p. 693.
322 Murray N. Rothbard, America's Great Depression. Fifth Edition. (Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2000 [1963]), pp. 225-226, 197.
323 Paul Johnson, "Introduction to the Fifth Edition" in Rothbard, America's Great Depression, op.cit., p. xv.
324 Rothbard, America's Great Depression, op.cit., p. 121.
325 Williams, Contours, op.cit., p. 438.
326 Rothbard, America's Great Depression, op.cit., p. 186.
327 Murray N. Rothbard, "Herbert Hoover and the Myth of Laissez-Faire" in A. of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, ed. Ronald Radosh and Murray N. Rothbard (New York: Dutton, 1972), p. 127.
328 Rothbard, America's Great Depression, op.cit., p. 186.
329 Rothbard, "Herbert Hoover," op.cit., p. 111.
330 Williams, Contours, op.cit., p. 426.
331 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), p. 3.
332 Ibid., p. 4.
333 John T. Flynn, The Decline of the American Republic (New York: Devin-Adair, 1955), p. 113.
334 Manchester, op.cit., p. 5.
335 John T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1949[I948]),p.38.
336 Garet Garrett, The People's Pottage (Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1953), p. 27.
337 Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth, op.cit., p. 37.
338 Ibid., pp. 37, 36.
339 Quoted in John E. Moser, Right Turn: John T. Flynn and the Transformation of American Liberalism (New York: NYU Press, 2005), p. 3.
340 Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement (Burlingame, CA: Center for Libertarian Studies, 1993), p. 52.
341 Jude Blanchette, "Libertarianism, Conservatism, and All That." 16 November 2004. Online at http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1674
342 Rothbard, "The Transformation of the American Right," op.cit.
343 Moser, Right Turn, op.cit., p. 3.
344 Murray N. Rothbard, "Life in the Old Right." August 1994. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard45.html
345 Rothbard, Left and Right, op.cit., p. 23.
346 Ibid., pp. 24-25.
347 Higgs, op.cit., p. 194.
348 Ibid., p. 191.
349 Ronald Radosh, "The Myth of the New Deal," in A New History of Leviathan, op.cit., p. 191.
350 Ekirch, op.cit., p. 276.
351 Radosh, op.cit., p. 187.
352 Rothbard, Left and Right, op.cit., p. 22.
353 Leonard P. Liggio, Why the Futile Crusade? (New York: Center for Libertarian Studies, 1978), p. 14.
354 Moser, op.cit., p. 113.
355 Sheldon Richman, "New Deal Nemesis: The 'Old Right' Jeffersonians." Independent Review Fall 1996, p. 203.
356 Murray N. Rothbard, "Life in the Old Right." op.cit. See also Murray N. Roth-bard, "The Life and Death of the Old Right," Rothbard-Rockwell Report September 1990. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard25.html
357 Radosh, "The Myth of the New Deal," op.cit., p. 167.
358 Richman, "New Deal Nemesis," op.cit., p. 211.
359 Sheldon Richman, "A Matter of Degree, Not Principle: The Founding of the American Liberty League." Journal of Libertarian Studies Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring pp. 146-147.
360 Rothbard, "Life in the Old Right," op.cit.
361 Clyde Wilson, "Save America! Vote Republican!" 30 September 2003. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/wilson/wilson14.html
362 Hess, Dear America, op.cit., p. 13.
363 See Richard Pearson, "Former Alabama Governor George C. Wallace Dies." Washington Post 14 September 1998. Online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace.htm
364 See James Ostrowski, "Republicans and Big Government." 19 February 2002. Online at http://www.mises.org/story/895
365 Karl Hess, Mostly on the Edge: An Autobiography, ed. Karl Hess, Jr. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1999), pp. 183-184, 181.
366 There is some historical confusion in this passage, though whether the confusion was Goldwater's or Hess's is hard to say. Marijuana was not forbidden by the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914. It was not forbidden or even regulated under federal law (though it was in certain states and municipalities) until nearly twenty-five years later, with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act in 1937.
367 Hess, Mostly on the Edge, op.cit., p. 179.
368 Hess, Dear America, op.cit., pp. 108, 105.
369 Sidney Blumenthal, "Revolt of the Goldwater Conservatives." Salon 26 February 2004. Online at http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2004/02/26/goldwater/
370 Wilson, "Save America! Vote Republican!" op.cit.
371 Rothbard, "Requiem for the Old Right." op.cit.
372 Hess, Dear America, op.cit., pp. 68-69.
373 Murray N. Rothbard, "The Two Faces of Ronald Reagan" (1980). Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard50.html
374 Murray N. Rothbard, "The Myths of Reaganomics" (1988). Online at http://www. mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1544
375 Timothy Noah, "Ronald Reagan, Party Animal." Slate 5 June 2004. Online at http://slate.msn.com/id/2101829/
376 Molly Ivins, "Baghdad on the Bayou." 28 September 2005. Online at http://www. truthout.org/docs_2005/092905D.shtml
377 Sheldon Richman, "Ronald Reagan, Protectionist." Online at http://www.mises. org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=489
378 Murray N. Rothbard, "The Reagan Phenomenon" (1984). Online at http://www. lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard49.html
379 Rothbard, "The Myths of Reaganomics," op.cit.
380 Ostrowski, "Republicans and Big Government," op.cit.
381 Sean Wilentz, "Reconsideration: Bush's Ancestors." New York Times Magazine 16 October 2005. Online at http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60El3FC3D5B0C758DDDA90994DD404482
382 Quoted in Steven Greenhut, "Mr. Right?" Orange County (Calif.) Register 7 December 2003. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/ocregister/mr-right.html
383 Ibid.
384 Rothbard, "The Transformation of the American Right," op.cit.
Chapter 6
385 Gary J. Kornblith and Carol Lasser, "'The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth': Writing, Producing, and Using College-Level American History Textbooks." Journal of American History Vol. 91, No. 4, March 2005, p. 1380.
386 Frances FitzGerald, America Revised: History Schoolbooks in the Twentieth Century (New York: Vintage Books, 1980 [1979]), p. 19.
387 Diane Ravitch, The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn (New York: Knopf, 2003), p. 140.
388 Sam Wineburg, "Shouldn't Teachers of History Have Maj'ored in History?" Los Angeles Times. 24 February 2005. Online at http://hnn.us/roundup/com-ments/10444.html [emphasis added]
389 Ravitch, op.cit., p. 140.
390 FitzGerald, op.cit., pp. 48, 50.
391 Jonathan Zimmerman, Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 35.
392 Ibid., pp. 18, 1.
393 Ibid., p. 58.
394 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 59.
395 Ibid., p. 77.
396 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 19-20.
397 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 78.
398 Beard and Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, op.cit., Vol. I, pp. 332-333.
399 Ibid., Vol. I, p. 410.
400 Ibid., Vol. I, p. 240.
401 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 58.
402 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 35.
403 Ibid., p. 169.
404 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 66.
405 Ravitch, op.cit., p. 70.
406 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 37. See also Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 67.
407 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 66.
408 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 37.
409 Ibid., p. 38.
410 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 47.
411 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 38.
412 Ibid., p. 39.
413 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 126.
414 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 24.
415 Ravitch, op.cit., p. 44.
416 FitzGerald, op.cit., p.96.
417 Ibid., p.47.
418 James J. Martin, "History as Bunk," The Libertarian Review March 1980, p. 41.
419 Zimmerman, op.cit., p. 8.
420 FitzGerald, op.cit., p. 131.
421 Zimmerman, op.cit., pp. 6, 10.
422 Ibid., pp. 109, 118, 214.
423 Hoffer, op.cit., p. 91.
424 Ibid., p. 93.
425 Ibid., p. 232.
426 Michael Kazin, "Howard Zinn's History Lessons," Dissent Spring 2004. Online at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/articles/w104/kazin.htm
427 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present. Twentieth Anniversary Edition. (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 658.
428 Ibid., pp. 659-661.
429 Ibid., p. 660.
430 Ibid., pp. 188-189, 191, 198.
431 Ibid., pp. 233, 192.
432 Ibid., pp. 365-366.
433 Ibid., pp. 409, 408.
434 Ibid., pp. 410, 416.
435 Ibid., p. 422.
436 Ibid., pp. 422-423.
437 Ibid., p. 593.
438 Eric Foner, Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World (New York: Hill & Wang, 2002), p. 4.
439 Novick, op.cit., pp. 418-420.
440 Foner, Give Me Liberty!, op.cit., pp. 524, 527, 528.
441 Ibid., p. 721.
442 Ibid., pp. 739, 741.
443 Ibid., p. 729.
444 Ibid., p. 856.
445 Thomas E.Woods, Jr., "Response to My Critics." 12 April 2005. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/woods/woods39.html
446 Joseph Moreau, "The American Textbook Wars: The Revised Version." History News Network, 23 May 2005. Online at http://hnn.us/articles/11778.html
447 Ronald Radosh, "Why Conservatives Are So Upset with Thomas Woods's Politically Incorrect History Book." History News Network, 7 March 2005. Online at http://hnn.us/articles/10493.html
448 Adam Cohen, "Editorial Observer: The Difference Between Politically Incorrect and Historically Wrong." New York Times 26 January 2005: A16. Online at http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/9852.html
449 Eric Muller, "What You Should Know About the Author of the NYT Bestseller, Politically Incorrect Guide to American History" History News Network, 7 February 2005. Online at http://hnn.us/articles/10007.html
450 Thomas E. Woods, Jr., The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004), pp. 65, 67, 62.
451 Ibid., pp. 110, 124.
452 Ibid., pp. 177, 184.
453 Radosh, "Why Conservatives Are So Upset." op.cit.
454 Bernard Chapin, "History and Truth: An Interview with Thomas E. Woods, Jr." 23 July 2005. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig5/chapin4.html
455 Paul Gottfried, "Tom and His Predictable Detractor." 20 April 2005. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried76.html
456 Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (New York: Sentinel, 2004), pp. 294, 257, 302.
457 Ibid., pp. 294, 351-352.
458 Ibid., pp. 512, 515.
459 Ibid., pp. 586-587, 596.
460 Ibid., pp. 588, 593, 595.
461 Ibid., pp. 628, 630.
462 Anthony Gregory, "Situational Totalitarianism." 16 August 2005. Online at http://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory87.html
463 Gore Vidal, "How I Do What I Do If Not Why" in At Home, op.cit., p. 275.
464 Novick, op.cit., p. 6.
465 Thomas L. Haskell, Objectivity Is Not Neutrality: Explanatory Schemes in History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 150, 54, 151, 152.
466 Novick, op.cit., p. 6.
Why American History Is Not What They Say
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