Index

20, 272 n. 25 Bohm, Franz, 300 n. 8 Bonn, M. J., 288 n. 11 Boredom: curse of our epoch, 73; product of mass society, 73, 80; causes for, 81; imposed by mech anized life, 84 Borsodi, R., author, The Ugly Civilization, 83 Bosch, Hieronymus, 11 Bosch, Werner, 287 n. 9 Boulding, K. E., 236, 276 D. 4, 282 n.32 "Bourgeois" philosophy: described, 119 Bourgeois system, 98-99 Briefs, Goetz, 264 n. 10, 280 D. 20 British National Health Service, 161, 162 Brogan, Colm, 158, 273 D. 26, 286 n. 8, 288 n. 10 Brown, A. J., 292 D. 25 Brown, Harrison, 265 n. 3 BruegheI, Pieter, 11 Brunner, Emil, 277 n. 10 Burckhardt, Jacob, 58, 69., 73, 219, 296 n. 2 Burke, Edmund, 49, 84, 89, 227·28 Butterfield, Herbert, 266 n. 5 Caligula, 234 303 A HUMANE ECONOMY Carr, E. H., 263 n. 6 Central bank: ultimate responsibility of, 214-15; and wage-price spiral, 215; as check to inflation, 225 Centrism: term describing a social philosophy, 228; scope of, 229-30; and social rationalism, 229; con trast with decentrism, 231; rests on equality and uniformity, 231; tendency of to become uninhibited, 234; varied dangers of, 235; human relations strained by, 236; effect on medical profession, 237; international, 242; and European Common Market, 243 Chastenet, Jacques, 295 nne 36, 37 Chateaubriand, Fran~ois Rene de,- 150 Chevalier, Michel, author, Lettres de l'Amerique du Nord: quoted, 70 China: religious decline in preceded Communism, III Chisholm, Dr. Brock: advocated mix ing all races, 64 Christian tradition: described,S; dilution of, 9; and cultural cycles, 13 Civitas Humana, 7 Clark, Colin, 263 n. 9, 284 D. 2, 288 nne 11, 12 Clark, J. M., 275 n. 1, 302 n. 16 Coal mining: effect of rise of wages in described, 205-206 Cobden, Richard, 125 Collectivism: increasing dangers from, 17; dominant over one-third of mankind, 26; and competition, 95, 97; compulsions of, 120; leads to police state, 121; modern tend ency toward, 177 Colombier, Pierre du, author, Les Chantiers des cathedrales, 106 Commercialization: described and criticized, 128·29 Communism: existing version of totalitarianism, 2; and human perfect ability., 10; as a religion, Communism-cont.

13, 14; military power of, 14; co existence appeal of, 14; effect on of Hungarian rebellion, 15; anti humane doctrine of, 15; ultimate end of, 16; checked in Italy, 23; not a material contest, 103; spiritual and moral struggle of, 103; standard of living not counter force to, 110; favored by religious decline, Ill; in Arab countries, 112; monolithic system of, 140; and international politics, 140; threat to West, 151; privations under, 187; Russian, 186, 187 Competition: must be free and fair, 30; progress of, 31; meanings of, 95; and regulation of economic process, 96; and private owner ship, 96-97; difficult to maintain, 123; subject to public opinion, 124; limits to, 128 Concentration: detrimental char acter of, 7; threat to small circles, 7; evident in all spheres, 32; de stroys middle class, 32; creates dependent labor, 32; leads to col lectivism, 32; in state a serious threat, 33 Constant, Benjamin, 143, 282 n. 31 Cook, Robert C., 265 n. 3 Croce, Benedetto: conversation with, 104-105; disavowed connection of economic and spiritual freedom, 105; influence of on Italian in tellectuals, 105 Cultural tradition: break of with past, 59-60; decline of, 62; ten sion with business, 116 Currency: universal system of basic to international economy, 27 Curtius, Ernst Robert, author, Euro pean Literature and the Latin Mid dle Ages, 60 Dante, Alighieri, xi 304 INDEX Dawson, Christopher, 244, 270 n. 18, 271 Decentrism: meaning of, 228; scope of, 229-30; and the individual, 230; accepts market economy, 231; de mands free competition, 231; seeks variety and independence, 233 ; difficult to attain, 234; threatened by business combination, 241 Deflation, 195, 224 Del Vecchio, G., 276 n. 4 Demagogy: effects of on politics, 18 Democracy: degeneration of into mass democracy, 7 Depression. See Great Depression Devons, Ely, 254, 301 n. 15 Duveen, Joseph, 279 n. 17 Dyrenfurth-Graebsch, J., 268 n. 11 East-West trade: dangers in, 139; support of, 139; involved in inter national politics, 140; expansion of politically dangerous, 141 Economics: planning in, 3; con temporary Western system of, 47, 117; disparagement of, 106; ethi cal climate of, 104, 117, 135, 247, 252; dangers of political expedi ency in, 147; "soft" solution of problems in, 148; task of defined, 149-50; "borderline" science, 247; tools of analysis in, 249 Economism: defined and criticized, 107 "Economocracy": defined and criti cized, 149; international level of, 243; aspirations of, 253 Edward, Scott, 288 n. 10 "Eggheads," 115 Egli, Kmll, 273 D. 29 Egypt: overpopulation of, 42; in vestment of private capital in, 190 Einaudi, Luigi, Governor of the Bank of Italy, 22 Eliot, C. W., 109 Eliot, T. S., 271 n.23 Employment: effect of overfull, 21011; necessity for, 214 Enke, S., 266 n. 6 Entrepreneur, The, 255, 256 Epictetus, 252 Erhard, Ludwig, 23 Ethnocentrism, 73 Eucken, Walter, 21 Europe: revival in of international economic relations, 26; evidences of mass society in, 41; essence of described, 244; and decentrism, 244; organization of deplored, 244 45 European Coal and Steel Commun ity: promotes international cen trism, 242, 243 E:ristentialism, 79 Faust, 79 Federalism, 66 Ferrero, Guglielmo, 57 Festschrift, Vierkandt, 271 n. 19 Fi.ve Year Plan, 187 France: market economy in, 25; present fiscal inflation in, 198 Freedom, economic order compatible with, 5; degradation of, 17 "Freedom from want": implications of, 173 Freyer, Hans, 76,264 n. 1 Friedmann, Hermann, 271 n. 20 Friedmann, M., 282 n. 33 Galbraith, J. K., 129 Gambetta, Leon: effort by for inflation, 218 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 112 General Motors Corporation, 249-50 General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The, by J. M.

Keynes: effects of, 194 Germany: condition of in 1945, 23; return to market economy by, 23; and the socialist myth, 24; hard currency in, 25; decline of fed305 A HUMANE ECONOMY Germany-eont. eralism in, 67; budgetary condi tion of, 196-97; balance-of-pay ments equilibrium in, 252 Gideonse, Harry D., 277 n. 10 Gillouin, Rene, viii-ix, 270 n. 18 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 27, 61, 120, 163-64, 234 Gold standard, 195, 196 Gotthelf, Jeremias, The Black Spider, 220-21 Government: loss of public esteem for, 18; growth of powers of, 18; interest groups in, 142; overgrown functions of, 148; need for in dependent institutions in, 149 Great Britain: socialism in, 24; col lectivist policies in, 26; educa tional development of, 160-61; operation of welfare state in, 166; private savings in, 176; and the Industrial Revolution, 185-86; econometric research in, 254 Great Depression, 2, 214, 251 Grimm, Jacob, 265 n. 3 Grimm, Wilhelm, 265 n. 3 Haberler, G., 301 n. 11 Hagenbuch, Walter, 158 Hahn, L. Albert, 249, 266 n. 6 Halmos, Paul, 271 n. 19 Hamilton, Alexander, 270 n. 18 Hayek, F. A., 22, 263 n. 6, 270 D. 18, 278 n. 12, 290 n. 14, 291 n. 23, 302 n. 16 Hazard, Paul, 268 n. 11 Health insurance, Compulsory, 161 Heine, Heinrich, 117, 118, 158, 286 n.7 Henderson, Mrs. Elizabeth, xi Hersch, Jeanne, 294 n. 34 Hicks, J. R., 146, 282 n. 32 Hoffner, Joseph, 278 n. 16 Hofmiller, Joseph, 77 HOlderlin, Friedrich, 299 D. 6 .Huch, Ricarda, 10,262 D. 2 Huizinga, J., author, Waning of the Middle Ages, 61, 71 Humanism: true and false, 5 Humboldt, Alexander von, 168, 261, 302 n. 18 Hungarian revolt, 15 Hunold, A., 264 D. 1, 270 n. 18, 276 n. 5, 291 n. 21 Hutt, W. H., 281 D. 25 Hyams, Edward, 44, 265 n. 3 "Inalienable rights": interrelation of, 18 India: overpopulation of, 42, 43; in terest in birth control, 43 Industrialization: moral effect of, 10; and population growth, 45; dan gers in, 45; problems of beginnings of, 184; and capital accumulation, 186 Inflation: relation of to property, 19, 20; and price controls, 29; affected by trade-unionism, 31; furthered by power of the state, 33, 195; considered dangerous solution of economic evils, 148, 151; chronic, analysis of, 190, 196, 197, 217, 219, 220; endemic in all counties, 190, 199; and losses in money value, 191, 204; historical background of, 191; and collectivism, 191; and mass democracy, 191; as a moral disease, 192; excess of demand over sup ply, 197; responsibility of central hank for, 198; sources analyzed, 198-200; in Brazil and France, 198; investment type, 199; con nection of with savings, 201, 202; as alternative to unemployment, 211; and wage increases, 211; summary of factors causing, 217 18; accelerated by cost-of-living clauses, 220; social philosophies concerned with, 222-23; supports 306 INDEX Inflation-cont.

quantitative progress, 224. See also Investment lnge, Dean W. R., 165, 272 n. 23 Installment buying, 100, 138 Internationalism: economics of dependent on ethical order, 46 Investment: and inflation, 200, 212; increase in, 200-201; imbalance of with savings, 201 Japan, 264-65 n. 2; population growth of, 42; birth control in, 43; Communism in, III Jefferson, Thomas, 280 n. 22 Jewkes, J., 287 n. 10 Johnson, Samuel, 113, 133-34 Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 282 D. 30, 284 n. 2, 296 n. 1 Justi, C., 289 n. 13 Kahl, Joachim, 300 n. 10 Kaschmitter, W. A., 265 D. 2 Kassner, Rudolf, 263 n. 5 Kaufmann, Richard, 81-82, 272 D. 25 Keeton, G. W., 270 n. 18 Keynes, John Maynard, 24, 99, 147, 166, 178, 201, 219, 225, 247, 251, 252, 276 n. 7, 301 n. 12; effect of on monetary policy, 21-22; theories of, 192-93; inflation increased by, 194; opposed to saving, 201-202 Kinsey Report, 262 n. 2, 272 n. 25 Kirk, Russell, author, Beyond the Dreams of Avarice, 59, 75, 262 D.

2, 264 D. I, 266 D. 7, 269 D. 16, 271 D. 23, 272 n. 24, 273 D. 31, 282 D.29 Knight, Frank H., 256, 276 D. 4 Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik R. von, 267 D. 8, 270 n. 18, 287 n. 8, 299 n. 6 Labor: costs of tied to demand and supply, 210 Lagler, Ernest, 299 D. 7 LaQueur, Walter L.., 277 D. 9 Lavers, G. R., 262 n. 2, 272 n. 25 Leadership: needed in market econ· omy, 130 Le Bon, Gustave, 54 Le Corbusier, modern architect, 85 Lenin, V. I., 141 Le Play, Frederic, 233, 299 n. 5 Lestapis, Father Stanislas, de, 264 n.2 Levy, Hermann, 287 n. 9 Lexicon A-Z in einem Band, Communist publication, 38 Liberal democracy, 68, 69 Liberalism: defined as used herein, 3 Liebig, Justus von, 168 Lippmann, Walter, 75, 88, 147, 270 n. 18, 282 n. 29 Locke, John, 18 Loyola, St. Ignatius de, 233-34, 229 n.6 Lundberg, Erik, 301 D. 15 Lutz, Friedrich A., 295 nne 35, 38 Macaulay, Thomas B., 108 McDonald, Dwight, author, "Mass Culture," 58 McDougall, Frank L., 265 n. 3 Machlup, Fritz, 264 n. 10 Madison, James, 270 n. 18 Man, Hendrik de, 64, 264 n. 1, 268 D.15 Manning, Cardinal, 4, 75 Marchand, E., 290 n. 15 Market economy: described and ana lyzed, 3, 6; and free society, 20, 30; opposed to collectivism, 20, 25, 94-95, 145, 231, 237; effect of World War II on, 20; opposed by German .Leftists, 24; in France, 25; insecurity of, 26; and inter national economic controls, 27; in Germany, 27, 28, 251; in Austria, 28; obstacles to, 29, 30, 34; de pendence on free entrepreneur, 30; only partially realized, 33; relieves 307 A HUMANE ECONOMY Market economy cont.

boredom of mass society, 87; part of a general order, 90-91, 93, 113, 124, 125; bourgeois foundation of, 98; self-interest in, 121; competi tion in, 127; leadershi p of, 130; restraints on by government, 141; in underdeveloped countries, 186 87; capital aid in, 188; wage level and productivity, 207; statistics in, 208; salary earners in, 240-41; small business in, 241-42; danger to, 261 Marshall Plan, 22-25 Martini, W., 270 n. 18 Marx, Karl, 21, 24, 50, 280 n. 18, 298 n. 3 Masani, M. R., 277 n. 10 Mass culture: defined, 57; down ward curve of, 58; and reading of children, 58, 61; opposed to good taste, 58; and illiteracy, 59; op· posed to European cultural tradi tion, 62; effect on elite culture, 65 Mass democracy: described as Jacob. in, 66; distinguished from liberal democracy, 66; and freedom, 66; recognizes no authority above the people, 68; compared to an army, 70 Mass society: in modern life, 36; crucial issue of, 38; and Commun ism, 38; evidences of, 39; and city life, 39, 77; effect of on American education, 39; and collectivism, 41; population growth in, 42; in dividual in, 52-53, 71; and fed eralism, 67; production and con sumption in, 72; opposed to bourgeois system, 99 Mass state: acute stage transitory, 53 ; acute stage causes hyperthy mia, 53; chronic condition of, 54; Mass state-conte intellectual effect of, 54-55; effect of on social structure, 55; results in urbanization, industralization, and proletarianization, 56; aided by communications media, 56; epidemic characteristics of, 57 Mass und Mitte, by Wilhelm Ropke, 8, 35, 225, 266 n. 7, 281 n. 26, 285-86 n. 6, 300 n.lO Materialism, 108 Mathematics: limits of in economics, 248 Medical profession, 127 Melville, Herman, 58, 267 n. 8 Messner, Johannes, 299 n. 7 Meyer, F. W., 278 n. 16 Meyer, Peter, 274 n. 31, 275 n. 33 Mill, John Stuart, 50-51, 58, 63, 70, 235, 267 n. 8, 299 n. 7 Mises, Ludwig von, 301 n. 14 Mobilism, 73 Moliere (pseudonym of Jean Baptiste Poquelin)., 120 Mommsen, Theodor, 277 n. II Monopoly, 128 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 259 Montesquieu, Baron de La Brede et de, 18, 143, 226, 235, 244, 299 n. 7 Montgomery, Field Marshal, Bernard L.,163 Morgan, Charles, 80, 181, 271 D. 22, 291 n. 18 Mosca, Gaetano, 299 n. 7 Mother's Day: commercialism of, 129 Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 52 Miiller-Armack, A., 278 n. 16 Munby, D. L., 276 D. 4 Muschg, Walter, 269 n. 16 Mussolini, Benito, 183 Myrdal, G., 291 n. 21 Napoleon I: made Bank of France inviolable, 218 308 INDEX Nash, Chester C., 290 n. 15 Nationalization: now concentrated in underdeveloped countries, 26 National Socialism 1, 14, 22, 24 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 112 Nervous diseases: increase of in mass society., 78 Nisbet, Robert A., 264 n. 1, 270 n. 18 Northrup, F. S. C., 277 n. 10 Occupation Powers: young econo mists of resisted market economy in Germany, 24 Oklahoma, 232 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, 37,38, 55, 246 Orwell, George, 64 Paine, Thomas, 85, 270-71 n. 18 Palyi, Melchior, 287 nn. 9, 10, 295 n.

35 Paneth, Ludwig, 272 n. 25 Pantaleoni, M., 278 n. 13 Pascal, Blaise, 80, 109, 116, 121 Patronage: need. of wealth to supply to arts, 132 Percy of Newcastle, Lord, 270 n. 18, 282 n. 29 Peru: example of market economy, 25 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 65, 159 Peter of Amiens: and mass psychology,54 Picard, Max, 263 n. 5, 274 n. 31 Picasso, Pablo, 301 n. 12 Pigou, A. C., 284 n. 2 Pitt, William, 261 Pius XII, Pope, 264 n. 2 PIuralism: two meanings of, 143; sound, described, 144; gains by unhealthy, 144-45 Poland: defiance of Communism by, 15 Political parties: affected by interests rather than ideas, 142 Population: increasing rate of growth Population-cont. of, 42; vote supply for., 43; pro jected figures for year 2300, 44; race with technology, 44; results of overgrowth of, 44, 47, 48, 50; not necessary for capital market, 47; economic optimum of, 49; social optimum of, 49; vital opti mum of, 49 Portugal, 59 Preen, Friedrich von, 73 Property: degradation of rights of, 18; foreign, 19; erosion of, 19; function of underestimated, 97 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 297·98 n. 3 Quesnay, Frangois, 283 n. 34 Ramswarup, author, Gandhism and Communism, 277 n. 10 R.eligion: decline of, 8 Renan, Ernest, 168 Rent control: criticism of, 146 Riesman, David, author, The Lonely Crowd, 71, 110, 264 n. 1, 271 n. 19 Right-to-work legislation, 240 Rivers, W. H. R., 80, 272 n. 24 Robbins, Lionel, 154, 284 n. 1, 28485 n. 3 Roberts, B. C., 213, 294 n. 33 Roberts, F., 287 n. 9 Robertson, D. H., 301 n. 15 Romains, Jules, 42, 57, 84·85, 265 n.4 Roman Catholicism: attitude of toward birth control, 43 Roosevelt, Franklin D.: and "free dom from want," 172 Ropke, Wilhelm, author, Social Crisis of Our Time; Civitas Humana; lnternationale Ordnung - heute; Mass und Mitte, 1, 2, 93, 103, 262 n. 3, 263. nn. 6, 7, 8, 265 n. 5, 266 n. 7, 268 nn. 9, 10,275 n. 2, 276 n.

6, 277 nne 8, 12, 278 nne 13, 14, 309 A HUMANE ECONOMY Ropke, Wilhelm'-cont. 280 n. 19, 281 n. 26, 282 nne 28, 33, 283 n. 1, 285 n. 6, 290 nne 16, 17, 291 nne 19, 20, 22, 23, 292 nne 24, 27, 28, 29, 295 n. 35,301 n. II, 302 n. 16 Ross, Ralph, 71 Rothel, H. K., 281 D. 24 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 271 n. 18 Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 262 D. 2, 272 n.25 Russia. See Soviet Russia Riistow, Alexander, 103, 271 n. 19, 282 n. 32 Riistow, H.-J., 290 n. 17 Saint~Simonism, 243 St. Stephen of Hungary, 244 Santayana, George,. 75 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 265 n. 3 Savings, 202 Say, J. B., 125 Schiller, Friedrich, 268 n. 13 Schlamm, William, 267 n. 7 SchmOlders, G., 263-64 n. 9 Schoeck, Helmut, 285 n. 4, 291 n. 21 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 42, 80 Schumpeter, Joseph A., 107, 294 n. 32 Sedlmayr, Hans, 274 n. 31 Segantini, Giovanni, 88 Seiler, Franz, 299 n. 6 S,elf-providence: described, 178-79 Seneca, 108 Sennholz, Mary, 290 n. 14 Shakespeare, William, 120 Siegfried, Andre, 109 Simonde de Sismondi, J. C. L., 275 n. I, 281 n. 23 Simons, Henry C., 264 n. 10, 284 n. 1 Smith, Adam, viii, 92, 136 Social Crisis of Our Time, The, 93, 103, 145, 276 n. 6, 300 n. 10 Socialism, 3, 4, 5, 13, 69. See also National Socialism Social rationalism: flow of economy regulated in, 94; in ascendancy, 97 ; offshoots from, 101; and Commu nism, 103 Social sciences; need to consider human values, 50 Social Security: in area of politics, 168; need for, 175; supplied hy effort and mutual aid, 177 Soden, Hans von, 278 n. 15 Solo, R. A., 277 n. 10 Somary, Felix, 282 n. 29 Southey, Robert, 108 Soviet Russia, 22, 93, 95, 126, 188 Spencer, Herbert, 279 n. 17 Staley, Eugene, 277 n. 10 Stalin, Joseph: death of and effect on Communism, 14 Standard of living: cult of described and criticized, 110 Stifter, Adalbert, 230 Stigler, George J., 282 n. 33, 301 n. 14 Strabo, 244 Suburbia: and mass living in, 40 Sweden: example of Leftist softening of currency, 22 Sweezy, A. R., 266 n. 6 Switzerland: market economy in, 22; federalism of, 67; rural dominance in, 77; health insurance in, 162; private savings in, 176, 179; no budgetary deficit in, 196-97 Taine, Hippolyte, 296 n. 1 Talmon, J. L., 270 n. 18 Tawney, R. H., 113 Taxation: crushing weight of as foe to economic health, 29; depression of savings by, 30; encouragement of inflation by, 30; prevents private patronage, 169 Technology; consequences of, 12; race with population growth, 44 Testator's rights: current limitation of harmful, 132 310 INDEX Tintoretto, Jacopo, 182 Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz): concept of socialist market economy, 93 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 70, 83, 232, 269 n. 17, 273 n. 27, 281 n. 23, 283 n. 34, 285 n. 5, 298 n. 4: criticism of egalitarian democracy by, 65-66; description by of welfare state, 159; Democracy in America, quoted, 159 Torrigiani, Pietro, 126 Totalitarianism, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16 Trade-unions: monopoly of labor by, 31, 212; increase of inflation through, 31; absent in Russia, 67; influence of, 143; and wages, 146, 210, 211; in labor seller's market, 212; and credit restrictions, 216; appeal to, 216; subordination in, 239; closed shop, 239-40; and right-to-work legislation, 240 Tournier, Paul, 271 n. 20 Underdeveloped countries: Com munism in, 112; economic growth of, 184 United Nations: international con centration aided by, 242 United Nations Economic Commis sion for Europe: annual reports of, 24 United States: .pattern of life in, 74 75; mechanization in, 75; self providence in, 179. See also Wel fare state U.S.S.R. See Soviet Russia Utilitarianism: definition and criti cism of, 108 Van den Haag, Ernest, 71 Vienet, Alexandre, 296 n. 2 Viereck, Peter, 268 n. 14 Villard, Henry H., 265 n. 3 Villey, Daniel, 276 n.4, 301 D. 13 Voegelin, Eric, 4, 262 n. 1 Voltaire, 248-49 Wage-price spiral, 210, 212, 213, 214, 239 Wages: tend to become inflationary, 204, 209, 215; creation of excess demand, 204; rise of in mechanized production, 204; free movement of needed in market economy, 208; raises tend to shut out price re

duction, 209 Ward, A. Dudley, 276 n. 4 Waugh, Evelyn, 271 n. 23 W'ealth of Nations, 120 W'eber, Alfred, 13, 262 n. 4 W'eber, Arnold, 83, 273 n. 28 Weddigen, W., 276 n. 4 W'eidIe, Wladimir, 274 n. 31 Welfare state, 3, 7; in Scandinavia 26-27; should be curtailed, 33; evils of, 46; political motivation in, 122; danger to economy from, 152; and inflation, 152; original need for, 154; mass relief in, 154; transitory aid from, 154; com pulsory public providence of, 155, 175; lessens family responsibility, 156; a tool of social revolution, 156, and cult of the average, 156; stages in development of, 157; collectivist eharacter of, 158; extension of, 159-60; housing policy of, 160; education in, 160; medical services in, 161; lowers individual responsi bility, 163; effect on small com munities, 164; ultimately serves only bureaucrats, 165; in support of research, 168; social stratifica tion in, 170; increases political inequality, 171; takes from one to give to another, 174; and private savings, 176; on international scale, 182, 188, 189, 243; oppressive air of, 238 311 A HU1\'IANE ECONOMY Wenzl, Aloys, 286 n. 7 Whitehead, A. N., 183 Whyte, William H., 40 Willgerodt, Hans, 264 D. 10, 284, D.

2,290 n.16 World Population Conference, 264 n. 2 World War II, 20 Worsthorne, P., 270 n. 18 Wright, David McCord, 275 n. 1, 281 D. 22, 282 n. 29., 290 n. 14 Yugoslavia: competition in, 95 312