Epilogue

If there is any period one would desire to be born in, is it not the age of revolution; when the old and the new stand side by side, and admit of being compared; when the energies of all men are searched by fear and by hope; when the historic glories of the old can be compensated by the rich possibilities of the new era? This time, like all times, is a very good one, if we but know what to do with it.

— Ralph Waldo Emerson

Noter

Preface

¹See, e.g., The Nature of Man and His Government (Caldwell, Idaho.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1959); This Bread is Mine (Milwaukee, Wis.: American Liberty Press, 1960); The Philosophy of Ownership (Larkspur, Colo.: Rampart College, 1966); The Fundamentals of Liberty (Santa Ana, Calif.: Rampart Institute Publishing, 1988).

²Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1966).

³Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1966).

Chapter 1

¹I shall refer to such ingested energy, herein, as “negative entropy” or “negentropy.”

²Terry Schiavo, a young woman, suffered cardiac arrest and was reduced to a vegetative state. For many months, she was the center of legal struggles over the question of whether she should be kept on an artificial life support system. Her feeding tubes were subsequently withdrawn, and she died on March 31, 2005.

³Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1971), p. 445.

⁴See my book, Calculated Chaos: Institutional Threats to Peace and Human Survival (San Francisco: Alchemy Books, 1985), p. 9. Reprinted Coral Springs, Fla.: Llumina Press, 2004), p. 9.

⁵See, e.g., Robert A. Sutermeister, People and Productivity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988. Originally published New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987).

⁶See, e.g., Bo Burlingham, Small Giants: Companies That Choose to Be Great Instead of Big (New York: The Penguin Group, 2005).

⁷See, e.g., www.localharvest.org/csa.

⁸www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,448747,00.html

⁹Lysander Spooner, Poverty: Its Illegal Causes and Legal Cure, Part First (Boston: Bela March, 1846).

¹⁰See, e.g., Jeff Howe, “Breaking the News,” in Wired (August, 2007): 86–90.

¹¹Gerhard Rösl, “Regional Currencies in Germany—Local Competition for the Euro?” www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/dkp/2006/200643dkp–en.pdf; http://wiki-europa.info/index/php?title=Regional–currency.

¹²The Caspar residents have found this process to be not “as difficult as we thought, and that heeding and incorporating the views of the minority often saves us from grievous errors while leading us away from ‘slam dunks’ and quick fixes to well thought-out, longer lasting, better solutions.” http://casparinstitute.org/lib/artConsensus.htm.

¹³See, e.g., John A. Hostetler, Amish Society, 3rd ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980); Steven M. Holt, A History of the Amish (Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1992).

¹⁴Michael Van Notten, The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa (Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea Press, 2005), p. 83; emphasis added.

¹⁵John of Salisbury, The Statesman’s Book (1159), in William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, 2nd ed. (New York: Rineheart & Company, 1956), pp. 195–96.

¹⁶Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica (1265–1274).

¹⁷Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1881), p. 1.

¹⁸Los Angeles Times, August 16, 2007, p. A1 and p. A10.

¹⁹ See, e.g., Katherine Albrecht and Liz McIntyre, Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move with RFID (Nashville, Tenn.: Nelson Current, 2005).

²⁰Reported by the Associated Press, March 28, 2008. See www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23853415/.

²¹Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 807.

²²Richard Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948).

²³Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 68; originally published, 1962.

²⁴Ibid., p. 79.

²⁵Ibid., pp. 77–79.

²⁶Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1977), pp. 118, 271.

Chapter 2

¹The Republic of Plato, trans. by F.M. Cornford (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945).

²William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, 2nd ed. (New York: Rinehart & Company, 1956), p. 2.

³F.A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, W.W. Bartley III, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 27.

⁴David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).

⁵See Harald Fritzsch, An Equation That Changed the World: Newton, Einstein, and the Theory of Relativity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), p. 180; Timothy Ferris, Coming of Age In the Milky Way (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 194.

⁶Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Scholar,” a lecture presented to Washington and Jefferson Societies at the University of Virginia, June 28,1876.

⁷Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics (Boston: New Science Library 1983), p. 133.

⁸John Briggs and F. David Peat, Turbulent Mirror (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), pp. 66–68.

⁹Hayek, The Fatal Conceit, p. 83; emphasis in original.

¹⁰James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987), p. 44.

¹¹See Alexander Demandt, “210 Theories.” http://crookedtimber.org/2003/08/25/decline-and-fall.

¹²See, e.g., Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: The New American Library, 1964).

¹³Hayek, The Fatal Conceit, p. 85; emphasis in original.

¹⁴Ibid., pp. 83–84.

¹⁵In Ken Wilber, The Spectrum of Consciousness (Wheaton, Ill.: The Theosophical House, 1977), p. 41.

¹⁶As any competent attorney knows, ambiguous language breeds conflict. Thus, language in a loan agreement that requires a borrower to pay a “fair and reasonable” rate of interest, is an invitation to a later dispute. But more specificity does not end the problem. Agreeing upon a 7 percent rate of interest does not tell us how such interest is to be calculated. The amount borrowed? The unpaid balance? Whether the interest is to be compounded? Etc.

¹⁷Wei Li and Dennis Tao Yang, “The Great Leap Forward: Anatomy of a Central Planning Disaster,” in Journal of Political Economy 113 (2005): 840–77.

¹⁸See, e.g., Orrin H. Pilkey and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can’t Predict the Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).

¹⁹Ibid., pp. xi, 50.

²⁰John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, 13th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955), p. 95.

²¹www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/charlesdeg134421.html.

²²Harlow Shapley, Of Stars and Men: The Human Response to an Expanding Universe (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), p. 63.

²³Briggs and Peat, Turbulent Mirror, pp. 70ff.

²⁴Edmund Sinnott, The Biology of the Spirit (New York: The Viking Press, 1955), p. 61.

²⁵John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, Justin Kaplan, ed., 16th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), p. 62.

²⁶Carroll Quigley, The Evolution of Civilizations (Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Press, 1979).

²⁷Ibid., pp. 101ff.

²⁸Ibid., p. 103.

²⁹See my book, In Restraint of Trade: The Business Campaign Against Competition, 1918–1938 (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1997).

³⁰Murray L. Weidenbaum, Government-Mandated Price Increases: A Neglected Aspect of Inflation (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975).

³¹I have dealt with these and other efforts by members of the business community to employ the powers of the state to restrain competition in my earlier book, In Restraint of Trade.

³²Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1950), p. 156; emphasis added.

³³Ibid., p. 134.

³⁴James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (New York: The John Day Company, Inc., 1941).

Chapter 3

¹Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 245.

²Ibid., p. 555.

³Ibid., pp. 244, 364, 552.

⁴Ibid., p. 552.

⁵Will and Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 91.

⁶Ibid., p. 90.

⁷Jacob Burckhardt, Force and Freedom: Reflections on History, James H. Nichols, ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1964), p. 103.

⁸Quoted in John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1978); originally published 1859.

⁹See, e.g., Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 2, 9–10, 36; Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1962), vol. 2, pp. 579–86.

¹⁰Neil Johnson quoted in Jonah Lehrer, “Reading the Terrorist Mind,” November 8, 2006, at scienceblogs.Com/cortex/2006/11/reading_the_terrorist_mind.php; and in “Universal Patterns Underlie War,” in Seed Magazine (December, 2006).

¹¹Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue With Nature (Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala, 1984).

¹²Ibid., p. 12.

¹³See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization.

¹⁴Erich Jantsch, The Self-Organizing Universe (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980), p. 28.

¹⁵Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 84.

¹⁶Ibid., p. 92.

¹⁷Ibid., p. 93.

¹⁸Henry David Thoreau, Walden; or, Life in the Woods (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1854), chap. 8.

¹⁹Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

²⁰According to a Reuters news report of February 11, 1998, Hillary Clinton made a statement in Washington, D.C., suggesting that the Internet might require an “editing or gatekeeping function.”

²¹F.A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, n 1960), p. 400.

²²See, e.g., Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., Katrina and Socialist Central Planning, 10/10/2005, at http://www.mises.org/story/1934.

²³Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire (New York: Random House, 2001), pp. xiv ff.

²⁴Connie Barlow, The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 198.

²⁵Peter H. Raven, Ray F. Evert, and Susan H. Eichhorn, Biology of Plants, 6th ed. (New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999), pp. 366, 642.

²⁶Robert Augros and George Stanciu, The New Biology: Discovering the Wisdom in Nature (Boston: New Science Library, 1987), p. 93.

²⁷Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid (London: Heinemann, 1902).

²⁸Stephen Moore and Julian Simon, It’s Getting Better All the Time (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2000), p. 204.

²⁹See “Life Is Thriving in Animal City,” The Sunday Times (London), November 5, 2006. The article states, in part:

There’s now a school of thought that the true home of nature is the modern city, not the countryside, because of a remarkable shift of biodiversity over the past few decades. Animals and plants appear to be conquering the cities simply because the overfertlised soil of the country is becoming an ever-more inhospitable place for them.

www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article625151.Ece?print=ye. Another news reports tells that there are an estimated 10,000 foxes living in London. Cassell Bryan-Low, The Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2006, reprinted by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 26, 2006. www.post-gazette.com/pg/06116/685240-82.stm.

³⁰Black Bear in New Jersey: Status Report (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2004), www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/2004/bear_report04.pdf; David Kocieniewski, “Audubon Group Advocates Deer Hunting,” The New York Times, March 15, 2005; Ann Broache, “Oh Deer!,” in Smithsonian Magazine, October, 2005 (www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Oh_Deer.html?c. The Smithsonian article states, in part: “In some parts of highly urbanized New Jersey, up to 60 deer live in a square mile, according to the state’s Division of Fish and Wildlife, compared with just 5 to 10 deer per square mile before the land was settled by Europeans.”

³¹Moore and Simon, It’s Getting Better All the Time, p. 17.

³²Epiphytes—plants that grow on other plants without parasitizing it or without any evident symbiosis—are distinguished here.

³³Erich Jantsch, The Self-Organizing Universe (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980).

³⁴From an interview with Shirin Ebadi, conducted by Mandana Afshar, in Amnesty International Magazine, Winter 2006. www.amnestyusa.org/winter_2006/a_contrary_opinion/page.do?id=1105568.

³⁵John Steinbeck, The Log From the Sea of Cortez, (New York: Penguin, 1951) pp. 257–58.

³⁶Toynbee, A Study of History, p. 589.

³⁷Jantsch, The Self-Organizing Universe, p. 40.

³⁸Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, p. 146.

Chapter 4

¹Blaise Pascal, Pensées VII (1670).

²See, e.g., Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922). This case involved a coal company that owned coal-bearing land. The company had conveyed surface rights to the plaintiffs, while specifically retaining sub-surface rights to mine coal from beneath that land. The plaintiffs also waived all rights to seek damages for any subsidence that might occur. Years later, the Pennsylvania legislature enacted a statute prohibiting any mining of coal that might result in surface subsidence. The plaintiffs sought to enjoin the company from mining its coal without providing for subjacent support. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the plaintiffs’ cause of action, declaring the statute—as applied in this case—a taking of the coal company’s property, particularly as upholding the injunction would have given them “greater rights than they bought.”

³See, e.g., Charles Howard Shinn, Mining Camps: A Study in American Frontier Government (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), p. 259; originally published, 1884, by Charles Scribner’s Sons.

⁴Augros and Stanciu, The New Biology, pp. 95ff.

⁵William Chester Jordan, Europe In the High Middle Ages (London: Penguin Books, 2002), p. 10.

⁶An interesting account of such influences can be found in Frederick Jackson Turner’s classic work, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1920).

⁷Lucien Price, The Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954), p. 50.

⁸J. Abner Peddiwell, The Saber-Tooth Curriculum (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).

⁹New York Post, February 29, 1960. See also www.bartleby.com/63/92/5392.html; also, www.kirjasto.sci.fi/thurber.htm.

¹⁰Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865).

¹¹See, e.g., Frederick Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (New York: Bantam Press, 1971), pp. 7ff.; originally published 1969 (Moab, Utah: Real People Press). See, also, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Robots, Men and Minds (New York: George Braziller, 1967), p. 33, who characterized the practice as the “ego barrier.”

¹²I have developed a more thorough analysis of this in my Calculated Chaos: Institutional Threats to Peace and Human Survival (San Francisco: Alchemy Books, 1985); reprinted (Coral Springs, Fla.: Llumina Press, 2004).

¹³Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, p. 13.

¹⁴We have seen this phenomenon elsewhere, one of the better examples arising from the study of quantum physics with its conundrum of whether subatomic particles are exhibiting mass or energy, the implications of which are expressed in Einstein’s classic “E=mc².” “Superstring” theory extended the metaphor by positing that fundamental units of matter may consist not of particles, but of loops of vibrating energy. See Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999), pp. 142–46.

¹⁵William Blake, “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” (1790), in David V. Erdman, ed., The Selected Poetry of Blake (New York: New American Library, 1976), p. 67.

¹⁶The classic “two-slit” experiments in quantum physics may provide insight in helping us circumvent our paradoxical thinking. These experiments suggest that, in testing for whether an electron or a photon behaves as a wave or as a particle, the outcome depends upon the intentions of the experimenter: behaving like a particle when testing for particle responses, and like a wave when wave activity is being sought. (See, e.g., John Gribbin, In Search of Schro-dinger’s Cat (New York: Bantam Books, 1984), pp. 163–76, 210–12; Gary Zukav, The Dancing Wu Li Masters (New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1979), pp. 85–102, 117–18, 298–99; Paul Davies, Superforce (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1984), pp. 28–30.

¹⁷Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1966).

¹⁸Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1966).

¹⁹Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975).

²⁰Barlow, The Ghosts of Evolution, p. 198.

²¹Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative, p. 3.

²²Wilson, Sociobiology, pp. 259–60; Lorenz, On Aggression, p. 35ff.; James R. Carey and Catherine Gruenfelder, “Population Biology of the Elderly,” in Kenneth W. Wachter and Caleb E. Finch, eds., Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 1997), chap. 8, p. 133.

²³See, e.g., Barry Schwartz and Stephen Barsky, “The Home Advantage,” Social Forces 55: 641–61; Donald L. Greer, “Spectator Booing and the Home Advantage: A Study of Social Influence in the Basketball Arena,” Social Psychology Quarterly 46, no. 3 (September 1983): 252–61; Eric M. Leifer, “Perverse Effects of Social Support: Publics and Performance in Major League Sports,” Social Forces 74, no. 1 (September 1995): 81–121.

²⁴T.E. Cliffe Leslie, Introduction to Emile de Laveleye, Primitive Property (London: Macmillan, 1878); emphasis added.

²⁵Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative, p. 3.

²⁶See Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 272.

²⁷See, e.g., Cole v. Turner, at Nisi Prius, coram Holt, C.J. (1704), 6 Mod. p. 149.

²⁸Moore v. Regents of the University of California, 793 P2nd 479 (Cal., 1990), cert. denied 499 U.S. 936 (1991).

²⁹Lorenz, On Aggression, pp. 36ff.

³⁰Julian Dibbell, “Unreal Real Estate Boom,” Wired (October 2002). See also Richard Bartle, “Pitfalls of Virtual Property.” The Themis Group white paper, April 2004, at http://mud.co.uk/richard/povp.pdf.

³¹Linda S. Parker, Native American Estate: The Struggle Over Indian and Hawaiian Lands (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989), p. 18.

³²Van Notten, The Law of the Somalis, pp. 27, 52.

³³Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Christie Grain & Stock Co., 198 U.S. 236 (1905).

³⁴Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 1408.

Chapter 5

¹One dictionary offers this definition of “fascism”: “the retention of private ownership of the means of production under centralized governmental control” Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd ed. (New York: New World Dictionaries/Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 665; while an economics dictionary defines “fascism” as “In its economic aspects, a plan by which the institution of private property and the private production of goods and services is retained, but is made subject to extensive control by government.” Harold S. Sloan and Arnold J. Zurcher, A Dictionary of Economics, 4th ed. (New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1961), p. 126.

²See, e.g., Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right (Burlingame, Calif.: Center for Libertarian Studies, 1993).

³Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriete (1840).

⁴Dred Scott v. Sandford, 61 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857).

⁵Sir Henry Maine, Ancient Law, 10th ed. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1884).

⁶Ibid., p. 165; emphasis in original.

⁷Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 251.

⁸The animal-rights position suffers from another major flaw which its advocates tend to overlook. If other animals have “rights,” are they also entitled to vote in elections and hold office? Would “separate but equal” treatment be acceptable to our modern thinking? Would a nuisance judgment against a neighbor whose dog barked incessantly amount to a violation of the dog’s First Amendment rights?

⁹See, e.g., Anderson v. Gouldberg, 51 Minn. 294, 53 N.W. 636 (1892).

¹⁰John Locke, “Two Treatises of Government” (1690), in William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers (New York: Rinehart and Company, 2nd ed., 1956), p. 378.

¹¹Jeremy Bentham, “Principles of the Civil Code,” (1802) in John Bowring, ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham (New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1962), vol. 1, p. 308.

¹²Ibid., 309.

¹³Thomas Hodgskin, The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted (Clifton, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley, 1973), pp. 19–20; originally published in 1832.

¹⁴I am using the word “community” not in any political sense, but to refer to a group of individuals who regularly interact with one another in a social setting.

¹⁵See Shinn, Mining Camps, pp. 221–46.

¹⁶Jean Piaget and Barbel Inhelder, The Psychology of the Child (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Jean Piaget, Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood (New York: W.W. Norton, 1951).

¹⁷E. Adamson Hoebel, The Law of Primitive Man (New York: Atheneum, 1968), p. 58.

¹⁸David Riesman, with Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950).

¹⁹Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

Chapter 6

¹Eric Partridge, Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 723.

²See, e.g., Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960); Robert A. Sutermeister, People and Productivity (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963).

³McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise, pp. 33–34.

⁴www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,448747,00.html.

⁵Walter Kaufmann, Without Guilt and Justice: From Decidophobia to Autonomy (New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1973).

⁶Ibid., p. 3.

⁷From The Discourses and the Manual, in Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, p. 147.

⁸Randolph Bourne, War and the Intellectuals (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 71.

⁹Will Durant, The Life of Greece (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1939), p. 50.

Chapter 7

¹Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” (1837), in Brooks Atkinson, ed., The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: The Modern Library, 1950), p. 62.

²Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. and ed. by Lewis White Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949), p. 87.

³See, e.g., John A. Hostetler, Amish Society, 3rd ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980); Steven M. Nolt, A History of the Amish (Intercourse, Penn.: Good Books, 1992); Donald B. Kraybill, ed., The Amish and the State (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).

⁴See, e.g., David Barash, The Survival Game: How Game Theory Explains the Biology of Cooperation (New York: Macmillan, 2003), p. 98.

⁵John Phillip Reid, Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail (San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington Library, 1980), pp. 300–01.

⁶Robert C. Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).

⁷Shinn, Mining Camps, pp. 111, 112; also quoted in Vardis Fisher and Opel Laurel Holmes, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1968), p. 275.

⁸Fisher and Holmes, ibid.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰J.D. Borthwick, Three Years in California, Joseph Gaer, ed. (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1857); quoted in Fisher and Holmes, ibid., p. 276.

¹¹Daniel Knower, The Adventures of a Forty-Niner (Albany, N.Y.: Weed-Parsons Printing, 1894), quoted in Fisher and Holmes, ibid., p. 276.

¹²C.G. Jung, Psychological Reflections (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), p. 178.

¹³Lest any doubt that government regulation amounts to the state’s claiming an ownership interest in people, consider Justice Harlan’s dissenting opinion in Lochner v. New York (198 U.S. 45 (1905)), a case striking down state legislation limiting the number of hours employees could work in bakeries. In Harlan’s view, long hours “may endanger the health and shorten the lives of the workmen, thereby diminishing their physical and mental capacity to serve the state and to provide for those dependent upon them” (p. 72; emphasis added).

¹⁴See, Walter Adams, “The Military-Industrial Complex and the New Industrial State,” American Economic Review 58 (May, 1968): 652–65; reprinted in Ralph Andreano, ed., Superconcentration/Supercorporation (Andover, Mass.: Warner Modular Publications, 1973), R-337-2; Murray L. Weidenbaum, Government-Mandated Price Increases: A Neglected Aspect of Inflation (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975).

¹⁵San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 2007, p. E-7.

¹⁶Abraham Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” in Psychological Review (1943): 370ff.

¹⁷If we were to apply such thinking to the realm of learning with as much unfocused facility as we do to economic matters, we would quickly see the absurdity of such ideas. Does knowledge come in some fixed quantity, with the more learned having garnered an “unfair” share at the expense of the unlearned? Perhaps it is the function of the government school system to “redistribute” the ignorance, to the end that all can be equally unknowledgeable and operate from a “level playing field.” Were the creative geniuses of human history—Aristotle, Copernicus, Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Dante, Lao Tzu, Newton, Beethoven, the Curies, Leonardo da Vinci, Einstein, Blake, George Washington Carver, Edison, to name but a few—nothing more than pillagers, “robber intellects,” who stole from some common storehouse of human inventiveness and insight?

¹⁸Ralph Waldo Emerson, Politics, published in 1844 and included in The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, p. 427.

¹⁹Alice Calaprice, ed., The Expanded Quotable Einstein (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 317.

²⁰Partridge, Origins, p. 378; Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 1372.

²¹Andrea Dworkin, Intercourse (London: Secker & Warburg, 1987), pp. 122–24.

²²Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1990, Sect. B, p. 12.

Chapter 8

¹Marshall McLuhan and Bruce Powers, The Global Village (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 97–98.

²Prigogine and Stengers, Order Out of Chaos, pp. xv, 12–14.

³William Forster Lloyd, Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833); Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 (1968): 1243–48.

⁴See Robert Proctor, The Nazi War Against Cancer (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).

⁵See, e.g., www.rffi.org/InTheNews.html. See also, www.nature.org/aboutus/howwework/conservationmethods/privatelands/conservationeasements/.

⁶Mark Twain, Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894), Pudd’nhead Wilson’s Calendar, chap. 15.

⁷See my “Violence As A Product of Imposed Order,” in University of Miami Law Review, 29 (1975): 732–63. Reprinted, Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Studies in Law No. 4 (1976); republished in Ken Templeton, ed., The Politicization of Society (Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Press, 1979), pp. 447–99.

⁸See, e.g., Daniel B. Klein, “The Voluntary Provision of Public Goods? The Turnpike Companies of Early America,” Economic Inquiry 28 (1990): 788–812.

⁹See, e.g., Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

¹⁰Contrary to the efforts of many environmentalists to create the impression that their views on human caused climate changes reflect a consensus among scientists, there are numerous works that either refute or raise serious doubts about such conclusions. A very brief listing of such works include Lomborg, ibid.; Ronald Bailey, ed., The True State of the Planet (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ronald Bailey, Eco-Scam: The False Prophets of Ecological Apocalypse (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993); Stephen Moore and Julian L. Simon, It’s Getting Better All the Time (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2000), pp. 183–205; S. Fred Singer, Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate, revised 2nd ed. (Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, 1999); S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years (New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007); Orrin H. Pilkey and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can’t Predict the Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder, The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (Thriplow, Cambridge: Icon Books, 2007). See, also, 17,200 Scientists Dispute Global Warming, www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36htm; Breaking: Less Than Half of all Published Scientists Endorse Global Warming Theory, http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=MinorityBlogs+contentRecord_id=B35C36A3-802A-23AD-46EC-6880767E7966; A Layman’s Guide to Man-Made Global Warming, www.climateskeptic.com/2007/09/table-of-conten.html.

¹¹ See, e.g., Anthony D. Barnosky, Climate Change and Speciation of Mammals, www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/barnosky.html.

¹²See, e.g., Chris D. Thomas et. al., “Extinction risk from climate change,” Nature, 427 (January 8, 2004): 145–48; Guy Gugliotta, “Extinction Tied to Global Warming,” Washingtonpost.com, January 21, 2005, p. A03 (online only for pay).

¹³James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).

¹⁴James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia: Earth’s Climate in Crisis and the Fate of Humanity (New York: Basic Books, 2006).

¹⁵Ibid., p. ix.

¹⁶From James Lovelock, “The Evolving Gaia Theory,” paper presented at the United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan, September 25, 1992. www.unu.edu/unupress/lecture1.html.

¹⁷Ibid.

¹⁸Guy Murchie, The Seven Mysteries of Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978), pp. 388–95.

¹⁹Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher (New York: Bantam Books, 1974).

²⁰Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, pp. 31–32.

²¹See, e.g., Stephen Jay Gould, Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1983), pp. 320–31.

Chapter 9

¹Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 501.

²See, e.g., Pierre Clastres, Society Against the State (New York: Zone Books, 1989).

³Ibid., p. 37.

⁴Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 445; emphasis added.

⁵See, e.g., John A. Hostetler, Amish Society, 3rd ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980); Steven M. Nolt, A History of the Amish (Intercourse, Penn.: Good Books, 1992); Donald B. Kraybill, ed., The Amish and the State (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); James J. Martin, Men Against the State (Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles Publisher, 1970); Robert V. Hine, California’s Utopian Colonies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1966); Jay O’Connell, Co-Operative Dreams: A History of the Kaweah Colony (Van Nuys, Calif.: Raven River Press, 1999); Charles Gide, Consumers’ Co-Operative Societies (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1922).

⁶David Riesman, with Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950).

⁷The late White House Press Secretary Tony Snow inadvertently let slip the state’s depersonalized characterization of soldiers when, in response to an inquiry about 2,500 dead soldiers in Iraq, calmly replied “it’s a number” (Chicago Tribune, June 15, 2006; USA Today, June 15, 2006). See www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2006-06-15-iraq-deaths_x.htm.

⁸Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la Propriete (1840).

⁹From George Bernard Shaw, Major Barbara, in Bernard Shaw and George Bernard Shaw, The Wisdom of Bernard Shaw Being Passages from the Works of Bernard Shaw (Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), p. 325.

¹⁰Briggs and Peat, Turbulent Mirror, pp. 125–27.

¹¹See, e.g., Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York: The Free Press, 1963); Gabriel Kolko, Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963); James Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900–1918 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968); Robert Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973); Murray Rothbard, America’s Great Depression (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1963); James Gilbert, Designing the Industrial State: The Intellectual Pursuit of Collectivism in America, 1880–1940 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ron Radosh and Murray Rothbard, A New History of Leviathan (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1972); Ellis Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966); Robert Himmelberg, The Origins of the National Recovery Administration (New York: Fordham University Press, 1976); and my In Restraint of Trade.

¹²e.e. cummings, “Jottings,” originally published in The Harvard Wake (1951), reprinted in e.e. cummings, Six Nonlectures (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 70.

¹³Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).

¹⁴Kafka (produced by Baltimore Pictures, distributed by Miramax Films, 1991).

¹⁵”Violence As a Product of Imposed Order,” pp. 742ff.

¹⁶After reading cases that speak of the “inequality of bargaining power”— an article of faith upon which many judges, bureaucrats, politicians, and academicians base their authority to superintend our transactions —I invite my students to go to retail establishments and bargain for lower prices for goods that are listed. In almost unanimous fashion, the students reject the suggestion. After informing them of numerous examples of former students who successfully pursued such a course, most still treated it as an unrealistic proposition. On one occasion —after my suggesting that they discover just how much bargaining power they do have in the world—one of my students raised his hand and announced that, prior to coming to law school, he had been an assistant manager at a major Los Angeles department store, then said: “we did this all the time.”

¹⁷A.E. Housman, Last Poems, no. 12 (1922).

¹⁸Casablanca (produced by Warner Brothers, 1942).

¹⁹Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651).

Chapter 10

¹McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819), p. 431.

²Anthony de Jasay, Against Politics: On Government, Anarchy, and Order (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 59–60.

³Howard Moore, Plowing My Own Furrow (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1985).

⁴Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (New York: Washington Square Press, 1963), pp. 78–79, 104, 106.

⁵Quoted in Albert Jay Nock, The Memoirs of a Superfluous Man (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1964), p. 211.

⁶See, e.g., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 482.

⁷ See, e.g., my In Restraint of Trade: The Business Campaign Against Competition, 1918–1938 (Lewisburg, Penn.: Bucknell University Press, 1997), pp. 145–81.

⁸From “Petroleum Investigation,” Hearings on H. Res. 441 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934), pt. 1, 485, reported in William Kemnitzer, Rebirth of Monopoly (New York: Harper & Bros., 1938), p. 119.

⁹Fritz Machlup, The Political Economy of Monopoly (Baltimore.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952), pp. 302–03.

Chapter 11

¹Eric Partridge, Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 235.

²From a talk Chodorov gave at The Freedom School in Colorado, circa 1961.

³Franz Oppenheimer, The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically, trans. by John M. Gitterman. (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1922); reprinted (New York: Free Life Editions, 1975).

⁴In this empirical—rather than normative—sense, one might speak of such universal behavior as a “natural law.”