Index

“Absence of planning” argument, 46

Accountants and bookkeepers, 53

Action directe, 29

Action française, 30

Action Nationale, 30

Acts, book of, 39

Africa, 31, 98, 99, 100

Agrarian reform, 48

Agriculturalists, 77

Alberta Experiment, 65

American Civil War, 59, 69

American McKinley gold dollar, 97

American Roosevelt dollars, 97

Amsterdam, 98

Angell, Sir Norman, 34

Anti-Dühring (Engels), 16

Argentina, expropriation of British-owned railroads, 95

Aristotle, 33, 51, 61

Ashton, T.S., 24

Asia, 31, 98, 100

Athens, 55

Austro-Hungarian Empire, 32, 93

“Backward” countries, 98–99

Balkans, 32

Balzac, Honoré de, 45

Bank of England, 74

Banker, definition of, 63

Banknotes, 63, 75

Bastiat, Frédéric, 58, 65

Baudelaire, Charles, 44–45

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 17

Behaviorism, 46–47

Bergson, Henri, 30, 51

Berlin, 82

Bible, 39

Bismarck, Otto von, 40;

conflict with the Prussian Parliament, 40;

meetings with Lassalle, 40–41;

on social security, 59–60;

social reforms of, 24

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 2, 38

Bolshevik Party, 26

Bolshevism, 17, 31, 42, 47

“Boom,” 67

Bourgeois, bourgeoisie, 16, 23;

“bourgeois economics,” 25

Brandenburg, 82

Breuer, Josef, 43

British Currency School, 73

British Museum, 31

Bukharin, Nikolai, 10

Bureaucratic management, 86

Cabet, Etienne, 9

Calculation, with a price system, 52

Calvinists, 41

Canada, 65

Capital, 50, 52, 53;

definition of, 77;

convertibility of, 78;

seemingly increased by inflation, 60;

vs. capital goods, 51

Capital goods, 50–52;

as the embodiment of wealth, 79;

definition of, 77;

help to workers, 58–59;

not increased by inflation, 60;

origin of, 50

Capitalism, as a system, 101;

as production relation, 4;

as a benefit to mankind, 101;

characterized by large-scale production, 14;

not something material, 99

Catholics, 15

Central banks, 65, 67–68

Charles I, King of England, 75

China, 31, 48, 54, 96, 98, 99, 101

Church, 61

Class conflict, class “interests,” 6, 11, 12, 16

Classless society, 7, 47

Colonialism, 90–91

Communism, defined, 37

The Communist Manifesto, 7, 8, 11, 17–18, 31, 37

Communist opposition to the New Deal, 24

Compatabilisme social, 65

Comte, Auguste, 9, 45

Confederate States, 92

Congress of Vienna, 92

Consumer sovereignty, 85

Credit expansion, 63;

as a tax, 73–74;

by government, 64–65;

by private firms, 63–64;

creates demand, 66;

creates the illusion of available capital, 74;

distorts calculations, 67, 71;

for political reasons, 67;

limited in 19th and 20th centuries, 73;

lowers interest rates, 67;

natural limit to, 66;

need for immediate stop to, 74–75

Creditors versus debtors, 55–56

“Crusoe economics,” 50

Czechoslovakia, 16, 42, 72

Dalai Lama of Tibet, 100

Dante, 20

Darwin, Charles, 14

Darwinism, 15, 39

Das Kapital (Marx), 11, 27, 38, 51

Davis, Jefferson, 92

Deflation, 75

Descartes, René, 6

“The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science” (Engels), 16

“The Development of Socialism, from Science to Action” (Radek), 16

Dialectical materialism, 15, 39, 43, 47–48

“Dialectical,” 2

Dietzgen, Joseph, 7

Double-entry accounting system, 53

Douglas, Major Clifford H., 65

Eastern Orthodox Church, 41–42

“Easy money” policy, 73

“Economic backwardness,” 78;

versus technological backwardness, 80

Education, impact on progress, 33

Einstein, Albert, 45

Élan vital, 30

Electorate of Brandenburg, 41

Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2

Engels, Friedrich, 4;

not a pacifist, 35;

not of the proletariat, 7;

poor explanation of Marxism, 39;

published material after

Marx’s death, 11, 26;

representing Italy at First International, 35;

statement at Marx’s grave, 39

England; See Great Britain.

Essence of capitalistic development, 88–90

Europe, 61;

oil production and, 93

Exchange, 51–52

Fabians, 31

Fair Deal, 18

Federal Reserve Board, 68

Feudalism, 31, 82;

as production relations, 4

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 3;

critique of Christianity, 26

Fiduciary media, 63

First International, 12, 35

Ford, Henry, 83–84

Foreign investment, importance of, 90;

in North America, 91;

makes war superfluous, 100;

misunderstood and abused, 92–93;

methods of expropriation, 95–96;

motives for, 93;

negative consequences of disappearance, 100

Fourier, Charles, 15

France, 10, 33, 41;

hurt by foreign expropriation of investment, 95;

revalued its currency, 72

Free trade, as represented by an Englishman’s breakfast, 94

Freud, Sigmund, 43–45

French Revolution, 10, 20

Friedrich Wilhelm III, 9

Geist (mind), 9, 14

General strike, 29

Genetics, 17

Geneva, 36

Germany, 10, 19, 34;

agriculture, 78;

currency, 96;

hurt by foreign expropriation of investment, 95;

language, 20;

socialists in, 24

Goethe, 17, 33, 53, 85

Gold standard, 75

“Good” laws, 19

Gospels, 62

Great Britain, 10, 23, 63, 69, 71, 72, 88;

economic problems in, 57–58;

labor laws, labor unions in, 12, 18;

Parliament, Parliamentary Committees, 27, 31–32, 74;

rule in India, 98–99;

stabilization of currency in, 72;

“surplus population” in, 21–22;

trade balance, 94

Greenbacks, 59

Greeks, 53

Gynecology, 16

Hailer, Albrecht von, 6

Hammond, Barbara, 23–24

Hammond, J.L., 23–24

Hayek, Friedrich A., 31

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 8–9, 19, 26

Hegelianism, 33

Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, 5

Herr, Lucien, 30

The History of Marxism (Lange), 43

Hitler, Adolf, 7, 25, 30, 47, 56, 72

Hohenzollern, 35, 40, 41

House of Orange, 30

Human wants, 57

Hume, David, 49

Hungary, 95–96

Ideas, 25, 48

Income, 52, 53

Income tax, creates confusion of terms, 53–54

India, 31, 32, 54, 101;

under British rule, 98–99

Individualism, 19

Industrial Revolution, 20, 21, 22, 23, 55

Infant-industry argument, 80

Inflation, 59;

under a gold standard, 75–76

Institutionalism, 50

Interest, Aristotle on, 61;

and the Church, 61–62;

origin of rates of, 62–63

Iron Curtain, 42

Iron law of wages, 13

Isocrates, 55

Italy, 10, 34, 35, 41

Jevons, William Stanley, 70

Kant, Immanuel, 9, 17, 25, 55

Kautsky, Karl, 16, 29, 35, 46

Keynes, John Maynard, 56–58, 72

Königsberg, 55

Labor unions, 24, 35, 72

Labor-saving machines, 58

La Mettrie, Julien de, 2, 6

“Land of Cockaigne,” 57

Lange, Friedrich Albert, 42

Large-scale savings, 54–55

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 7, 13, 38, 40–41

Law of historical evolution, 47

League of Nations, 34, 36, 101

Left and right wings, 9

“Legal tender,” 75

Lend-Lease, 94, 97

Lenin, V.I., 1, 16, 28;

attraction of foreign investment, 101;

influenced by Sorel, 30;

on desirability of a one-world state, 32;

“socialism” vs. “communism,” 37;

slogans of, 48

“Les idéologues,” 6

Loans, Church ban on, 62

Locke, John, 6

London, 12, 35, 36, 63

London School of Economics, 31

Loss, 52

Lutherans, 41

Luxemburg, Rosa, 93

Majorities, 49

“Malinvestment,” 67

Manchester Liberals, 34, 36

Mannheim, Karl, 7

Marx, Karl, character of, 36;

influence of 1–2, 26;

influences on, 4, 6;

at the First International, 12;

knowledge of economics, 24, 26, 27, 56;

and the Prussian government, 40;

slogans of, 39;

not of the proletariat, 7–8, 12;

not a pacifist, 34;

unknown during his life, 38

Marx, Karl, ideas of, interventionism versus revolution, 17–18;

lack of clarity on “material productive forces” and “class,” 4;

on capital accumulation, 20;

on class “interests,” 12;

on ideology, 16;

on individual differences, 32–33;

on national differences, 31–32;

on Russia skipping capitalism, 26;

on the causes of war, 34;

on the development of laws, 19;

on the inevitability of socialism, 16;

on the stages of socialism, 37;

on worsening depressions, 74;

on progressive impoverishment of the workers, 13–14;

on the goal of the socialist party, 16;

on value theory and foreign investment, 93;

similarities with behaviorists, 47

Marxism, doctrine, 5–7;

as interpreters of Marx, 28;

conflict with Christianity, 39, 40;

connected foreign investment with imperialism, 93;

on the development of laws, 19;

on education, 33;

in educational institutions, 31;

Marxist materialism, 2;

as a petrified system, 1;

search for knowledge, 25;

on worsening business cycle fluctuations, 73

Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism, 1, 17

Masaryk, Tomás, 16

Material factors of production, 14–15

“Material productive forces,” 4, 8, 20, 23, 39, 47

Materialism, criticized by Lange, 43;

two meanings of, 2

“Mature capitalism,” 23, 31

Mayerling, 44

Mensheviks, 17

Mexico, 15, 17, 92, 96

Middle Ages, 39, 53, 83, 96

“Middle-of-the-road” solution, 65

Mississippi, loan repudiation, 92

“Monetary cranks,” 65

Moscow, 32

Moscow Purge Trial, 10

Mussolini, influenced by Sorel, 30

The Myth of the 20th Century (Rosenberg), 30

Napoleon Bonaparte, 6, 20

Napoleon III, 81, 92

National Socialism (Nazism), 17, 30, 32

“Needs of business,” 66

Negation of the negation, 15

Negation of the thesis, 15

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 98

New Deal, 18; opposed by communists, 24

New Economic Policy (NEP), 101

New School for Social Research, 2–3

New Testament, 62

The New York Tribune, 8

New York, 30

Newton, Sir Isaac, 3

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 23, 39

Olds, Irving, 59

On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Ricardo), 90

Origin of the Species (Darwin), 14

Over-saving, 56

Owen, Robert, 15

Panslavist Congress, 32

Paris, 6, 35 Pavlov, Ivan, 46

Péguy, Charles, 29

“Penthouse Bolshevists,” 30

Pew, J. Howard, 59

Philosophical evolution of history, 8–9

Philosophical materialists, 2, 3

Plato, 9, 24–25

Poland, 42, 93

Poor laws, 22

Pope, 41

Positivism, 45

The Poverty of Philosophy (Marx), 4, 5

Prices, changes in, 80

Private property, under feudalism, 82

“Production for use and not for profit,” 81

Production relations, 4, 23

Profit, 52, 54

Profit and loss, 81–82, 84–85, 86

Proletarians, proletariat, 7, 11, 12, 23

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 65

Prussia, 9, 33, 41

Prussian Junkers, 8

Prussian Union Church, 9, 41

Purges, 17

Radek, Karl, 16

Railroads, built in America by foreign investment, 91

Ranke, Leopold von, 5

Reading Room of the British Museum, 35

Reciprocity in trade agreements, 101

Reflections on Violence (Sorel), 29

Reformation, 39

Reichsbank, 68

Reichszuschuss, 60

“Revolution,” 20

Ricardo, David, 26, 90;

theory of comparative advantage, 36

Roman Empire, 61

Romania, 88, 93

Rome, 41, 53

Roosevelt, Franklin, 83

Rosenberg, Alfred, 30

Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 44

Rule of Law, 89

Russell, Bertrand, 3

Russia, 6, 31, 41–42, 47, 101

Russian Orthodox Church, 41

Russian Revolution, 20

Saint-Simon, Comte de, 8, 15, 45

Sardinia, 41

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 19,

Saving, 54

Scarcity, 57

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 23

Schweitzer, Albert, 99–100

“Scientific socialism,” 15

Second International, 35

Smith, Adam, 22

Social Security, 59–60

“Socialist traitor,” 16, 37

Socialism, defined, 37;

and civil liberties, 9–10;

as the “end of history,” 8;

as an “occupational disease,” 40;

produced by “material productive forces,” 4

Socialist parties, 37

Socialist school, 15

Solvay, Ernest, 65

Sorel, Albert, 29

Sorel, Georges, 29–30, 36

Sozialpolitik, 18

Spirit of competition, 84

St. Petersburg, 26

Stalin, Josef, 1, 17, 37, 74

Stuarts, 74

Sunoco, 59

“Superman,” 39

Superstructure, 4, 23, 39

Swedish bonds, 97

Switzerland, 95

Syndicalism, 29–30

System of accountancy, 77

Taxing profits, 83–84, 87

“Technocrats,” 78–79

“Technological unemployment,” 57

Textile industries in New England, 80

Third International, 37

Tools, as the basis of progress, 4–5

Toynbee, Arnold, 20

Trade barriers, 34, 36

Trade cycle, 69

Trotsky, Leon, 17, 33

Truth, ideological distortion of, 25

Tsar, 31, 46

U.S. Steel, 59

U.S. Treasury, 68

Ukrainian Catholic Church, 42

“Unattached intellectuals,” 7

“Underconsumption,” 21

Unemployment, in the Great Depression, 72

“Unfavorable balance of trade,” 91

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 37

United Nations, 101

United States Bank, 65

United States, 23, 35, 36, 47, 54, 57, 83, 98;

revalued its currency, 72

University of Berlin, 8

Unprofitability, 80

“Utopian socialism,” 15

“Utopians,” 8

Value, Price, and Profit (Marx), 12

Victoria, Queen of England, 40

Vogt, Karl, 3–4

Wallace, Henry, 47

War, causes of, 34

Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 14, 17, 31

Weber, Max, 86

Western civilization, 55, 88

Westphalen, Jenny von (wife of Karl Marx), 8

Wicksell, Knut, 73

Wilson, Woodrow, 34, 36

World Council of Churches, 98

World War I, 35, 57, 68, 91, 96

World War II, 23, 94, 96

Zasulich, Vera, 26, 31