Index

1 °5; mentioned, xii, 45, 184, 186. See also Atlantic Charter Atomic bomb, 45, 182, 194-"95, 242, 265, 273 Attlee, Clement, 98 Augusta, U.s.S., 100, 103, 106, 110, I 1 1, I 14, 141 Austria, 194 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 187 Baghdad Pact, 260 Bailey, Thomas A., xiv, 80 Baillie, Hugh, 24 Baldwin, Hansoo W., 4, 164 Balkans: proposed invasion through, 8, 164, 174-75, 178-79, 188, 21 5, 217, 218; mentioned, 4, 194, 2:51. See also Churchill, Sir Winston; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Second Front Baltic States: Russian annexation of, 7, 15, 16, 125, 170, 171, 210, 215, 220-21, 259; mentioned, 29, 158,248 Barnes, Harry Elmer, 89 Beard, Charles A., xiv, 18, 47 Beardall, Captain John R., 97, 105 Beaverbrook, Lord (1vIinister of Supply), 105, IIO, 117 Beck, General Ludwig, 169 Belgium, 91 Benes, Bohus, 209. Benes, President Eduard, 209, 261 Bentley, Elizabeth, 230 Beria, Commissar L. P., 246 Berlin, 27, 187, 261-62 ROOSEVELT'S ROAD TO RUSSIA Bessarabia, 248 Bill of Rights, 45, 149-50 Blum, Rene, 91 Boettiger, Anna, 245 Bohlen, Charles E. (transcripts), 244 Borkenau, Franz, 20, 21, 143, ISO Bracken, Brendan, 143 Bradley, General Omar N., 261 Breslau, Germany~Poland, 255, 256 Bretton Woods Conference, 238 Brooke, Field Marshal Viscount Alan, 17~ 20~ 20~ 24~ 252 Browder, Earl, 18, 211,212 Bulgaria, 7, 16, 259 Bullitt, William C.: on Yalta agree ments, 2, 266; on war policies, 9-10, 64; mentioned, 161, 273 Bund, The German~American, 89 Bundy, Colonel Charles W., 105 Burma, 16,74,200, 204-7 Burns, General James H., 100, 105 Byrnes, James F.: and Hopkins, 3, 250; and Yalta Conference, 5, 243, 244, 24S>-50,25I, 256; onRoosevelt, 18; on the OWl, 27; mentioned, 196, 197, 266 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 105, 107, III, 113,13°, 133, 140 Cairo Conference, xii, 8, 21, 184, 186, 196, 197, 202-6, 207, 216, 266 Canada, 119 Canadian Forum, 120 Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm, 169 Carter, John Franklin, 247 Ca~ablanca Conference: 175....83 passim; participants, 177; mentioned, xii, 4, ~ 32-3~ 16~ 165, 18~ 18~ 200 Catholic W orJd, 154 Chamberlain, Neville, 167 Chamberlin, William Henry, 44, 273 Chambers, Whittaker, 230, 250 Chase, Stuart, 89 Chennault, General Claire 1., 206-7 Cherwell, Lord (friend of Churchill), 105 Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo: at Cairo Conference, 21, 196, 197, 198, 202, 204-6; .his problems in China, 198-203, 205, 207; on Communism, Chiang Kai-shek (continued) 200; mentioned, 216, 270, 272. See also China Chiang Kai-shek, Madam, 198 Chichester, Bishop of, 169 China: Yalta agreements on, 2, 5-6, 264-66, 270-72; Communization of, 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 21, 74, 198-203, 2°5, 2°7, 251, 264-66, 27°-72; war with Japan, 197-200, 204-5, 206-7; Roosevelt's policy toward, 200-7 ; mentioned, 6, 14, 17, 67, 74, 77, 171, 172 Christian Century, 55, 146 Churchill, Sarah, 245 Churchill, Sir Winston: on alternative Second Front strategies, 4, 8-9, 172 75, 178-79, 188-89, 194, 204, 205, 2°7, 217, 218, 285n15,' and uncondi tional surrender, 4, 180-81, 284; on Russia and Communism, 8-9, 44-45, 122, 125-27, 213, 218, 225; and Katyn investigation, 28-29; postwar disillusionment, 44-45, 126, 225; and Atlantic Charter, 58, 120-23, 129-31, 133, 13~40, 154, 157-58; arid U.S.

entry into war, 81, 106, 110, 116, 168; his Fulton speech, 126; on war and peace, 159; told that Roosevelt could handle Stalin, 161; on bombing of cities, 166-67, 168; agreement on use of atomic bomb, 194-95; opposed Burma campaign,204-'-6; on division of Poland, 222-23, 225; on division of Germany, 224-25, 256; on Te heran agreements, 225; and Morgen thau Plan, 234, 235; opposed publi cation of Yalta papers, 243; on mass expulsions in Germany and Poland, 256; on Russia's capture of Berlin and Prague, 261-62; on Yalta Far East agreements, 271-72; mentioned, 2, 32, 33, 69, 98, 99, 100, 130, 166, 170, 278. See also Great Britain --- at conferences: Atlantic, 57, 101-17 passim; Casablanca, 177-83 passim; Quebec I, 186, 187-89, 194; Cairo, 196, 197, 204-5, 206, 207; Teheran, 209-25 passim,. Quebec II, 234, 235, 237; Yalta, 245, 246-47, INDEX Churchill,Sir Winston(continued) 251-55, 256-58, 261, 262, 270, 271, 275 Ciechanowski, Jan, 28 Clark, Joshua R., 93 Clark, General Mark, 9, 178, '193, 194, 218 Cobb, Irvin S., 93 Communism: Roosevelt's attitudes to ward, 8, 9, 10, 17-22, 126-27, 191 92, 212, 226-27, 247-48, 274, 278; basic objectives and menace of, 8, I I, 15-28 passim, 63, 64, 6;, 87-88, 90, 122, 125-26, 163-64, 189, 190-91, 213, 225; Churchill on, 8, 122, 125 26, 213, 225; influence and espionage in U.S.~ 13, 18, 27, 92, 143-44, 191, 195, 201, 211, 229-30, 234, 2;0 (see also Hiss, Alger) ; Churchill's Fulton speech, 126 --- expansion consequent to World War II: 4, 7, 279-80; in Italy, 20; in Poland, 20-21, 257, 277, 278; in Indochina, 74; in Rumania, 276. See also China, Communization of ;Ger many; Russia Conferences. See Atlantic; Cairo; Casa blanca; Quebec I; Quebec II; Te heran; Y alta ContemporaryReviewt 120, 152 Cooke, Captain Charles M., Jr., 70 Cooper, Alfred Duff, 91 Coughlin, Reverend Charles E. (Father), 89-90 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 17 Cross, Samuel H., 172 Curie, Eve, 91 Currie, Lauchlin, 144, 201 Czechoslovakia, 7, 16, 12 5, 209, 259.

See also Prague Daily Express (London), 120 Daily Worker} 236 Dairen, China, 204, 265, 266, 271 Dallin, Dr; David J., II Danzig, Poland, 91 Das Reich (German newspaper), 279 Davies, John, 201 Davies, Joseph E., 12, 30 Dawes, Charles G., 93 Deane, General John R.: on·Hopkins, xi, 12; on Russia and Communism, 9, 10, 163, 253; mentioned, 241 De Gasperi~ Alcide, 20 De Gaulle, General Charles, 33, 168, 177 De Saussure,·Dr. Raymond, x Dewey, Thomas E., 229, 240 Dill, General Sir John, 105, 107, 110, 174 Dutch East Indies, 16 Earle, Governor George H., 247 Early, Stephen T., 97, 99 Eden, Sir Anthony, 29, 170, 175, 258, 27 1 Ehrenburg, lIya, 23 Eisenhower, General Dwight D.: on Soviet tyranny, 43-44; on Second Front debate, 174; as Supreme Com mander, 207-8; his role in Russian capture of Berlin and Prague, 261 62; mentioned, 169, 178, 187, 209, 238 England. See Great Britain Estonia. See Baltic States Fala, 188 Farley, James A., 5, 41 Farouk, King (of Egypt), 275 Farrar, Geraldine, 93 Federal Bureau .of Investigation (F.B.I.), 18, 22-25, 195, 201, 230, 250 Finland, 7, IS, 16, 29, 63, 158, 170 Fletcher, Henry P., 93 Flynn, John T., 30 Foote, Wilder, 2 S0 Forrestal, James, 248 France, 74, 88, 90, 91. See also De Gaulle, General Charles ; Second Front Freeman, Sir Wilfrid, 105,107, 110 Freud, Sigmund, 135 Fuchs, Klaus, 195 Fuller, Major General J. F. C., 181 Gallup Institute, 89 Geneva Convention, 260 Germany: division of, 7, 220, 223-25, 255-56; as bulwark against Commu...

ROOSEVELT'S ROAD TO RUSSIA Germany (continued) nist aggression, II, 16; 164; back. ground of World War II, 14, 88-89, 91 , 131; military reverses of, 15, 63, 166, 187, 197, 228; rejected full al liance with Russia, 24-25, 287; fear of Communism, 63, 64, 65, 279; bombing of, 63, 167-68, 187; moves for peace, 63, 169-70; Roosevelt's provocations to, 68-70, 121; postwar treatment of, 134-35, 215, 219, 223, 224, 238, 239, 250-51, 255-5 6 ; Morgenthau Plan for, 230-39; men tioned, 8, 93, 125, 152, 248, 273. See also Hitler, Adolf; Poland Gibson, Hugh, 79 Giraud, General Henri, .179 Glassford, Vice Admiral William A., 26 Goebbels, Joseph P., 181, 238, 279 Goerdeler, Carl, 169 Gold, Harry, 195 Golikoff, Lieutenant General Filip l., 62-63, 83 Golos, Jacob, 234 Goring, Hermann, 181 Grattan, C. Hartley, 89 Great Britain: reaction to Atlantic Char ter, 58, 113, 119";'20; bombing tactics, 63, 167-68, 187; propaganda in the U.S., 66-67, 83, 9°-91; U.S. secret alliance with, 68; aid to, 69, 107, 110, 116-17, 120, 234, 235; her im perialism, 88-89, 91, 122, 134-35, 139-40, 2°3; reason for World War II entry, 93, 221; Ottawa agreements, 154; agreement on atomic bomb, 194 95; mentioned passim. See also Churchill, Sir Winston Greenberg, Michael, 202 Greenglass, David, 195 Greer, VSS., 70 Grenfell, Captain Russell, 125, 126 Grew, Joseph C., 6, 67, 75-78 Groves, General Leslie R., 242 Groza, Petru, 276 Gunther, John, 179 Guzenko, Igor, 250 Halifax, Lord (British Ambassador), 66-67,7 0,83,84,88 Hankey, Lord (statesman and jurist), 164, 182 Harriman, W. Averell: at Atlantic Con ference, 58; in Russia, 145, 14/79, 152, 263-64; at Teheran Conference, 214, 21S; at Yalta Conference, 245, 263 ; mentioned, 30, 105, 107, 117, 177, 20 3, :q8 Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 167 Hart, Captain B. H. Liddell, 83, 167 Hertzberg, Sidney, 89 Hiranuma, Baron, 75 Hirohito, Emperor, 82, 182, 268 Hiroshima, Japan, 182, 265 Hiss, Alger: at Yalta, 250-51, 254, 259, 27 1 ; mentioned xii, 5, II, 144, 260 Hitler, Adolf: prewar attitudes toward, 14, 88, 89, 90, 91; movements to overthrow, 16~70; mentioned, 15, 29, 94, 123-24, 131, 146, 167, 181.

See also Germany Holland, 91 Hollywood. See Propaganda, movies as Hong Kong, 74, 203, 271 Hoover, Herbert: on Russia, 49, 92; mentioned, 26,50,79, 93,94 Hoover, J. Edgar, IS, 22-23. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation Hopkins, Harry L.: his character, xi, 32-33, 38-42 ; and Byrnes, 3, 250; his influence and power, 9, 33, 41 , 42, 111-12, 192; his Russophilism, 11-12, 25, 33, 63-64, 143, 214, 247, 248; with Stalin in Moscow, 25, 63 64; as Presidential assistant, 32-42 passim; his career, 38-39; his Presi dential ambitions, 39-41; and Hull, 78, 184, 185; on Second Front, 165, 171, 173-74, 178, 188; "Russia's Position" (secret document), ·189 94; mentioned, xii, 8; 13, 30, 130, 133, 139, 140, 145, 164, 172, 203, 207, 211, 241, 275 --- at conferences: Atlantic, 58,98 114 passim; Casablanca, 165, 176-83 passim; Quebec I, 188, 189, 193-94; Cairo, 196; Teheran, 214, 215, 2i7, 219; Yalta, 243, 244, 2so, 251, 269 Hornbeck Memorandum, 115-16 Howe, Quincy, 89 Hull, Cordell: given minor role as Sec· INDEX Hullt Cordell (continued) retary of Statet 3, 103-4, 184-86, 195; his resignation, 3, 185; as pos sible nominee for President, 41; and Roosevelt-Konoye meeting, 76-78 ; meeting with Nomura, So; wary of Russia, 184-85; disclaims Yalta agreements, 185-86; at Quebec Con ference I, 188-89; ignorance of atom ic bomb, 195; against Morge:ntbau Plan, 228, 231-36 passim" men tioned, 5, 74, 75, 82, 99, 140, 181, 196, 203 Hungary, 7, 16, 259 Hurley, General Patrick ]., 5, 203 HUSKY, Operation, 178 Hutchins, Robert M., 93 Huxley, Thomas H., 80 Ibn-Saud, King (of Saudi Arabia), 275 Iceland, 6~70, 74, 86 Ickes, Harold, xi, 17 India, 16 Indochina, 16, 74 Inge, Dean (of St. Paul's Cathedral), 153 Inonii, President Ismet, 207 Iran, 16 Iraq, 16 "Isolationists;' 79 Italy, 14, 20, 187 Japan: Russia brought into war with, 5, 6, 203, 206, 215, 243, 249, 263-74; 8.$ bulwark against Communist expan sion, II, 16, 164; war with, as sepa rate conflict, 14-15, 171-72; Rus sia's interest in U.S.-Japanese con flict, 16, 17n, 264; imminence of de feat before Yalta, 16, 165-66, 182, 187, 234, 242, 267-69; U.S. provoca tions of war with, 50, 67, 68, 70, 71 82, 115-16; in Indochina, 74; Roose velt's policy toward, 74, 77; efforts to avoid war, 75-79, 8o; economic needs, 75, 135, 154; treaty with Rus sia, 125, 199, 253; war with China, 198-200, 204-5, 206-7; mentioned, 8,84 Johnson,Hiram, 92 Johnson, GeneralHugh, 32, 39, 89 Jones, Jesse, 18, 80, 196 Kase, Tochikazu, 268-69 Kato, Masuo, 99 Katyn massacre, 20-21, 28-29, 221, 247-48 Kelland, Clarence Buddington, 93 King,Admiral Ernest J., 88, 105, 107, 17'7, I78, 207, 244, 269 Kluge, Field Marshal Giinther von, 169 Knowland, Senator William F., 211 Knox, Frank (Secretary of the Navy), 70, 82, 97, 100 Koestler,Arthur, 19, 51 Koiso, Kuniaki, 268 Konigsberg, 44, 255, 256 Konoye, Prince, 67, 75-79 Korea, 6, 7, 74, 171 Korzybski, Alfred H., 128 Kurile Islands, 7, 265,266, 273 Kuter, General Lawrence S., 269 L'Action Catbolique, 186 Landon, Alfred M., 93 Lane, Arthur Bliss, 2 Lasker, Albert, 86 Lattimore, Owen, 27, 201 Latvia. See Baltic States l.eague of Nations, 29, 48,63, 158 Leahy, Admiral William D.: apprehensive of Russia, 9, 276; at Quebec Conference II, 234; at Yalta Confer ence, 243, 254, 258, 269; mentioned, 181, 20~ 20~ 24~ 245, 271 Lend-Lease, 4, 69, 93, 107. See also Great Britain, aid to; Russia, aid to Lenin, V. I., 16, 20, 22, 23 Liddell Hart, Captain B. H. See Hart, Captain B. H. Liddell Lindbergh, Charles A., 92, 94 Lithuania. See Baltic States Lloyd, Lord (statesman and author), 87 Lloyd, Selwyn, 262 Lochner,Louis P., 181 London Daily Sketch, '119 London Times, 120 Los AngelesEveningHerald& ll.xpress, 56 Lothian, Lord (British Ambassador), 83 ROOSEVELT'S ROAD TO RUSSIA Louisville Courier-Journal, 55 Lowden, Governor Frank 0., 93 Lublin Committee, I, 21, 257, 276 Lukacs, Professor John A., 273, 278 Lyttelton, Captain Oliver, 81 MacArthur, General Douglas, 87, 166, 193, 242, 269. See also Japan

McIntire, Admiral Ross T., 39,97 Mackenzie, Henry, 124 MacKinder, Halford J., 217 MacNider, Hanford, 93 Malaya, 16, 71, 74 Manchuria: Yalta agreements concern ing, 264-67, 272-73; mentioned, 6, 7, 171, 185, 200 Manners, Lady Diana, 91 Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von, .169 Mao Tse-tung, 207 Markoff, General Alexei, 15 Marrakech, Morocco, 182, 250 Marshall, General George C.: at Atlantic Conference, 100, 105, 107, 110; on Second Front strategy, 173, 174-75, 178, 188, 217-18; attitudes on Russia, 174-75, 191, 193, 208, 217; at Casablanca Conference, 177, 178; opinions on, 191,207-8, 217; his China policy, 200; at Teheran Conference, 217; on Yalta Far East agreements, 267-68; comment to An ders, 278, 279; mentioned, 82, 170, 171 ,19 1 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 75, 199 Matthews, H. Freeman, 250 Middle East, 15, 25 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 28, 210, 221, 222 Mikoyan, Anastas 1., 16 Molotov, Vyacheslav M.: and German alliance, 25-26, 132, 286-87n9; sub scribes to Atlantic Charter, 132; in fiuenceon U.S. 'strategy, 172-73; at Teheran Conference, 212, 213, 220; at Yalta Conference, 246, 251, 252; mentioned, 16, 170, 171, 199, 263 Molotov-Matsuoka Treaty, 199 Mongolia (Outer), 6, 7, 265 ,Morgenthau, Henry, 144, 229, 230, 231 , 235,23 8, 239 Morgenthau Plan, 4, 229-39 passim Morley, Felix M., 79, 93 Morocco, Sultan of, 179 Morton, H. V., 57-58, 101, 108, 114, 116 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 177 Mussolini, Benito, 14, 88, 90, 91, 187 Nagasaki, Japan, 182 NATO Alliance, 260 Navy, U.S.: report on effects of oil em bargo, 71-72; in Iceland, 86; and policy toward Russia, 192~3, 248, 268-69, 276; intelligence on Japa nese situation at time of Yalta, 268 69; mentioned, 9, 70, 121, 245. See also Germany; Japan Nazis. See Germany New Republic, 55, 185 Newsweek, 98, ISS New York Daily News, 23 New York Herald Tribune, 91 , 99 New York Times, xiv, 23, 64, 98, 179 Nimitz, Admiral Chester W., 242, 269 Nogues, General (French Governor of MOI:occo), 32 Nomura, Ambassador Kichisaburo, 80 Normandy invasion, 4.- See also OVER LORD; ROUNDUP; SLE.DGE HAMMER OCTAGON Conference. See Quebec Conference II Office of War Information (OWl) .

See Propaganda Oster, General Hans, 169 Ottawa agreements, 154 Oumansky, Ambassador Constantin A., 62, 147, 148 OVERLORD, Operation (Channel in vasion), 197, 207, 215, 217, 228 Patton, General George S., Jr." 9, 209, 261 Paulus, Field Marshal von, 166 Pearl Harbor attack, xiv, 50, 68, 72, 80-83, 116. See also Japan; Roose velt, Franklin D. Pearson, Drew, 84, 185 Perkins, Frances, 41, 81, 266 Perlo, Victor, 144 INDEX Philippine Islands, 71 Pinkley, Virgil, 24, 286n8 Poland: partition of, I, 2, 210, 215, 220-23, 225, 256-58, 276, 278, 284n3,oLublin Committee, 1,21,257, 276; Russian aggression against, 7, 15, 16, 20-21, 125, 170, 171 (see also Katyn massacre); government in~exi1e,21, 28, 221, 257; as primary cause of World War II, 93, 22I ~ Te heran agreements on, 220-23, 225; Yalta agreements on, 255-59; men tioned, 29, 63, 132, 158, 248, 251 , 273 Portal, Air Marshal Sir Charles, 110, 177 Port Arthur, China, 265, 266, 271 Potomac (Presidential yacht), 96, 97, 9~ 9~ IO~ 10~ lI~ lI~ 196 Pound, Sir Alfred, 105, 107 Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley, 177 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 27, 261-62 Pravda, 20 Pressman, Lee, 144 Prince of Wales, H.MS., 57, 101, 102, 103, 106; 108,' 109, 116, 123 Propaganda: pro-Russian, 10, II, 12, 13, 22, 23, 26, 29-30, 48-49, 142 43, 145-49, 152, 192-93, 276-77; the OWl, 27; pro-war, 46-47, 49, 65-66, 71 -72, 73, 83,85-87, 88, 90 91, 94, TIO; Atlantic Charter as, 51, 55-61,112-13,117-21,,123-24, 128 30; Atlantic Conference as, 57-58, 108, 118-19; movies as, 66, 90-91, 290n5; Hitler on, 123-24; postwar Russian, 172, 192, 224; on need of Russian help against Japan, 267; mentioned, xii, xiii, xvi, 191. See also Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Puleston, Captain W. D., 192-93 Quebec Conference I, xii, 8, 186, 187, 188-89,194,220,247 Quebec Conference II, xii, 4, 8, 196, 224, 227-40 Quincy, ass., 241, 244, 245 Rauch, Basil, 78 Respin, General Alexander, 62-63, 83 Reynolds, Senator Robert R., 100 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 24-25, 132 Robey, Ralph, ISS Rogerson, Sidney, 83 R6heim, Geza, x Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 168-69 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 12-13, 59, 201, 245,248,277 Roosevelt, Elliott: on Russia's role in war, 6o; on fate of Atlantic Charter, 60-6r ~ at Atlantic Conference,100 I, 106-7, III, 129-30; at Casa blanca Conference, 165, 177, 178; at Cairo Conference, 202; at Teheran Conference, 216, 219; on father's sympathies, 247; mentioned, 13~40, 141 Roosevelt, Franklin D.: his character and personality, x-xi, 17, 18, 19, 30';" 31, 40-41, 100-I, 104, 161-62, 165, 179, 184, 188, 197, 202, 216, 219, 226, 235, 237, 244, 256, 274, 275; personal handling of foreign affairs, xii-xiii, 1-3, 4, 5, 132, 161, 179, 184, 185-86, 276, 283-84; third term nomination and campaign, xiv, 35-37, 40-41, 48-49; secret desire for war, xiv, 35-37, 45, 47, 67-70, 80,81-83, 106-7, 119, 121; his secret agreements, 3, 5, 194-95, 209-10, 222, 249, 254, 256, 260-61, 263-72 passim, 275-76; on alternative strate gies for Second Front, 4, 164, 171 75, 177-78, 188-89, 194, 204, 205, 207, 217, 218, 285n15; his health, 5-6, 7, 197, 233, 237, 244, 245, 270, 275; political tactics for fourth term, II, 46, 68, 80, 185, 210, 220-21, 227, 229, 240; and Hopkins, 32-42 passim,. his proclaimed war aims, 45-4 6,49,5 1,14 1-43, t44-45, 149 50, 151; and fate of Atlantic Char ter, 59-61, (see also Atlantic Char ter) ; jeopardizes U.S. moral position, 132, 28o; on Western colonialism, 139-40, 247; misrepresentations of Atlantic Charter, 141-43, 144-45, 151-52; his China policy, 200-2°7; and Browder, 212; and the United Nations, 216, 224, 259-60, 276, 284n2; misrepresentation to Congress on Yalta, 275-76; his death, 278 310 ROOSEVELT'S ROAD TO RUSSIA Roosevelt, Franklin D. (continued) --- at conferences: Atlantic, 58, 96 117 passim, 128-58 passim,' Casa· blanca, 164-·65, 175-83 passim,' Quebec I, 186, I8or-89, 194; Cairo 196, 197, 202, 204-6, 207; Teheran, 209-27 passim; Quebec II, 227-28, 234-36; Yalta, 241-74 passim --- and Germany: his uncondi tional surrender statement, 4, 164-65, 180-81; efforts to provoke war with, 68-70, 121; his proposal to divide, 223; and Morgenthau Plan, 230, )233, 234, 236-3 8 --- and Japan: brings Russia into war with, 5, 6, 203, 206, 215, 243, 249, 263-74; provocations of war with, 50,67,68, 70, 71-82, 115-16; his policy toward, 74, 77; Konoye meeting, 75-79; meeting with Mac Arthur and Nimitz, 242 --.- and Russia: brings. into war with Japan, 5, 6; 203, 206, 2I 5, 243, 249, 263-74; his policy toward, 8, 9, 10 II, 14-31 passim, 48-49, 60, 126-27, 145-47, 149, 161-63, 171, 189-94, 218, 226-27, 241, 247-48, 249, 253, 262, 268-74 passim, 276, 278-80, 284n2; and Katyn massacre, 28-29, 247-48; yields to Stalin on Poland, 222-23, 257-58; attitudes on Communism, see Communism Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 106, 107, III Roosevelt, Theodore, xiii, 86, 265 Rosenberg, Ethel, 195 Rosenberg, JUliUS,I95 Rosenman, Samuel 1., 33, 35,283 ROUNDUP, Operation, 171-78 passim Rowe, David Nelson, 268 Royal Air Force. See Great Britain, bombing tactics Rumania, 7, 15, 16, 12 5, 110, 276 Russia: aid to, 4, 6, 12, 20, 25, 62-64, 93, 143, 162, 163, 193, 214, 253, 263-64, 273; importuned to enter war with Japan,· 5, 6, 203, 206, 215, 243, 249, 263-74; territorial expan sion in Asia, 6, 7, 255-57, 2 64-67, 270-72 (see also China; Japan) ter ritorial expansion in Europe, 7, 15, Russia (continued) 16, 29, 47-48, 125, 158, 170, 209, 215, 218, 258-59, 286-87np (Jee also BalticStates; Finland; Germany; Poland; anti-Westernism, 10, 20, 22,172,192,215,224; aims for con quest, II, 16-17, 22-24, 25, 26-27, 64-65, 87-88, 138, 164-71, 182, 190, 279, 286-87n9; German inva- , sion of, IS, 63, 92, 166, 187, 197, 228; encouragement of U.S. war with

Japan, 16-17; exterminates opposi tion in Poland, 20-21, 28, 221; Ger many refuses military alliance, 24 25, 287; breaks with Polish Govern ment-in-exile, 28, 221; subscribes to Atlantic Charter, 57, 132; treaty with Japan, 125, 199, 253; and religious "freedom," 145-50; U.S. appease ment policy toward, 189-93, (see also Roosevelt, Franklin D., his policy to ward Russia); captures Berlin and Prague, 209, 261-62; violates Yalta agreements, 248, 276, 277-78; forced repatriation to, 26o-6x.See also Te heran and Yalta Conferences; Com... munism; Stalin, Joseph; Molotov, VyacheslavM.; Propaganda "Russia's Position" (secret document), 189-94 Sacred Cow (Presidential plane), 245 Sakhalin Island, 7, 265, 266 Salvemini, Gaetano, xvii Samuel, Viscount (publicist), 120 Sassooo, Sir Victor, 88 Saturday Evening Post, xv, 15, 138, 145 Scattergood, JosephH., 93 Schacht, Hjalmar, 154 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., xiv SEATO Alliance, 260 Second Front: criticism of, 4, 8-9, 218; debate on strategy of, 171-75, 118 79, 188-89, 194, 204, 205, 2 07, 21 5, 217, 218, 285n15; mentioned, 164, 165. See also ANVIL; OVERLORD; ROUNDUP Selassie, Emperor Haile, 275 Sell, Kurt, 99 Service, John Stewart, 201 Sherwood, Robert E.: on Roosevelt's INDEX 311 Sherwood, Robert E. (continued) character, 30-31; as ghost writer, 33, 34, 35, 36; as Hopkins' biographer, 33-42 passim; finds later events "in explicable;' 37; on diverse Allied aims, 205; on Yalta Far East agree ments, 270; mentioned passim Sikorski, General Wladyslaw, 28 Silvermaster, Nathan Gregory, 201, 230, 234SLEDGEHAMMER, Operation, 171, 172 Smith, General Walter Bedell, 175 Soviet Union. See Russia Spaight, J. M., 167 Spykman, Nicholas J., II Stalin, Joseph: and Hopkins, 25, 63 64,214; at Teheran Conference, 212 27 pauim,. his physical a~ppearance, 214, 252; on Second Front strategy, 215, 217, 218; at Yalta Conference, 246, 251'-74 passim; mentioned, 2, I~ 2~ 2~ 3~ 32, I4~ 161-6~~8~ 196, 204, 209, 211. See also Russia Standley, Ambassador William H., 263 Stafk, Admiral Harold R.: on conse quences of embargo, 71, 72; at At lantic Conference, 100, 105, 1°7, 118; mentioned, 69,70,82, 84 Stauffenberg, Count Klaus von, 169 Stettinius,.Edward R., Jr.: appointed Secretary of State, 3, I I; on Yalta agreements, 5, .27I, 273; predicts Russian friendship, 10; at Yalta Con ference, 243, 244, 246, 249-5 1, 254, 257, 258; mentioned, II, 25, 194, 267 Stilwell, General Joseph, 204 Stimson, Henry L.: on Quebec II agree ments, 228 ; against Morgenthau Plan, 231-37 passim,' mentioned, 4, 5, 68-69, 82, 196, 242 Sulzberger, Cyrus, 23 Swift, Jonathan, 135 Taft, Senator Robert A., 26, '0 'Tarn, Adam, 27 Tedder, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur, 262 Teheran Conference: 209-.27; secrecy surrounding agreements; xii, xiii, Teheran Conference (continued) 208, 210-11; participants, 212, 213; consequences of, 225; mentioned, xii, 8, 136, 184, 186, 194, 196, 204, 205, 241, 243, 263 Thoma, General von, 166 Thomas, .Norman, 12, 89 Tibet, 16 Time (magazine), 277 Togliatti, Pa.lmira,20 Tojo, General Hideki, 67, 77, 88, 268 TORCH, Operation (North Africa), 169, 174, 179 Toyoda, Admiral Teijiro, 75 Treaty of Versailles, 88, 131 , 255 Trmnan, Harry S., 5, 19, 211, 239 Turkey, 16, 175,178, 179, 2°7, 251 Turner, Admiral Richmond K., 71, 105 Tuscalo()sa,VSS., 103 Twentieth Celltury (magazine), 114, 152, 155, 157 Ukraine, 15 Unconditional surrender: Roosevelt's statement, 4, 164-65, 180-81; conse quencesof, 4, 164,171,181-82,225; Churchill on, 180, 284n6; mentioned, 8, 187 United Nations, The, 9, 216, 224, 259, 260, 274, 28402 U.S.S.R. See Russia Veale, F. J. P., 150, 153 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 89 Villeneuve, Cardinal, 186 Vincent, John Carter, 201 Vishinsky, Andrei Y., 16, 246, 276 Voroshilov, Marshal K. E., 16,212,217 Wallace, Henry A., 73, 245 Warsaw Pact, 260 Watson, General Edwin M., 97, 105 Wedemeyer, General Albert C.: on Roosevelt's attitude toward Comun nism, 19; on German peace oppor· tunities, 170; on Marshall, 191; men

tioned, 9, 207 Weintraub, David, 144 WelIes, Sumner: on Atlantic Charter, 56, 103-4, 117, 132, 138-39; at At lantic Conference, 58, 100, 105, 107, 312 ROOSEVELT'S ROAD TO'RUSSIA Welles, Sumner (continued) III, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118; on Ottawa agreements, 154; mentioned, 60, 129, 130, 133, 140, 157 Wheeler, Senator Burton K., 69 White, Harry Dexter, 144, 201, 229-31, 232, 234, 235, 238-39 Wiegand, Karl von, 26, 27 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 93 Willkie, Wendell, 50-51,86-87 Wilmot, Chester, 130, 141, 217, 225, 247, 274, 277 Wilson, Woodrow, xiii, 3,31, 131, 135, 197, 244, 263 Winant, John G., 175 Witt, Nathan, 144, 201 Woodring, Harry H., 51 WorId War I, 88-89. See also Wilson, Woodrow W orId War II: analyzed as three wars, 14-17, 21, 25, 29, 30, 163, 205-6; background of, 14, 75, 88-89, 91, 93, 131, 135, 154, 221; U.S. attitudes on, 44, 88-93 passim,. provocations for U.S. involvement, 50, 67-83 passim, 93, 115-16, 121; economic aspects of victory, 134-35; mentioned, ix, 44-45, 68, 70-7 1, 137. See also World War II (continued) Churchill, Sir Winston; Conferences; Germany; Great Britain; Japan; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Russia; Sec ond Front Yalta Conference: 241-74 passim,. se crecy surrounding agreements xii xiii, 5, 243, 249, 251, 256, 261: 266: 277; Far East agreements 2 5 6 263-74; criticism of agre~m~nts' 2' 5-8, 243, 249, 266, 268-7 0, 272:"74: 276, 278-80, 28402; and capture of Berlin and Prague, 209, 261-62; agreements violated by Russia, 248, 276, 277-78; slave labor authorized, 249, 256; agreements on postwar Germany, 255-56; agreements on postwar Poland, 255-59, 276, 278, 284n2; forced repatriation of Rus sians, 260-61; mentioned, 27, 74, 77, 125, 126, 136, 185, 194, 196, 204, 211, 222, 239 Yen Bay, Indochina, 74 York, Sergeant Alvin, 65-66 Zacharias, Admiral Ellis M., 9, 267