Notes

Notes I j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j NOTES INTRODUCTION I. Thomas A. Bailey, The Man in the Street (Macmillan, 1948). CHAPTER I I. This is the way the speech was verbally delivered before the Congress and heard over the radio. However, there is reason to be lieve that President Roosevelt ad-libbed the pronoun "me" and per haps also the "I." See Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune, March II, .1945. Robert E. Sherwood says, "He was extremely casual in this speech, ad-libbing a great deal of it." (Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History [Harper, 1948], 874) Some newspapers, in printing the speech on March 2, 1945, the day after it was delivered, did not contain the "by Russia, by Britain and by me" phrase in any form whatever, probably because they were using the prepared text which had been issued to the press and which did not contain the President's extemporaneous remarks. An example is the San Francisco Chronicle of March 2, 1945. However, the text of the speech as printed in the New York Times of that date, as recorded and transcribed by the New York Times, includes the words "by Rus sia, by Britain and by me" and also the "as far as I wanted" phrase.

The words "and by me" were evidently too much for Samuel Rosenman when he came to editing the 1945 volume of The Public Papers and Addresses ot Franklin D. Roosevelt (hereafter referred to as Public Papers), so he changed the "by me" to "by the United States." This version is faithful neither to the orginal text nor to the speech as actually delivered. Roosevelt very likely shied away from calling the Polish settlement an agreement by the United States, for that might have caused some eyebrow-raising on the part of the Sena tors whom he was addressing. Actually, the "and by me" was the more ludicrous. Perhaps that is why editor Rosenman discarded it ex 283 284 NOTES FOR PAGES 2 TO 4 post facto and adopted the words "and by the United States U as the lesser of two embarrassing alternatives. It will be recalled that Rosen man was for years one of Rooseveles favorite ghost writers and was a trained expert at shuffling words and. phrases in a politic·manner.

2. He did say in his speech to Congress that the Charter of the United Nations would have to be approved by the Senate, making particular mention of the fact that he was "aware of" the Constitution of the United States. He was at that point talking about what had been done at Yalta concerning the about-to-be-born United Nations Organization. According to some newspaper accounts, as, for exam ple, in the San FranciscoChronicleof March 2, 1945,the text included the following words: "as will some of the other arrangements made at Yalta." Such accounts were probably based on a prepared text, but Roosevelt did not utter those words in delivering the speech. Accord ingly,. they are not found in the "recorded and transcribed" text printed the following day in the New York Times (March 2, 1945). Nor are they in the version published in Public Papers. The para graph referred to is somewhat casual in style, as though Roosevelt, in reading it, may have revised it on the spot by eliminating a vague reference to the necessity of Senate ratification of "some of the other arrangements made at Yalta." It is obvious that he did not intend to throw those "arrangements" open to questioning by the Senate; they were a fait accompliin his mind, and agreement "by lne" ended the matter.

Furthermore, although he said the limits of the western boundary of Poland would be fixed in the final "peace·conference," there was nothing tentative, about the eastern boundary or about East Prussia, Danzig, and the other areas affected. Said the President: "I think Danzig would be a lot better if it were Polish." So it had been made Polish. The people of Danzig, 95 per cent of whom were German speaking, were not to be asked if they agreed with the sage of Hyde Park that they would be better off if their city were Polish. (Public Papers [1945],582.) 3. Arthur BlissLane, I Saw PolandBetrayed.(Babbs-Merrill, 1948)4. William C. Bullitt, "A Report to the American People on China," Life (October 3, 1947). 5. Sherwood, Opt cit.,8356. Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Houghton MifHin, 1950), 686: "It was with some feelfug of surprise that I heard the President say at the press conference on January 24 that we would enforce 'unconditional surrender' upon all our enemies."

NOTES FOR PAGES 4 TO II 7. Hanson W. Baldwin, Great Mistakes of the War (Harper, 1950). 8.. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in War and Peace (Harper, 1947),580, 581. 9. See the discussion of this question from the military and political points of view in Baldwin, Ope cit. See also Note 15, post. 10. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference (Doubled~Y~I949)~ and "WhatF.D.R.and Stalin Really Did at Yalta," Look (June 21, 1949)' II. James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (Harper, 1947),42,43. 12. Press statement, August 7, 1949.See also Don Lohbeck, Patrick T. Hurley (Regnery, 1956). 13. Sherwood, Ope cit., 867. 14. Joseph C. Grew, The Turbulent Era (Houghton Mifflin, 1955). IS. Baldwin, Ope cit. This highly respected military analyst explains why the invasion of Normandy was, in his view, one of the blunders by which the United States lost the peace. The United States,he says, had no peace aims, and American policy was based on false premises and psychological delusions. Prime Minister Churchill was concerned over the postwar political repercussions which might ensue from cur rent military decisions, only to be overruled repeatedly by President Roosevelt.

This difference in approach between Roosevelt and Churchill is reflected throughout the latter's war memoirs. Elliott Roosevelt, in his book As He Saw It (Duell, Sloane & Pearce, 1946),tells of the sharp cleavage between the thinking of the two men with regard to Russia. Frequently quoting from private conversations with his father, he records that Churchill fought an unceasing battle to avoid a cross Channel invasion into Europe and constantly struggled to force a change in Allied strategy in order to prevent a situation which would find the Red Army dominating .the Balkans as well as eastern Ger~ many. (pp. 184, 185, 231, 253). Franklin D. Roosevelt adamantly op posed any strategy which was objectionable to Stalin, whom he "liked," Elliott writes (p. 176), and whom he referred to as "Uncle Joe." 16. WilliamC. Bullitt,"TheStrengthof OurNewForeignPolicy," Readers Digest (June, 1947). 17. John R. Deane, The Strange Alliance (Viking, 1947).

18. For a detailed report of the celebrated Alger Hiss case, see Ralph de Toledano and Victor Lasky, Seeds of Treason (Funk & Wagnalls, 1950).

NOTES FOR PAGES I I TO 25 19. David J. Dallin, SovietRussia'sForeignPolicy(Yale University Press, 1943)' 20. Nicholas -J. Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics (Harcourt, Brace, 1942). 21. Deane, Ope cit., 90. 22. Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (Simon & Schuster, 1941). CHAPTER II I. James F. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime (Harper, 1958), 281. 2. Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (Holt, 1958), 340. 3. Franz Borkenau,European Communism (Harper, 1953),72. 4· Ibid., 493-94· 5. See Chapter XII. 6. In addition to Borkenau, see Stephen King-Hall, The C01nmu nist Conspiracy (Constable [London], 1953), and J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit (Holt, 1958). 7. Don Whitehead, The FBI Story (Random House, 1956), 267 See also Hoover, Ope cit. 8. Year-End News Report, United Press Associations, January 6, 1941 (Hoover Institute-and Library, Stanford University). So strict was the censorship that Henry Shapiro, the D.P. reporter, had a sec tion of the Russian Constitution stricken from one of his dispatches.

Censorship was also childishly arbitrary. Virgil Pinkley had a per sonality sketch of Stalin so ridiculously mutilated that he withdrew it. In it he had said that Stalin's hair was worn in pompadour style. When he asked why this harmless detail was removed, K. Palgunov, the chief of the Soviet press bureau, replied, "Mr. Pinkley, it is not permitted to compare Comrade Stalin with Madame Pompadour.n 9. See dispatch of L.S.B. Shapiro, New York Times, March 19, 1946. Mr. Shapiro reported: The key to Russia's expansion program in Europe and the Near -East has fallen into the hands of the State Department in Wash ington. Captured German documents detailing the final conversa tions between Russian Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim Ribbentrop in the spring of 1941 have been collated and compared with the reports of American envoysand military attaches in European capitals at that time, with the result that Washington now possessesexact pictures of the aims NOTES FOIl PAGES 25 TO 28 and desires that lie behind the current Soviet troop movements and diplomatic pressures.

A fe\v weeks before Germany attacked Russia in June,194I, Mr. Molotov travelled to Berlin.... The transcript of these last conver sations ... became, in 1945, the chief objective of intelligence teams of every victorious nation scouring the ruins of the Third Reich. This correspondent has learned, on reliable authority, that the prized transcriptwas in a batch of captured German'documents that were dispatched to Washington during the winter. From sources in an indisputable position to know the facts, I have learned that the salient points of the transcript are as follows: .. . The Soviet emissary arrived with authorization from the Kremlin to offer to Germany full military alliance in return for cer tain territorial concessions after victory, which were perm.anent possession of all Polish territory then occupied by Soviet forces; incorporation of Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, and the Karelian Isth mus, Bessarabia and. Bukovina into the Soviet Union; complete control of the Dardanelles, a free hand in Iraq and Iran, and enough of Saudi Arabia to give the Soviets control of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Aden guarding the approaches to the Red Sea.

. . . After numerous conferences with Hitler, Ribbentrop arrived at certain private conclusions. The first was that Russia's territorial demands were too great for acceptance. Secondly, Ribbentrop felt that even if these were suitable, he could not accept Russia's friendly assurances at face value and that Germany would still require a huge force on her eastern frontiers to watch Russia's every move. These decisions were put to Mr. Molotov in an extremely stormy final session and the conference broke up shortly thereafter. In the light of current Russian moves, this transcript has now assumed importance. After a delay of three years, the State Department finally acknowl .. edged. its possession of this telltale transcript. See Nazi-Soviet Rela tions, 1939-1941.(Department of State, 1948). 10. Harry Hopkins, "The Inside Story of My Meeting with Stalin," American magazine (December,1941).

II. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 320. 12. Russian guilt was firmly established. See Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory, (Doubleday, 1947); Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, The Rape of Poland (McGraw-Hill, 1948); Stanislaw Mackiewicz, The Katyn Wood Murders (Hollis & Carter [London], 1951), with Foreword by Arthur Bliss Lane; Report of the House Committee to 288 NOTES FOR PAGES 28 TO 45 Investigate the Katyn Massacre (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952); F. J. P. Veale, Advance to Barbarism (Nelson, 1953). 13. Stalin's Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt and Truman, 1941-1945(Lawrence & Wishart [London], 1958). 14. First described in an obviously White House-inspired article, "Roosevelt's World Blueprint," by Forrest Davis, in Saturday Eve ning Post (April 10, 1943). IS. Demaree Bess, "What Does Russia Want?" Saturday Evening Post (March 20, 1943); seealso DaHin, Ope cit. 16. John T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (Devin-Adair, 1948).

17. Sherwood, Ope cit., 71. 18. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (Viking,. 1946), 43. CHAPTER III I. Sherwood, Ope cit., 80. 2. Ibid., 690. 3. Ibid., xii. 4. Ibid., 191. S. Ibid., 201. 6. Ibid., xvii. 7. Ibid., xvii. 8. Ibid., 212. 9. Ibid., 26. 10. Ibid., 92. II. Ibid., 94-98. 12. Ibid., 112. 13. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (Macmillan, 1948). 14. Sherwood, Ope cit., 179. I S. Ibid' J 529. CHAPTER IV I. Associated·Press report in the public press, September 4, 1950. 2. William Henry Chamberlin, America's Second Crusade (Reg nery, 1950). 3. Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Houghton Mifflin, 1948), Preface. 4. This is no longer open to question. How Roosevelt planned American involvement in war in Europe and Asia and goaded Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor has been thoroughly documented in the following books: Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the NOTES FQR PAGES 45 TO 64 289 Coming of the War, 1941-(Yale University Press, 1948); Chamberlin, Ope cit.; George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor (Devin-Adair, 1947); Tochikazu Kase, Journey to the Missouri (Yale University Press, 1950 ); FrederickR. Sanborn, Design for War (Devin-Adair, 1951); Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War (Regnery, 1952); Admiral R. A. Theobald, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor (Devin-Adair, 1954); Grew, The Turbulent Era; Admiral H. E. Kimmel, Admiral Kimmers Story (Regnery, 1955); Wedemeyer, Ope cit., Chapter I.

See also the Introduction to this volume. S. Public Papers (1941), 557. 6. Ibid. (1939), 1-12. 7. Charles A. Beard, Giddy Minds -and Foreign Quarrels (Mac tnillan, 1939), 54· 8. Public Papers (1940 ), 93. 9. A good discussion of Article 124 of the Russian Constitution ap peared in the magazine Christian Century on October IS, 1941. This was one of the few publications that n1.ade more than a superficial examination of it for the information of the American public. 10. Vita/Speeches, Vol. VII, 583. II. See Note 4, supra. 12. Quoted in Nation (December 5, 1942). CHAPTER V I. Sumner Welles, Where Are. We Heading? (Harper, 1946), 3. 2. H. V. Morton, Atlantic Meeting (Methuen & Company, Ltd. [London], 1943), vi-vii. 3. Sherwood, Ope cit., 362. 4. Winston Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Houghton Mifflin, 1950 ), 441 • 5. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 44. 6. Ibid., xiv. CHAPTER VI 1. Ray Brock in the Baltimore Sun, July 22, 1941, from Ankara (Copyright 1941 by the New York Times); Preston Groves, Asso ciated Press correspondent in Istanbul, Baltimore Sun, July 28, 1941.

2. Sherwood, op. cit., 342. 3. William C. Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself (Scribner's, 1946), II. 4. Sherwood, op. cit., 327-44.

NOTES FOR PAGES 66 TO 79 5. The Jewish community, powerful in the motion-picture indus try, was understandably incensed by Hitler's anti-Semitism. 6. See Note 4 of Chapter IV, supra. 7. Careful documentation of the pre-Pearl Harbor story, with spe cific references to the transcript of the hearings of the Joint Congres sional Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack (hereafter referred to as Joint Congressional Committee), as well as other documentary evidence, is to be found in the sources cited in Note 4 of Chapter IV. 8. Foreign Relations, Japan 1931-1941 (U.S. Government Printing Office,1943),II, 266, 267. 9. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 373. 10. Pearl Harbor Attack (Hearings of the Joint Congressional Committee), Part 5, 229y1ff. II. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 5, 2121. 12. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 373. 13. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 16, 2175. 14. The testimony of Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz at the Niirn ..

berg Trials in 1946 concerning orders to the German navy sheds light on Hitler's anxiety to avoid conflict with the United States. New York Times, May 9, 1946. IS. See an account in Newsweek (November 10, 1941). 16. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 16, 2210. 17. Ibid., Part 5, 2382-84. 18. See Note 8, supra. 19. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 5, 2379-80. 20. New York Times, August I, 1941. 21. Ibid.,August 2, 1941. 22. Ibid.,August 2, 194I. 23. Newsweek (July 28, 1941).See also Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 14, 1343,and Part 15, 1849. 24. Newsweek (July 21, 1941). 25. Foreign Relations, Japan 1931-1941, II, 645-50' 26. Hull, Ope cit., 1025. 27. For a well-documented discussion of the circumstances pertain.. ing to the proposed Konoye-Roosevelt meeting, see Chapter XII of Sanborn, Ope cit. See also Tansill, Ope cit., and Grew, The Turbulent Era. 28. Hull, Ope cit., 1025. 29. Basil Rauch, Roosevelt: From Munich to Pearl Harbor (Far..

rar, Strauss and Cudahy, 1954). 30. Ibid'l 447.

NOTES FOR PAGES 80 TOgI 31. Jesse Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars (Macmillan, 1951). 32. Bailey,Ope cit. 33. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 12, 17· 34. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 606. 35. Churchill's address of February 15,t942,' in the New York l~imes, February 16, 1942. 36. Associated Press dispatch from London, June 21, 1944. 37. EleanorRoosevelt,This I Ren~embcr (Harper,1949), ~33. 38. Perkins, Ope cit., 379-80. 39. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 6, 2837. 40. The intercepted, decoded messages from Tokyo to the Japanese Ambassador in Washington are given in detail in Pearl Harbor At.. tack, Part 12, 1-316.The advance information Roosevelt and his inner circle had concerning the Japanese attack is documented in the Tan... sill, Sanborn, Morgenstern, Grew, and Kimmel books. (See Note 4 of Chapter IV, supra.) 41. Forrest Davis and Ernest K. Lindley, How War Came (Simon and 8chuster, .1942 ), 4. 42. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part II, 5433.

43. Ibid.,Part 2, 570; see also Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan (Simon and Schuster, 1944),493, 497· 44. John Chamberlain, "The Man Who Pushed Pearl Harbor," Life (April 1, 1946), 94. 45. Sidney Rogerson, Propaganda and the Next War (Geoffrey HIes [London], 1938). 46. For a study of British and German propaganda drives in WorId War II, see Harold Lavine and James Wechsler, War Propaganda and the United States (Yale University Press, 1940). CHAPTER VII I. Time (July 21, 1941). 2. U.S.-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939,a collection of hitherto unpuhlished documents released by the· State Department on May 24, 1952. 3. Radio addressreportedin the daily press,October18, 1951. 4. Lord Lloyd, The British Case (Macmillan, 1940). ,. New York Herald Tribune, February 24, 1940. 6. New York World~Telegram, February 5, 1940. 7. A thorough and objective discussion of propaganda in the early period of the war is to be found in Lavine and Wechsler, Ope cit.

8. New York Herald Tribune, October 23, 1939.

292 NOTES FOR PAGES 91 TO 117 9. Norman Pounds, An Historical and Political Geography of Europe (Harras [London] and Chanticleer [New York], 1947),3°3. 10. Vital Speeches, Vol. VII, 583. II. Time (August 18, 1941). 12. Statement released to the public on August 5, 1941. CHAPTER VIII I. The statements and impressions given to the press and·the pub" lie during the first few days of Mr. Roosevelt's trip, as referred to in this and succeeding paragraphs, are drawn from the daily reports in the New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune and the weeklies Time and Newsweek. 2. Morton, Ope cit., xi. 3. Sherwood, Ope cit., 311• 4. Hull, op. cit., 974. 5. Sherwood, op~ cit., 313. 6. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 427. 7. Hull, Ope cit., 974. 8. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 39. 9. Welles, Ope cit., 6. 10. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 27. II. Sherwood, Ope cit., 353. 12. Elliott Roosevelt, op. cit., 30.

13. Morton, Ope cit., 101. 14. Ibid., 119. IS. H. H. Arnold, Global Mission (Harper, 1949), 253. 16. Ibid., 231. ' 17. Ibid., 253. 18. Ibid., 254. 19. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 33, 41• 20. What transpired at this meeting is gleaned from Welles, Ope cit., II-IS; Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 434-42; Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 39; Sherwood, Ope cit., 356-60; and the record of the Congres sional investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack. 21. Sherwood, Ope cit., 362. 22. See Chapter VI. 23. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 438. 24. Ibid., 441. 25. Churchill's address of February IS, 1942. New York Times, February 16, 1942. 26. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 447.

293NOTES FOR PAGES 117 TO 143 27. Time, August 25, 1941. 28. Sherwood, Ope cit., 362. 29. Welles, Ope cit., 17. 30. Ibid., 17. 31 . Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 444. 32. New York Times, August 25, 1941. 33. London Times, February 28, 1945. 34' Russell Grenfell, Unconditional Hatred (Devin-Adair, I953), 152 • 35. Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Houghton Mifflin, 1953),456. 36• London Times, October II, 1954. CHAPTER IX I. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (Harper, 1952 ), 633. 2. The drafts were disclosed in Welles Ope cit. Churchill's original draft also appears in l'he Grand Alliance. 3. Welles, Ope cit., 16, 17. 4. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 433. 5. Sherwood, Ope cit., 350. 6. See Freud's letter to Albert Einstein, written in Vienna in Sep tember, 1932, in Readings in World Politics (American Foundation for Political Education, 1952), II. 7. See Veale, op.cit., and the Foreword by The Very Reverend William Ralph lnge, Dean of St. Paul's; Freda Utley, The High Cost of Vengeance (Regnery, 1949); Austin J. App, History's Most Ter rifying Peace (Boniface Press, 1946); Montgomery Belgion, Victors' lustice (Regnery, 1949).

8. Welles, Ope cit., 7. 9. Sherwood, Ope cit., 362. 10. See Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., Chapter II. II. Wilmot, Ope cit." 633. 12. Public Papers. 1 3. Sherwood, op. cit., 372. 14. See Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, Re port of the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Laws, to the Judiciary Committee, U.S. Senate, July 30, 1953 (Government Printing Office); documentation of the House Committee on Un-American Activities; James Burnham, The Web of Subversion (John Day, 1954); Whitehead, Ope cit.; Hoover, Ope cit.

294 NOTES FOR PAGES 144 TO 167 IS. Borkenau, Ope cit.~ 279. 16. February 10, 1940. See Public Papers (1940), 93. 17. Christian Century (October IS, 1941). 18. Sherwood, Ope cit., 391-93. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Public Papers (1941),557. 23. Borkenau, Ope cit., 72. 24. See Harry Elmer Barnes (ed.), Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (Caxton 1952). 25. Veale, Ope cit. 26. Welles, Ope cit.~ 8. 27. Ibid.~ 14; Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 437.. 28. Welles, Ope cit., 10. 29. Ibid., 14. CHAPTER X I. William C. Bullitt, "How We Won the War and Lost the Peace," Life (August 30, 1948). 2. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 201. 3. Quoted in ibid., 667. 4. Deane, op. cit., 295. 5. Lord Hankey, Politics: Trials and Errors (Regnery, 1950), 38.. 55·6. Baldwin, Ope cit., 14. 7. This becomes less disputable each year as grim events unfold. In addition to Baldwin, Ope cit., and Hankey, see Major General J. F. C. Fuller, The Second World War (Eyre & Spottiswoode [Lon don], 1948), 258-59, 264-65, 275, 311, 312, 355, 365, 379, 391, and 392; Barnes, Ope cit.; Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There (Whittle sey, 1950),145; Grenfell, Ope cit.; Veale, Ope cit.; Wilmot, Ope cit.; B. S.

Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk (Morrow, 1948); F. O. Miksche, Unconditional Surrender: The Roots of a World War III (Faber & Faber [London], 1952). 8. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 117. 9. Sherwood, Ope cit., 66g. 10. Ibid., 671. II. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 65712. Ibid., 713. 13. Hansard for June 2, 1942.

NOTES POR PAGES 167 TO 182 295 14. B. S. Liddell Hart, The Revolution in Warfare (Faber & Faber [London], 1946),72• IS. J. M. Spaight, Bombing Vindicated (Bles (London], 1944), and Sir Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive (Collins [London], 1947). See also Hart, The Revolution in Warfare, and Grenfell, Ope cit. 16. See his article in The Star (England) of December 12, 1946~ 17. Hart, The German Generals Talk, and The Other Side of the Hill (Cassell [London], 1951); Milton Schulman, Defeat in the West (Seeker & Warburg [London], 1947); Fuller, Ope cit.; Hans Roth fells, The German Opposition to Hitler (Regnery, 1948); Wilmot, Ope c£t.; Grenfell, Ope cit.; F. H. Hinsley, Hitler's Strategy (Cam bridge University Press, 1951); Nurnberg Trial Proceedings. 18. Wedemeyer, Ope ct't.,96. 19. Churchill, The .Hinge of Fate, Chapter XIX. 20. Hopkins' words were recorded and are quoted in Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 318.

21. Quoted in Sherwood, Ope cit., 557. 22. Ibid., 556. 23. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 324. 24. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Doubleday, 1948), 9°· 25. Sherwood, Ope cit., 674. 26. Churchill, The llinge of Fate, 658. 27. Sherwood, Ope cit., 657. 28. Elliott Roosevelt (ed.), F.D.R.: His Personal Letters (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950), III, Part 2, 1400. 29. Ibid., 1394. 30. John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect (Harper, 1950),54. 31. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 686. 32. London Times, November 18, 1949. .33. Sherwood;- Ope cit., 696; quoted in Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 687. 34. Leahy, Ope cit., 145. 35. Hull, Ope cit., 1570-71. 36. Louis P. Lochner (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries, 1941-1943 (Doubleday, 1948), 34, 232 • 37. Allen W. Dulles, Germany' s Underground (Macmillan, 1947),122-23. 38. Fuller, Ope cit., 355. 39. See Notes 7 and 17, supra. 40. Fuller, Ope cit., 258-59. 41. Ibid., 391-92.

NOTES FOR PAGES 184 TO 205 CHAPTER XI I. Hull, Ope cit., 11°9. 2. Ibid., 1110. 3. Ibid., Chapter LXXXV. 4. Ibid., 1169. S. Ibid., 1249. 6. Ibid., 1716. 7. Ibid., 1720. 8. Ibid., 1252. 9· Time (August 30, 1943)· 10. Hull, Ope cit., 1231. II. Sherwood, Ope cit., 748. 12. Wedemeyer, Ope cit., 370, 376. 13. Sherwood, Ope cit., 752. 14. W. D. Puleston, The Influence of Force in Foreign Relations (Van Nostrand, 1955). IS. Whitehead, Ope cit., 355. (Foreword by J. Edgar Hoover) CHAPTER XII 1. Hollington K. Tong, Chiang Kai-shek (China Publishing, 1953), 21 4. 2. Ibid., 323 ft. 3. T. H. White and Annalee Jacoby,Thunder out of China (Sloane, 1946), 199· 4. John T. Flynn, The Lattimore Story (Devin-Adair, 1953), 53; see also the documented account in Lohbeck, Ope cit., Part IV. 5. Sherwood, Ope cit., 284. 6. On Currie and Greenberg, see references to Senate and House committee evidence and reports collected in Burnham, op. cit.

7. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 164. 8. Deane, Ope cit., 226. 9. Leahy, Ope cit., 147. 10. Hull, Ope cit., 1309. II. U.S. Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, Military Situation in the Far East, Part III, 1845. 12. Winston Churchill, Closingthe Ring (Houghton Mifflin, 1951), 328. 13. Sherwood, Ope cit.,776. 14· Ibid., 773.

297NOTES' FOR PAGES 206 TO 226 IS. Leahy, Ope cit., 202. 16. Sherwood, op. cit., 800. 17. Ibid., 802. 18. Ibid., 802. 19. Ibid., 767. 20. General Sir Alan Brooke, The Turn of the Tide (Doubleday, 1957)· 2:[. Ib;J" 430. CHAPTER XIII 1. From the text of address delivered to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on April 17, 1953. 2. Mikolajczyk, Ope cit., 59. 3. See U.S. News & World Report (November 4, 1955),60. 4. Proceedings of Internal Security Subcommittee, released to the press on February 26, 1957. 5. Statement to the press (International News Service), February 26, 1957. 6. Sherwood, Ope cit., 798. 7· Ibid., 776. 8. Ibid.,7779. Ibid·,7 8I• 10. Ibid.,779. II. Ibid., 78312. Wilmot, Ope cit., 140. 13. Elliott Roosevelt, Ope cit., 184. 14. Ibid., 185. IS. General Mark Clark, Calculated Risk (Harper, 195°),358. 16. Ibid., 348-5°' 17. Sherwood, Ope cit., 790. 18. Arnold, Ope clt.~ 469.

19. Sherwood, Ope cit., 796. 20. Mikolajczyk, Ope cit., 59. 2I. Ibid., 47. 22. Sherwood, Ope cit., 797. 23. Mikolajczyk, Ope cit., 96. 24. The discussion on Germany is described in Churchill, Closing the Ring, and Sherwood, Ope cit. 25. Wilmot, Ope cit., 142. 26. Perkins, Ope cit., 70, 71.

NOTES FOR PAGES 230 TO 250 CHAPTER XIV I. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 569. 2. For a resume of the F.B.I. disclosures, see the New York Times of Novelnber 18, 1953. See also Burnham, Ope cit., and Whitehead, Ope cit. 3. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 574. 4. Hull, Ope cit., 1606. 5. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 572. 6. Sherwood, Ope cit., 821. 7. Stimson and Bundy, op. cit., 575. 8. Leahy, Ope cit., 259. 9. Hull, Ope cit., 1617. 10. Ibid., 1618. II. Ibid., 1614. 12. Stimson and Bundy, Ope cit., 580. 13. Ibid., 581. 14. Utley, Ope cit., 64. IS. Eugene Davidson, The Death and Life of Germany (Knopf, 1959)· CHAPTER XV 1. Sherwood, Ope cit., 845. 2. U.S. Senate MacArthur Hearings, 1951 (Transcript, Part 4, 3119). 3. Leahy, Ope cit., 251. 4. Donald M. Dozer's statement to press on the doctoring of State Department records, International News Service dispatch, October 22, 1955; Bryton Barron, Inside the State Department (Devin-Adair, 1957)· 5. Sherwood, Ope cit., 845.

6. Stettinius, Ope cit., 72. 7. Sherwood, op. cit., 849. 8. Statement of Andrew Sawchuk to .International News Service, March 20, 1955. 9. Stettinius, Ope cit., 218. 10. Testimony of Carter and Earle before the House committee investigating the cover-up of the Katyn affair, November 13, 1952. I I. Sherwood, op. cit., 922. 12. Ibid., 835. 13. See de Toledano and Lasky, Ope cit., 108.

NOTES FOR PAGES 250 TO 280 299 14. Testimony of Dr. Edna Fluegel before U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, February 20, 1952. Dr. Fluegel had access to the Hiss notes while in the State Department. 15. Stettinius, Ope cit., 103. 16. See Note 8, supra. 17. Deane, Ope cit.,8418. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 392. 19' Leahy, op. cit., 316. 20. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 458; Eisenhower, Ope cit., 44°·21. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 464, 468, 511. 22. Ibid., 456. 23· Sherwood, Ope cit., 70 S, 733. 24. The Moscow episode is related by General Deane in The Strange Alliance. 25. Yalta Papers (Blakeslee memorandum). 26. Life (August 30 and September 6, 1948). 27. Quoted in the New York Daily News, June 10, 1949. 28. Ellis M. Zacharias, Secret Missions (Putnam, 1946), 334. 29· Ibid., 334, 341. 30. For example, see the G-2 document known as "The Colonels' Report," written by area specialists of Military Intelligence. U.S. Sen..

ate Armed Services Committee Hearings, 1951, Vol. IV, 2916-17. 31. Kase, op. cit. 32 • Leahy, op. cit., 293. 33. Arnold, Opt cit., and Deane, Ope cit. 34. MacArthur's public statement to the press, March 23, 1955. 3S.A passage in the Yalta Papers reveals that Eden had enunciated the British position, at Malta, that it was unnecessary to make concessions to Stalin to induce him to enter the Japanese War. 36. Wilmot, Ope cit.,654. 37. Ibid., 655. 38. Sherwood, Ope cit., 871. 39. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 397, 477. 40. Leahy,op.cit.,323. 41• Wilmot, op. cit.~ 65942. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy; see also Byrnes, Sherwood, Leahy, and Wilmot. 43. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 454. 44. John A. Lukacs, The Great Powers and Eastern Europe (American Book, 1953),655, and sources referred to.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Index INDEX Abt, John J.) 144 Adams, Josephine, 2I 2 Afghanistan, 16 Africa, North: campaign, 168-69, 174, 179 Air Force, U.S. See Chennault, General Claire L. ; Germany; Japan Alanbrooke (diary), 244. See also Brooke, Field Marshal Viscount Alan Allen, Robert S., 84 ANAKIM, Operation, 205, 206. See also Burma Anders, General Wladyslaw, 278, 279 ANVIL, Operation, 194, 219 Argentia. See Atlantic Conference Arkansas, V.s.s., 103 Army, U.S., 9, 69, 74, 189, 191, 192, 193. See also ANAKIM; ANVIL; Eisenhower, General Dwight D. ; Germany; Japan; OVERLORD; ROUNDUP; SLEDGEHAMMER; TORCH Arnold, General H. H. ("Hap"): at Atlantic Conference, 100, 105, 107, 10~IO; at Casablanca Conference, 177, 178; on Teheran Conference, 220; mentioned, 207, 269 Atlanta Constitution, 55 Atlantic Charter: as propaganda, 51, 55 61, 112-13,117-21, 123-24, 128-30; subscribed to. as international pact, 57, 132-33; fate of, 59-61; drafting of, III-IS, 133-58; text, 114-15; release of, 117-19; legal and moral nature of, 117, 130~2; Churchill's reservations 00, 121, 129-31, 135141, lSI-5 2, 154, IS/58; and freedom of speech, thought, religion, 138-39, 142-53; contradictions within, 152 53; violations of, 15~h 158, 185, 210, 2~2, 227, 235, 258-59, 265, 274; mentioned, xli, 8, 28, 30,45,47, 104, 119, 171,220, 274 Atlantic Charter (continued) --- analysis of: First Point, 133-35; Second Point, 135-37; Third Point, 135-:53; Fourth and Fifth Points (economic),60, 153-56; Sixth Point, 1:56; Seventh Point, 156-57; Eighth Point, 157-58 Atlantic Conference; 57-59, 96-117; 129-3 1 , 133-58; participants, 100.