Chapter 3

¹⁴¹ Joseph R. Stromberg, "Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968): Progressive and Revisionist." 7 February 2000. Online at http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/ s020700.html

¹⁴² Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout" in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath, ed. Harry Elmer Barnes (Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1953), p. 7.

¹⁴³ Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace" in Revisionism: A Key to Peace and Other Essays, ed. James J. Martin (San Francisco: Cato Institute, 1980), p. 1.

¹⁴⁴ William Appleman Williams, "Confessions of an Intransigent Revisionist" in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992), p. 338. [emphasis in original]

¹⁴⁵ Warren I. Cohen, The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. vii. [emphasis added]

¹⁴⁶ Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. xiv.

¹⁴⁷ Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace," op.cit., pp. 1-2.

¹⁴⁸ Barnes, A History of Historical Writing, op.cit., p. 355.

¹⁴⁹ Harry Elmer Barnes, History and Social Intelligence (New York: Revisionist Press, 1972 [1926]), p. 271.

¹⁵⁰ Ibid., pp. 294, 293.

¹⁵¹ Peter Novick, op.cit., p. 178.

¹⁵² Ibid., p. 98.

¹⁵³ Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities & Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 13.

¹⁵⁴ Marguerite J. Fisher, "Harry Elmer Barnes: An Overall Preview" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader: The New History in Action, ed. Arthur Goddard (Colorado Springs, CO: Ralph Myles, 1968), pp. 1, 3, 4.

¹⁵⁵ See Harry Elmer Barnes, ed. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, op.cit., p. 2.

¹⁵⁶ Fisher, op.cit., p. 15

¹⁵⁷ William L. Neumann, "Harry Elmer Barnes as World War I Revisionist" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., p. 262.

¹⁵⁸ Cohen, op.cit., p. 2.

¹⁵⁹ Neumann, op.cit., pp. 266, 268-269, 270, 272, 279.

¹⁶⁰ Bacevich, op.cit., pp. 14-15, 11, 16.

¹⁶¹ Ibid., p. 11.

¹⁶² James J. Martin, "History and Social Intelligence" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., pp. 241, 246.

¹⁶³ Cohen, op.cit., p. ix.

¹⁶⁴ Barnes, "Revisionism: A Key to Peace," op.cit., pp. 10, 11.

¹⁶⁵ Fisher, op.cit., pp. 17, 21.

¹⁶⁶ Ibid., p. 21.

¹⁶⁷ Bacevich, op.cit., p. 12.

¹⁶⁸ Henry M. Adams, "World War II Revisionist" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., pp. 295, 303.

¹⁶⁹ Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout," op.cit., p. 58.

¹⁷⁰ Bacevich, op.cit., p. 23.

¹⁷¹ Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maximin, William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 37.

¹⁷² Novick, op.cit., p. 346.

¹⁷³ Bacevich, op.cit., p. 23.

¹⁷⁴ William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Dell, 1972 [1959]), pp. 206, 15.

¹⁷⁵ Robert James Maddox, The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 15.

¹⁷⁶ Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, op.cit., p. 239.

¹⁷⁷ Maddox, op.cit., p. 16.

¹⁷⁸ Bacevich, op.cit., p. 24.

¹⁷⁹ Novick, op.cit., p. 418.

¹⁸⁰ Joseph R. Stromberg, "William Appleman Williams: Premier New Left Revisionist." 16 November 1999. Online at http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s111699.html

¹⁸¹ Henry W. Berger, "Introduction" in A William Appleman Williams Reader, op.cit., p. 28-29.

¹⁸² Bacevich, op.cit., p. 24.

¹⁸³ Maddox, op.cit., p. 13.

¹⁸⁴ See, for example, William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1976), pp. viii-ix. See also David DeLeon, The American As Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 173.

¹⁸⁵ "Introducing Revisionism: An Interview with James J. Martin." Reason January 1976, pp. 14-15.

¹⁸⁶ Ibid., p. 14.

¹⁸⁷ Llewellen H. Rockwell, Jr., "The Wisdom of LeFevre." July 2001. Online at http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=362&sortorder=articledate

¹⁸⁸ Robert LeFevre, A Way to Be Free: The Autobiography of Robert LeFevre, Vol. 2. (Culver City, CA: Pulpless.com, 1999), p. 475.

¹⁸⁹ Buhle and Rice-Maximin, op.cit., p. 117.

¹⁹⁰ Novick, op.cit., p. 420.

¹⁹¹ Ronald Radosh, Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism (New York: Free Life Editions, 1978 [1975]), pp. 11, 25. 40.

¹⁹² Novick, op.cit., pp. 420, 179.

¹⁹³ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, A Basic History of the United States (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1944), pp. 316-319.

¹⁹⁴ Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York: Free Press, 1963), p. 5.

¹⁹⁵ Childs, op.cit., pp. 30-31.

¹⁹⁶ Chris Haines, "Gore's Wars." Salon 14 January 1998. Online at http://www.sakm.com/books/int/1998/01/cov_si_141nt.html

¹⁹⁷ Vidal, The Golden Age, op.cit., pp. 466, 467.

¹⁹⁸ Gore Vidal, "Japanese Intentions in the Second World War" in The Last Empire: Essays, 1992-2000 (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 462.

¹⁹⁹ At least one other author also saw its appropriateness between Barnes and Vidal. This is longtime University of Texas historian Robert A. Divine, whose Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace was published in 2000 by Texas A&M University Press. I am indebted to Jeffrey Rogers Hummel for information about this volume.