Chapter 4

²⁰⁰ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1930), Vol. II, pp. 39-40.

²⁰¹ William Appleman Williams, The Contours of American History (Cleveland, OH: World, 1961), p. 299.

²⁰² William Appleman Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World: 1776-1976 (New York: William Morrow, 1976), pp. 113, 111.

²⁰³ Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War (Chicago, Open Court, 1996), pp. 3, 8.

²⁰⁴ Ibid., pp. 351, 21.

²⁰⁵ Ibid., p. 208.

²⁰⁶ Thomas J. DiLorenzo, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War (New York: Prima, 2002), pp. 131-132.

²⁰⁷ Ibid., pp. 133-134, 140, 147.

²⁰⁸ Ibid., pp. 132, 134.

²⁰⁹ Richard M. Gamble, Review of The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas J. DiLorenzo. The Independent Review Vol. 7, No. 4: Spring 2003, p. 613.

²¹⁰ Novick, op.cit., p. 220.

²¹¹ Gamble, op.cit., pp. 614, 612.

²¹² Novick, op.cit., p. 92.

²¹³ Beard and Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, op.cit., Vol. II, p. 617.

²¹⁴ Novick, op.cit., p. 207.

²¹⁵ Harry Elmer Barnes, The Genesis of the World War (New York: Knopf, 1926), pp. 658-659.

²¹⁶ Harry Elmer Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice: De-Bunking the War-Guilt Myth (Colorado Springs, CO: Ralph Myles, 1972 [1928]), pp. 98, 101, 102, 105.

²¹⁷ Cohen, op.cit., p. 77.

²¹⁸ Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948), p. 593.

²¹⁹ George R. Leighton, "Beard and Foreign Policy" in Charles A. Beard: An Appraisal, ed. Howard K. Beale (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976 [1954]), p. 168.

²²⁰ Barnes, History and Social Intelligence, op.cit., p. 514.

²²¹ Novick, op.cit., p. 215. See also Harry Elmer Barnes, "Revisionism and the Historical Blackout," op.cit., p. 10.

²²² Leighton, op.cit., pp. 166-167.

²²³ Ibid., p. 182.

²²⁴ Ibid., pp. 180, 183.

²²⁵ Harry Elmer Barnes, "Summary and Conclusions" in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, op.cit., pp. 636, 637.

²²⁶ Ibid., pp. 642, 643, 645.

²²⁷ Ibid., pp. 645-646.

²²⁸ Harry Elmer Barnes, "How 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' Trends Threaten American Peace, Freedom, and Prosperity" in Revisionism: A Key to Peace and Other Essays, op.cit., pp. 148-149, 154.

²²⁹ Murray N. Rothbard, "Revisionist of the Cold War" in Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader, op.cit., p. 324.

²³⁰ Ibid., pp. 327, 328.

²³¹ Maddox, op.cit., p. 14.

²³² Ibid., pp. 64-65.

²³³ Gar Alperovitz, Cold War Essays (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1970), pp. 72, 51, 73.