Index

Abel, Richard, goldsmith 54

Abraham 23

Aby, Elyas de, moneyer 107

Ace’, Adam, keeper of the dies 106

Acer, John, assayer 106

Adrian, Henry, keeper of the dies 107

—John 53

Aeacus 6

Aimer, Philip, of Tours, Master-Moneyer xxii

Akaun, William de, keeper of the dies 105

Albert, Master, Master of the Mint (1279) xxxii

Alby, Robert son of Thomas, keeper of the dies 105

Alchemists 6

Alegod, John, keeper of the dies 103

Alion, Hubert, of Asti, Master-Moneyer 58

Alloy, discoloration of gold by 84

— extra in farthings xxxii-iii, 56

— of gold 83, 84

— rules as to 7, 8, 20, 21, 51, 70–6

— table of rates of 74

Almain (‘the Empire’) 50

Almohades, coins of the xxxn

Arderne, Robert de, assayer 103

Ariége (France) 50

Aristotle 1

— Ethics (Nichomachean) 5, 13, 2447

— Metaphysics43

— Politics4, 5, 11, 12, 24–7, 39, 42, 43, 45

— Topics 35

Arras, Merchants of xxiii

Asti (Italy) 58

Augustine, St 34n

Bacheler, Richard le, goldsmith 54

‘Banausic’ crafts 27

Bankers, Italian xi

Bardi, Company of, of Florence xl

Bardi, Francis 96

Barfleur (Normandy) xxii

Barhud, Rocelin, keeper of the dies 104

Barter 4

Bartholomew, John, keeper of the dies 105

Basing, Adam of 53

Bat, Nicholas, Sheriff of London 53

‘Baudekyns’ 69

Bedegate, Jeremy de, moneyer 105

Bella Fago, Thomas de, assayer 102

Bellardi, Merchants of Lucca xxxix

Bernard, Guy, bishop of Langres xivn

Berne, John, keeper of the dies 102

Berte, John, moneyer 106

Bills of Exchange xi, xxxviii

Bimetallic ratio xxix, 14–17, 100n

Bishopstead, William de, clerk 106

Blakedone, Adam de, moneyer 107

‘Blanks’ 52, 76–90

Blaunc, Richard, moneyer 104

Boethius 29

Bohemia, silver of 96n

Bolton, John de, moneyer 105

Bonaventure, Richard, goldsmith 54

Borchert, E. ixn

Boroughs, coinage in xx, xxii

Botetourt, John de xxxvii, 90

Brand, William, moneyer 102

Bret, Alexander le, keeper of the dies 103

Brick-dust 84

Bridrey, Émile ixn, xn, xii, xviii Bristol, Mint at xxvii, xxxiii, xxxix, 59, 62, 63, 107, 108

Bristol, Peter of, goldsmith 54

Bruges xl

—silver of 96n

Bruges, Louis de, Seigneur de La Gruthuyse xv

—Peter de 96

—William de, clerk 107

Brunham, Hugh de, moneyer 105

Brunswick, Jordan of xxviii

Brussels, silver of 50, 96n

Brussels, Reyner of xxv

Bukerel, Stephen 53

‘bullion’ 70, 71, 72, 96n

Bulloc, Richard, assayer 106

Bury St Edmunds, Abbot of 85, 86

— —Mint at xxvi, xxvii, xxxii, 55, 85–7, 108

— —registers of xix, xxxvi

— — —‘Pinchbeck’ 87n, 96n

Cambio, Philip de, Master of the Mint xxxi

Cambitores distinct from Monetariixxii

Cambium used for ‘Mint’ xxii

Camerer, Henry le, keeper of the dies 104

Canon, Simon, keeper of the dies 104

Canterbury, Archbishop of 59

—Mint of xxvii, xxxiii, xxxix, 54, 59, 62, 63, 90, 108

Caperun, Adam, moneyer 105

Carlisle, Mint at xxvii, 105, 108

Carlisle (Karlel), Henry de, moneyer 107

Cassiodorus, Variae5, 6, 9, 16, 17, 19, 26, 29, 42

Castello, Bartholomew de, Warden of the Mint (1266–78) xxxi

— Hamo de 53

Celario, Richard de, keeper of the dies 103

Cementation process xl, 84

Chalvern, William de, keeper of the dies 105

Champencis, Hugh, moneyer 104

Changes in coinage 13–41; of bimetallic ratio 15–17; compound 22–3; of form xxi, 13–14; legitimate 35–7; of material 20–2; of name 17–18; of weight 19–20

Charles V, regent, afterwards king of France x, xii

Chester, bishop of. See Langton

—Mint at xxxiv, xxxix, 65

Chilay, Robert de, moneyer 105

Cicero, De Inventione11

— De Officiis43

— Philippics20

Clement, Peter son of, moneyer 104

Clerk (clericus), Adam, clerk 107

— Alexander le, keeper of the dies 106

— Clement, moneyer 104

— James le, keeper of the dies 107

Climate, influence of 43

Clipping of coin xxi, xxvi-ix, xxxiii, xxxvii, 59, 101

Coinage, assay of gold 84; authority for 9, 35, 65; changes in 13–41; see also Changes; cost of 11, 23, 38; debasement of xi, 1, 24–42; fineness of (limits of) xxvii, 52, 56; ‘form’ or stamp of, 9, 10, 66; gold xxix-xxx, xxxvi, xl-i, 83–5; illicit profit from 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24–8, 39–48; loss on remelting 32, 60, 78, 79; material of 5–6, 66; medieval, in England, historical sketch of xix-xli; Mint—price of metal 11; mintage xxv, xxxiii, 11,38, 51, 54, 61, 68, 88–95; ownership of 10, 11; Seignorage xxv, xxxiii, 11, 38, 41, 51, 54, 61, 68, 95; stamped to guarantee weight and fineness 8, 9, 19, 20, 21; wear of xi, xxvi, 14, 23; weight of (limits of) 52, 56, 57, 76,91. See also Copper, Gold, Silver

Coins, As9; Augustalexxix; Besant xxx; Brabantine xxxviii; Crockard xxxvii-xl, 64; Dinar xxxn; Eagle xxxviii; Farthing xxxii-iii, 56, 61, 87–8; Florin xxix, 89; Groat xxxii-iii, 56, 60, 87–8; Halfpenny xxxii, 87–8; Lion xxxviii; ‘Obol of Musk’ xxx; Penny (denarius) 9, 17, 65, 76, 88; Pollard xxxvii-xl, 62, 64; Postulat100; Pound 9, 17; Sextula9; Shekel 9; Shilling (Solidus) 9, 17

— nicked before issue xxii

Coin-types, reason for change of xxi

Coleman, Walter, keeper of the dies 102

Cologne xl, 50

Community, rights of 11, 35–7, 38, 39, 40

Constantinople xli

Cook (Cocus), Henry, keeper of the dies 102

— —James, moneyer 105

Copper 6, 20, 66, 68, 70, 84

Corn, monopoly of 16

Cornwall, Earls of. See Edmund, Richard

Cornwall (Cornub’), Luke of, moneyer 103

Cottenni, Coppo 62, 64

Council, Ordinances of 62, 65, 86, 87

Cox, Lawrence, moneyer 104

Craig, Sir John xx, xxviin, xxxv

Credit, importance of xi, 23

Cross, sign of, on coins xxvii, 21

Cupellation 67, 84, 85

Cupping, Nicholas, moneyer 102

Demonetization xi, xii, 14, 71

denarius, derivation of 65, 89

Dene, Robert de la, keeper of the dies 102

Dies xx, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, 66

—description of xx, 86; how engraved xx; issued from London xx; register of delivery of 90

Draper, Jordan, moneyer 102

Dublin, Mint at xxxix, 64

Durham, Mint at xxix, xxxiii-iv, 90

Durham, Thomas of 53

Dyer (Tinctor), Philip, moneyer 106

Edmund, Earl of Cornwall xxxiii

Edward I xxxi-xl, 86

Edward III xl, xli, 83

Egestone, John de, moneyer 106

Eiche, William le, assayer 103

Ely, Ralph of, baron of the Exchequer xxvi, 54

— Richard of, Dialogus de Scaccario of xxi

Emperor, powers of 37, 39

England, special conditions in 67

English Mint Documents, MSS of xix

Enveyse, Roger le, moneyer 103

Esdrefelde, John de, keeper of the dies 103

Esteus, Nicholaus de, clerk 104

Exchange, the king’s 58, 64

— regulations as to xxiii, xxvii, xxxii

Exchequer xix, 56, 57

— Melter of. See Westminster, Edward of

— Treasurer of, at Dublin 64

— Treasurer and Barons of 53, 55, 64

Exeter, Mint at xxvii, xxxix, 55, 62, 63, 106, 108

Export of coin 32, 36, 58, 99

Fardein, Ralph, moneyer 104

Feteplace, Adam, moneyer 103

Fitz, John, goldsmith 54

FitzOtho, family of xxxiii

FitzOtho; Sir Hugh 60

— Maud, daughter of Thomas xxxvii

— Otto his nephew 60

— Thomas xxxvii, 90

Flanders 50

— Mint in xii

Flatterers 45

Fleming, John le, assayer 103

Florence, Merchants of xxxviii, 62

Foix 50

Foreigners, employment of xxii, xxv, xxxiv, xl

Forgery xx, 10, 14, 19, 24, 32, 34, 66

Folejambe (?), Matthew, assayer 106

Foliot, John, keeper of the dies 107

France, debasement in x, 30, 47, 100

Francois, Richard le, moneyer 102

Frederick II, Emperor xxix

Frescobaldi, Company of the xxxviii-xl, 62, 64

Fromund, Robert, keeper of the dies 104

Frowick, Frowyke, Lawrence of 53

— —Roger de, Changer of the Mint xxxix, 62, 65

Funeral offerings exhumed for coinage 6

Galgani, Bonifazio, assayer xxxiv, 58, 61

Gannoc, Peter de, Controller xxvii, 105

Garald, Adam, assayer 106

Gaugy, William le, moneyer 103

Gaytone, Alan de, keeper of the dies 102

Ghent xl

— Merchants of xxiii

— Silver of 69, 94, 96n

Gisors, John of 53

Gloucester, Mint at xxvii, 55, 102, 108

Gloucester, Henry of, clerk 103

—William of, ‘King’s Goldsmith’ and Moneyer, Warden of the Mint xxx

Gold 57, 66–7, 83–5, and see Coinage

—cementation process of refining xli; premium on 101; pure, too soft 7n; ratio to silver xxix, 15

Goldrun, Hugh, moneyer 106

Goldsmith, Kings. See Gloucester

Goldsmith (Aurifaber), Henry, Assayor 105

— —John, keeper of the dies 102

— —John, assayer 102, 104

— —Martin, assayer 105

— —Peter, assayer 107

— —Ralph, assayer 103

— —Randal, assayer 104

— —Robert, assayer 102

— —Thomas, assayer 104

— —Thurb[er], assayer 104

— —Walter, assayer 107

— —Walter, keeper of the dies 103

— —William, assayer 106

— —William, assayer 107

Goldsmiths 54

— not to work in secret xxii, 58, 90

Gregory, St, Homiliae in Evangelia27n

Gresham’s Law xii, xxxvii

Grierson, Philip 100n

Gris, Gervase, moneyer 104

Grusey, Richard, assayer 105

Gualtiere, Baroncino xxxvii

Gube, Rocelin de, keeper of the dies 106

Gutheron’s (i.e. Gutter) Lane, Silver of 87

Gyot, John, assayer xxxiv

Hamelin, John, assayer 106

Hapesburg’, William de, moneyer 105

Hardel, Ralph 53

— William, Warden of the Mint (1248) xxvii-viii, 54

Hathefet, Henry, moneyer 107

Haverhull, William de, treasurer 54

Henry I xxii

Henry II xxii

Henry III xxiii, xxxi, 53, 54

Hentelowe, John, keeper of the dies 104

Hereford, Mint at xxvii, 107, 108

Herst, Giles de 96

Hervey, Lord Francis xix

— (Hervici) Ralph, keeper of the dies 106

Hugh, William son of, assayer 104

Ilchester, Mint at xxvii, 55, 104, 108

Ilchester, Richard of, bishop of Winchester xxii

Ilger, Bartholomew, goldsmith 54

Indus, King of Scythia 6

Ireland, recoinage in xxix. See also Dublin, Mint at

— voyage from, dangerous 64

Ives, Nicholas son of, moneyer 104

— William son of, keeper of the dies 105

— William son of, clerk 106

Janiani, Taldo 62, 64

Jews xxiii-iv, xxxn, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxviii

John of Salisbury, Policraticus43n

John, Hugh son of, clerk 102, 103

— Robert son of, keeper of the dies 104, 106

Joseph 16

‘Journeys’ 79, 80, 93, 94

Juno Moneta, temple of, at Rome 65n

Justin, quoted 4

Kees, Thomas, printer xvi

Kilmain, Robert de, keeper of the dies 107

Kingdoms, decline of 30, 46

Kingston-upon-Hull, Mint at xxxix, 62, 63

Kinne, Thomas, moneyer 103

Koelhoff, Johann, printer xvi

Landry, R. xviin

Langbord, Henry, moneyer 107

Langton, Walter de, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (Chester), treasurer 65n

Laws not to be lightly changed 12

Lead, in refining 84, 85

Le Puy (France) 50

Ley, Gilbert de, keeper of the dies 105

Liege, bishops of, John of Heinsberg 100n; Louis of Bourbon 100n

— coins of 100n

Limoges, silver of 69

Lincoln, Mint at xxvii, xxxiv, 55, 102, 108

London, Goldsmiths of (1248) 53

London, Mayor of, Michael Tony (1248) 53

— Sheriffs of (1248) 53

London, Mint of xxxii, xxxiii, xxxix, 54, 59, 60, 62, 63, 90, 108

— — Farthings struck only at xxxii, 56

Loo, John de 96

Louis XII, King of France xv

Louth (Luda), John of, moneyer 102

Love, Walter, clerk 104

Loveyn, Baldwin de 96

Lucca, Merchants of xxxi, xxxvii, xxxix

Lucca, Surnak of, Master-Moneyer xxxiv

‘Lundreis’ (Farthings) xxxii, 56, 61

Maidstone, John of, clerk and controller of the Exchange 58

Malines 50

Malmesbury, William of xxii

Mamworthe, Richard, moneyer 107

Marennus, John son of, keeper of the dies 102

Marseilles 50, 58, 59

Marshal (Marescallus), John, keeper of the dies 103

Martin, John, moneyer 105

Mauger, William, moneyer 106

Measures, Standard 19

Medueye, David de, keeper of the dies 106

Mercer, Roger le, moneyer 107

Merchants, 3d in the £ profit for 92

Merleberge, Thomas de, keeper of the dies 107

Meunier, Francois, ixn

Midas 4

Mint, Commissions of inquiry xxiii, xxvi

— Indentures xxxiii, 59–61, 83

— Master of the, should be the buyer xxxvi, 75–6

— Masters of the Mint (London) : William son of Benedict (1208) xxiii; Herbert Bonamy (1208) xxiii; Philip de Cambio (c 1278) xxxi; Master Albert (1279) xxxii; William de Turnemire (1279) xxxii; John Porcher (1300) 62, 64

— nationalized xxii

— officers, duties of xxv, 51–2

— —names of 58

— officials (London) : Assayers 52, 57, 63, 77–9, 81, 93

Changers 50–2, 62, 75, 91, 93–4

Engravers 77, 90

Foundrymen 60

Keeper of the blanks 60

— of the dies 52, 60, 77, 89

Mint, officials (London) :

Masters 57–9, 62, 75, 77–81, 83, 90–1, 93–4

Melters xxiv, 51–2, 60

Moneyers 51, 52, 60, 77

Ushers 52, 63

Wardens of 56–63, 75, 77–81, 90

Workmen 51, 55, 76

— —(provincial) :

Assayers xxvii55, 61

Changers 64–5

Clerks 55, 63

Engravers 64

Keepers of the dies 55, 63

Moneyers 55, 62, 65

Officers, List of xxvii, 102–7

Ushers 63

— operations of the :

Assay xxi, xxvi, xxxvi, xl-i, 52, 54, 64, 79–82, 84–5, 93–4

Blanching 60, 76, 91

Buying and exchanging xxxvi, 51, 68–76, 94–5

Examination 76, 78, 91

Melting 51, 70–6, 95–6

Shearing 52, 97

Striking 52, 77

— Wages and Expenses 60, 63, 76, 77, 95

— Wardens of : Cornhill, Reginald de (1205) xxiii; William Marshal (1218) xxiii; William Hardel (c 1233) xxiii, xxvi; John Silvestre (1249) xxviii; William of Gloucester (1255) xxx, xxxi; Bartholomew de Castello (1266) xxxi; Gregory de Rokesle and Orlandino de Poggio (1279) xxxi, xxxiii; John de Sandale (1300) xxxix

Minur, John le 53

Molton, Walter de, keeper of the dies 106

Monarchy, Limited 45

Moneta, derivation of 22, 65

Money, ‘Black’ 7, 21, 22

— Counterfeit 65. See also Forgery

— Definition of x

— Medium of exchange x, 4

— Misuse of 99, 100

— ‘old’, lower standard of (1279) 68, 73

— Origin of 4–5

— Sterile 25, 26

Moneychanging 27, 29, 33, 100

Moneyers xix-xxii, xxviii, 5, 22, 51

— exempt from tallage xxiv; how appointed xxiv. See also Mint (officials)

Montpelier 50 and n

Muro, Thomas sub, keeper of the dies 103

Mylerenses50

Mynors, R. A. B. xii-xviii

Nature, analogies from 17, 25, 43

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mint at xxvii, xxxiv, xxxix, 62, 107, 108

Nicholas, Robert son of, assayer 103

Noir, Reginald le, goldsmith 54

Norais, Roger le, assayer 104

Norman, Alexander, of Lucca, Master of the Mint at Dublin 63, 64

Northampton, Mint at xxvii, 55, 105, 108

Norwich, Mint at xxvii, 55, 103, 108

Numa Pompilius 65, 88

Nummus, derivation of 65, 88

Okestone, Walter, moneyer 106

Oresme, Nicholas, Life of ix, x

— — De Moneta, MSS of xii-xvi; printed editions xvi-xviii; French translation of xii, xviii, 3n, 7n, 11n, 12n, 16n, 21n, 27n, 32n, 33n, 34n, 41n, 42n, 43n, 99–101; English translation of xviii; German translation of xi; Contra Astrologus43n; De Communicatione rdiomatumxiiin; Translations of Aristotle x

Otho the Goldsmith xx. See also FitzOtho

Ovid, Epistolae ex Ponto25; Fasti6; Metamorphoses5

Oxford, Mint at xxvii, 55, 103, 108

Pampeluna (Spain) 50

Papede, John de, moneyer 107

Paris, University of xiii

Paris, Walter de, moneyer 107

— William de, moneyer 102

Parm[inter], John son of Roger le, keeper of the dies 104

— Luke, moneyer 103

Pecok, Robert, moneyer 104

Pensions 13, 18

Pentecost, Robert, goldsmith 54

Peruzzi, Company of, of Florence xl

Picon, Robert, moneyer 106

Pistoja, Merchants of xxxviii

Plutarch, Institutio Trajani43

Poggio, Orlandino de, Warden of the Mint xxxi, xxxvii, 58

Poitevinage27

Poitou 84n

Pollard, Michael, keeper of the dies 106

Ponte, Richard de, moneyer 102

Pope, powers of 37, 39

Porcher, John, Master of the Mint 62, 64

Poterel, Robert, clerk 102

Pride, Richard, moneyer 104

Prince, rights of 37–42

Prior, William, moneyer, Mayor of Winchester xxviii, 102

Property, Misuse of 37

Punde, Nicholas de la, keeper of the dies 107

Pyx, Trial of the xix, xxxii, 57, 64, 79–81, 91, 93

Ralph, William son of, moneyer 106

Recoinages A.D. 1108 xxi

— 1158 (cross and crosslet, or ‘Tealby’) xxi, xxvii

— 1180 (short-cross) xxii, xxviii

— 1247 xxii, xxx, 51–5, 86, 103–8

— 1279 xxxi-v, 56, 61, 65

— 1299 xxxiii-ix, 62–5

Rehoboam 31

‘Remedy’ xli, 60, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 92

Rents 13, 18

Res judicata81

Riccardi of Lucca, Merchants xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvii-viii, xl

Richard, Earl of Cornwall xxv-viii, 51, 54, 108

Richard junior, assayer 107

Richard senior, assayer 107

Robechild, John, keeper of the dies 104

Robert, Philip son of, keeper of the dies 103

— Philip son of, moneyer 103

Roberts-Austen, Sir William xxvii

Roger, Lapyn, assayer 63

Roger, Simon son of, clerk 103

Rokesley, Gregory de, Warden of the Mint xxxi, xxxvii, 58, 87

Rosemud, Thomas, goldsmith 54

Rotulus Empcionum94–6

Rufus, Walter, keeper of the dies 102

Rus, Henry le, moneyer 104

— Stephen le, moneyer 104

Russell, Roger, keeper of the dies 107

Saint Albans 65n

Saint Albans, Nicholas of, moneyer and melter xxiv, xxx

Saint-Omer, Merchants of, xxiii

St Werburgh, Nicholas son of Nicholas de, clerk 104

Salisbury, Roger le Poer, bishop of xxi

Salt, Bay 84

Salt tax (gabelle) xn, 16

Samson, Alan son of, moneyer 105

Sancto Mart[ino], Ingram de, clerk 107

Sandale, John de, Warden of the Mint xxxix, xl, 63, 65

Sangüesa (Spain) 50

Sarsorius, William, moneyer 103

Schorer, Edgar, translator xi

Scottish coins xxv

Scythia 4n, 6

Selby, Andrew de, clerk 105

— John de, moneyer 105

Seneca, Troades43

Serifs on dies xx

Seim, Gilbert, keeper of the dies 107

Sevare, William, keeper of the dies 107

Shishak 31n

Shrewsbury, Mint at xxvii, 104

Siena, Merchants of xxxviii

Silver 6–7, 66–7

— assay of 67

— definition of 68

— fineness of 70–1

— ‘foreign’, reduction of seignor-age on xxxviii

— leaf 87

— prices of 70

— pure 68–9, 87

— ratio of to gold 15

— sources of xxv, xxxii, 50, 68–9, 96n

Silver-gilt 50

Silvester (Silvestre), Hugh, moneyer, 102

— —John. See Mint, Wardens of

Simeon, Henry, moneyer 103

— John son of, moneyer 102

Siward, Walter, moneyer 107

Six, the perfect number 17

Smith, Odo the 53

— Ralph the 53

Solomon le Evesque, Jew of London xxxn

Sowy, Godfrey de, clerk 106

Spari, Henry, assayer 105

Speculation 34

Spicer (Espicer) Geoffrey, keeper of the dies 103

— Ralph the 53

— (Speciarius), Thomas, keeper of the dies 105

Staines, Adam of, goldsmith 54

— Thomas of, goldsmith 54

Stamford, Fair of xxviii Standards, public 22, 55, 56, 66

Standen, Peter of, goldsmith 54

Stanes, Alexander de, moneyer 104

Stanford, Adam de, keeper of the dies 103

Stepney, Statute of (1299) xxxviii

Sterling, derivation of 65, 89

— not peculiar to England xxxvii

— Standard of 51, 54, 56, 61, 68, 73, 85, 86

Stockwill’, Geoffrey de, moneyer, Mayor of Oxford xxviii, 103

Stow, John, Survey of Londonxxxvin

Tailor, Henry le, keeper of the dies 106

— (Taliator), Rayner, moneyer 105

— (Cissor), Robert, keeper of the dies 106

Tally of assessment of value 95

Tanner, Robert le, clerk 105

Tewkesbury (Theokebir’), Nicholas

of, assayer 103

Theodoric, King of Italy 6, 29

Theopompus 45

Thipatun, William de, moneyer 105

Tony, Michael, Mayor of London 53

Toraud, Thomas, keeper of the dies 107

Touchstone xli, 85

Tournois69

Trade, dependent on sound money 33

Trajan 43

Travelling expenses xl, 63

Treasury xxvii, 51, 55, 56, 57, 108

Trial Plates xxvii, xxxii, 55, 56, 85, 86, 108

Tribute-money 11

Turgis, Henry, keeper of the dies 107

Turnemire, Guy de xxxvi

— Peter Bertin de, Master -Moneyer xxxiv, 58

— William de, Master-Moneyer xxxii-vi, 58, 61, 88

— — Tractatus Nove Monetexxxiv, 65–81 (revised version xxxvi, 88–96)

Tyranny 24, 25, 28, 31, 40, 42–7

Uguccione of Pisa, DerivationesMagnae22

Usury xxxi, 26–8

Utrecht, bishops of, Frederick of Blankenheim and Rudolf of Diepholt 100n

Valence, William de xxx

Valenciennes (?) 50

Venezuela xl

Venice xli, 50

Verdenel, Robert son of Thomas, keeper of the dies 105

Verona 50

Vilain, Hugh le, keeper of the dies 104

Vileyn, Terry le 96

Voegelin, Gothard xvii

Vyel, William, Sheriff of London 53

Wallingford, Mint at xxvii, 104, 108

Walter, Luke son of, keeper of the dies 104

Waltham (Essex) 53n

Wardrobe, king’s xxx

— accounts of (1299–1300) xxxix

Ware, James le, moneyer 107

Wealth, natural 1, 10, 24, 33

Wealth, unbalanced 44, 45

Weight, coins ‘properly’ named from 9

Weights, carats 83

— grains (of gold) 83

— — (light) 70, 82–4

— ounce 87

— pennyweight 70n, 83, 87

— pound 87

Weights and Measures 26

— Tower Weight and Troy Weight xxxiv-v, 70n

Welser family xl

Wenge, Robert, keeper of the dies 105

Westmel’, Richard de, assayer 107

Westminster 53, 55, 62

— Abbey xxx

Westminster, Edward of, Melter of the Exchequer xxvi, xxx, 54

Wichelarde, John, keeper of the dies 107

Wicke, Geoffrey de, keeper of the dies 104

William, Roger son of, moneyer 107

Wilton, Mint at xxvii, 106, 108

Wimborne, Thomas of, goldsmith 54

Whit, Lawrence, keeper of the dies 103

Winchester, Mint at xxvii, 55, 102, 108

Witbred, Walter, keeper of the dies 104

Wolowski, L, xvii, xviii

Wormhole, Peter de, assayer 102

Wych, Tideman atte 96

Yoel, Thomas, keeper of the dies 105

York, Mint at xxvii, xxxiii-iv, 55, 59, 105, 108

Ypres, Merchants of xxiii

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Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, Edinburgh