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Illustrated Episode · Volume I, chapter 36 · 1 January 1660

The town stocks its marshal

A bareheaded man sits on sandy ground with his ankles locked in wooden stocks, glaring up at a half circle of townspeople in plain wool clothes before a small thatched town house.
Sandwich, Plymouth Colony, after 1658. Marshal George Barlow sits in the town stocks, put there by the people he was paid on commission to hunt for heresy, in a town almost wholly Quaker. Rothbard writes that Sandwich resisted him, harassed his family, put him in the stocks, and at last drove him out: a rare victory of a town over the state's own agent. Chapter 36 of Conceived in Liberty.

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Adapted from Murray N. Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty (Mises Institute, 2011), CC BY 3.0.

What happened

In June 1658 Plymouth Colony made George Barlow constable of Sandwich and special marshal for the Cape towns, and paid him on commission for the heretics he found. Rothbard calls him "the Quaker Terror": his zeal was unbounded, he plundered the town, and he disfranchised eight freemen. Sandwich was the wrong town to try it on. Almost the whole place had turned Quaker, and between 1658 and 1661 the town fought him at every turn. The Newland daughters abused the marshal, the Allen family was charged with tumultuous carriages against him, and when Barlow locked Benjamin Allen in the stocks without cause, the Court fined the marshal himself. Plymouth never flayed, branded or killed its Quakers, Rothbard says, because most Pilgrims balked at it, and in Sandwich the people went further and turned the state's own instrument on the officer paid to use it. Rothbard tells the end in two sentences: the town answered him by "resisting, harassing him and his family, and putting him into the stocks," and "Finally the people triumphed, and Barlow was driven out of town" (CiL, p. 265).

Sources

  1. Murray N. Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty (Auburn, Ala.: Mises Institute, 2011 single-volume ed.), vol. I, ch. 36, pp. 263-266. CC BY 3.0. Rothbard
  2. 'William Newland of Sandwich, 1640-1675', Plymouth Colony Archive Project, University of Illinois (accessed 2026-09-29), abstracting Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, vol. 3 and 7-8: 3 Dec 1658 (3:154), 1 Mar 1658/9 (3:158), 3 May 1659 (7:92), 6 Oct 1659 (3:173), and the Court of 1661 (warrant for the Allens' 'tumultuouse carriages against the marshall and cunstable of Sandwich'). Primary source
  3. 'The Notorious George Barlow', Parts 1-2, Poor Irish & Pilgrims (genealogy blog, accessed 2026-09-29), citing Plymouth Colony Records: Barlow's appointment on 1 June 1658; the Court's fine for locking Benjamin Allen in the stocks. Secondary source
  4. William Brigham, ed., The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1836), Part I, p. 41, 'Stocks and Whipping Posts'. Primary source
  5. Sandwich Historical Commission, 'Sandwich History' (accessed 2026-09-29): a Town House built by 1639 at River and Main Streets; the first Quaker meetings in 1658. Secondary source
  6. 'Vernacular House Forms in Seventeenth Century Plymouth Colony', Plymouth Colony Archive Project, University of Illinois (accessed 2026-09-29): hall-and-parlor houses with a central chimney; steeply pitched roofs for thatch. Secondary source
  7. 'Directory of Stocks, Pillories and Whipping Posts', pilloryhistory.com (abridged stocks list, accessed 2026-09-29): stocks as two boards with leg holes, hinged at one end and hasped at the other. Secondary source
  8. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 'Massachusetts Dress Ways'. Secondary source
  9. Amelia Mott Gummere, The Quaker: A Study in Costume (Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach, 1901), pp. 6-7, 30-31, 59-60. Secondary source