The Liberty Archive FREECAPITALISTS.ORG

Conceived in Liberty Companion · Volume V, chapter 33 · 26 July 1788

Type in the street

In a dim print shop lit by candle and torchlight, a lean man in shirt and waistcoat stands in a far doorway with a smoking pistol, while men tip a case of metal type across the floor and out of a window.
New York, July 1788. News of ratification reaches the city, and after midnight a Federalist mob breaks into Thomas Greenleaf’s printing office and hurls his type into the street. Greenleaf has fired both his pistols and now stands in his doorway. His New-York Journal is the one paper still open to Antifederal writers, and Rothbard sees a movement that wins by force. Chapter 33 of Conceived in Liberty, Volume V.

Download the painting, full size (JPEG)CC BY 4.0

Free to reuse under CC BY 4.0: credit freecapitalists.org. How to credit.

Adapted, with the Mises Institute's permission, from Murray N. Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty, Volume V: The New Republic, 1784-1791 (Mises Institute), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The story, from several sources

This account blends Rothbard’s chapter with the other sources listed below and has not yet been separated into Rothbard’s own account and the fuller story. Read Rothbard’s chapter 33 for his account.

Thomas Greenleaf’s New-York Journal was the one paper in the city still open to Antifederal writers. Rothbard says Federalist pressure had shut the others to them, and that the Federalists won the state by pressure and secession threats more than by argument. Three days before the vote, nearly four thousand artisans from more than fifty trades had marched down Broadway for the Constitution. New York ratified at Poughkeepsie on July 26, 1788, by 30 to 27. Greenleaf wrote afterward that he came home that night to find that men had fired guns into his house, and went to bed armed. Past midnight there was a violent knocking at the door. He sprang up, fired both pistols, and retreated as the crowd broke from the shop into the entry. The men plundered his type and threw it out of the window into the street. Rothbard says the mob then paid a visit to Governor Clinton’s house, though Clinton came home three days later. One account counts five hundred men, and says they went on to the house of John Lamb, the old Sons of Liberty leader, who had barred his windows and armed himself, and the crowd’s enthusiasm cooled. The last daily Journal had appeared on July 26. It came back on July 31 as a weekly, and on August 7 Greenleaf printed his own account of the night in its pages.

Sources

  1. Murray N. Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty, Volume V: The New Republic, 1784-1791, ed. Patrick Newman (Auburn, Ala.: Mises Institute, 2019), ch. 33, ‘The Battle for New York and the Twilight of the Antifederalists’, pp. 267-281 (page of the passage not established; the chapter span is from data/book-guides.json). CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Rothbard
  2. ‘New York Newspapers during Ratification’, Center for the Study of the American Constitution (UW-Madison), from The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (accessed 2026-10-02): after news of the New York convention’s ratification arrived late on the night of 26 July 1788, a mob broke into Greenleaf’s shop and destroyed much of his type; the last daily issue of the Journal appeared on 26 July and publication resumed five days later as a weekly; Greenleaf had managed the Journal since September 1785 and owned it from January 1787. Secondary source
  3. ‘The Federalist Papers: Written for Newspapers’, Library of Congress, Headlines and Heroes blog, March 2026 (accessed 2026-10-02, through a fetch summary): the mob broke in after midnight and destroyed printing materials; Greenleaf’s account in the New-York Journal of 7 August 1788 (‘I sprang from my bed, put on a few cloaths, and had seized my pistols, when there was a violent knocking at the door’; both pistols shot; retreat as they broke from the shop into the entry; ‘a quantity of types’ plundered); publication resumed 31 July as a weekly. Primary source
  4. ‘Deja Vu: Beware the Brusiers’, HistoryNet (accessed 2026-10-02, through a fetch summary): after Federalists celebrated with salutes from Fort George and the ship Hamilton, about five hundred men attacked Greenleaf’s home, smashed its windows and threw his type into the street, then went on to Clinton’s residence (he was not at home) and to John Lamb’s, who had barred his windows and armed himself, which cooled the crowd’s enthusiasm; the Journal resumed within five days as a weekly. Secondary source
  5. ‘Violence and the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution in New York City’, Gotham Center for New York City History (accessed 2026-10-02, through a fetch summary): the night of 26 July 1788; Greenleaf was told the house had been repeatedly insulted by guns fired into it; he armed himself with two pistols before bed, fired on the mob, and the mob plundered his types; Lamb was attacked the same night. Secondary source
  6. Colonial Williamsburg, Printing Office (accessed 2026-10-02, through search results): common presses of the 1730s and 1750s, a small crowded pressroom with cases of type and ink balls (wool stuffed in leather), a screw and long lever, a hinged frame for the paper. Secondary source
  7. ‘The Federal Style: An Architecture for a New Nation, 1785 to 1830’, Brownstoner (accessed 2026-10-02, through search results): New York Federal houses of brick in Flemish bond, two or three storeys with six-over-six sash windows and shutters, pitched roofs with dormers, built after the Great Fire of 1776. Secondary source
  8. Era registry entry new-york-city-1788 and figure entry thomas-greenleaf (data/cil/registry/), dress, arms, shop and street; their own sources are listed in their notes. Secondary source